Fare clic per modificare stili del testo dello schema Secondo livello Terzo livello Quarto livello New IoT communication technologies for Smart Networks and Smart Cities Univ. Prof. Dr. Andrea M. Tonello Chair of Embedded Communication Systems University of Klagenfurt andrea.tonello@aau.at - www.andreatonello.com European Utility Week 2018 Vienna Austria Diehl Event 6 November 2018 Copyright notice: These slides may contain copyrighted material. They cannot be copied or distributed without copyright holders permission 1
Abstract The talk covers advances on telecommunication technology for applications in IoT, smart cities and smart grids. Emphasis is given to the requirements posed by massive networks in such applications, and the technical approaches for massive connectivity offered by new wireless and power line communication technologies. In particular, long range and low power wireless access, 4G-5G cellular machine type communications, as well as narrow band and broad band PLC for IoT will be overviewed. Coexistence and interoperability issues will also be addressed. A.M. Tonello, November 2018 2
Content IoT domains and requirements for communications Communication technologies Radio technologies for massive connectivity Power line communications Interoperability and novel paradigms for networking 3
IoT domains 4
IoT spans several market verticals People Energy Transportation Industry Smart City Agriculture Health Education Photos source: www.pixabay.com 5
Services and communication requirements People Internet access, mobile services, gaming Smart and assisted living Children, pet tracking Energy - resources Smart grids, renewables Metering (electricity, water, gas) Asset management, maintenance Transportation Autonomous driving Safety, intelligent transportation Aerial taxis navigation Industry Robotics Asset and process management Logistics QoS Data rate Latency Range Battery life QoS Data rate Latency Range Battery life QoS Data rate Latency Range Battery life Data rate Range Battery life QoS Latency 6
Some numbers Data rate per node: 10 bps 10 Gbps (sensor reading multimedia) Latency: 1 ms 200 ms (autonomous driving voice) Range: 1 m 20 km (personal device wildlife tracking) Battery life: 1 day 10 years (gadgets metering) Node density: 1/m 2 1/km 2 (personal device remote sensors) Massive amount of nodes 9 Mil. devices in an area of 20x20 km Data traffic of 60 GB per user per month by 2021 Photo source: www.pixabay.com 7
How can we provide connectivity? 8
Main communication technologies Wireless radio Short range: NFC, Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z-Wave, WiFi Medium range: WiMax, 2G-4G cellular Long range: WMBus, DASH7, RPMA, WIZE, Sigfox, LoRa GSM-IoT, emtc, NB-IoT 5G (to come) Power line Narrow band PLC: Prime, G3-PLC, IEEE 1901.2, ITU G.hnem Broad band PLC: IEEE 1901, ITU G.hn, IEEE 1901.1 Wireline Fiber: FTTN, FTTC, FTTB, FTTH Twisted pair: ADSL, ADSL2, VDSL, G.fast 9
Radio regulatory framework Unlicensed spectrum Licensed spectrum 10
915 868 433 169 Unlicensed spectrum Europe (CEPT- ERC Recommendation 70-03, 2018): Non specific short range devices tracking, tracing, data acquisition devices 2.4 Band Signal bandwidth Power Duty cycle 169.4-169.475 50 khz 500 mw e.r.p. 1.0 % duty cycle (note 1) 169.4-169.4875 Not specified 10 mw e.r.p. 0.1 % duty cycle (note 1) 169.4875-169.5875 Not specified 10 mw e.r.p. 0.001% duty cycle except for 00:00 h to 06:00 h local time where the duty cycle limit is 0.1% (note 1) 169.5875-169.8125 Not specified 10 mw e.r.p. 0.1 % duty cycle (note 1) 433.05-434.79 Not specified 10 mw e.r.p. 10 % duty cycle (note 1) 433.05-434.79 Not specified 1 mw e.r.p. Power density: No requirement except for (note 11) -13 dbm/10 khz 434.04-434.79 25 khz 10 mw e.r.p. No requirement except for (note 11) 862-863 350 khz 25 mw e.r.p. 0.1% duty cycle 863-870 100 khz for 47 or more channels (note 2) 25 mw e.r.p. 0.1% duty cycle or LBT (notes 1 and 5) 863-870 Not specified 25 mw e.r.p. Power density: -4.5 dbm/100 khz (note 7) 0.1% duty cycle or LBT+AFA (notes 1, 5 and 6) 863-870 100 khz, for 1 or more channels modulation 25 mw e.r.p. 0.1% duty cycle or LBT + AFA (notes 1 and 5) bandwidth 300 khz (note 2) 865-868 200 khz Very 500 mw e.r.p. fragmented (note 5) 10% duty cycle for network access points (notes 6 and 7) 2.5% duty cycle otherwise 868-868.6 Not specified for 1 or more channels (note 2) 25 mw e.r.p. 1% duty cycle or LBT +AFA (note 1) 868.7-869.2 Not specified for 1 or more channels (note 2) 25 mw e.r.p. 0.1% duty cycle or LBT+AFA (note 1) 869.4-869.65 Not specified for 1 or more channels 500 mw e.r.p. 10% duty cycle or LBT+AFA (note 1) 869.7-870 Not specified for 1 or more channels 5 mw e.r.p.; 25 mw e.r.p. No requirement for 5 mw e.r.p.; 1% duty cycle or LBT+AFA (note 1) for 25 mw e.r.p. 870-876 200 khz 25 mw e.r.p. 0.1% duty cycle. For ER-GSM protection (873-876 MHz, where applicable): the duty cycle is limited to 0.01% and to a maximum transmit on- time of 5ms/1s 870-875.6 200 khz 500 mw e.r.p. 2.5% duty cycle and APC required (note 1). For ER-GSM protection (873-875.6 MHz, where applicable), the duty cycle is limited to 0.01% and limited to a maximum transmit on time of 5ms/1s (note 2) 870-875.8 600 khz 25 mw e.r.p. 1% duty cycle. For ER-GSM protection (873.0-876 MHz, where applicable): the duty cycle is limited to 0.01% and to a maximum transmit on time of 5ms/1s 915-921 200 khz 25 mw e.r.p. 0.1% duty cycle. For ER-GSM protection (918-921MHz, where applicable): the duty cycle is limited to 0.01% and to a maximum transmit on- time of 5ms/1s 915.2-920.8 600 khz except for the 4 channels identified in note 9 where 400 khz applies 25 mw e.r.p. except for the 4 channels identified in note 9 where 100 mw e.r.p. applies 1% duty cycle (note 10). For ER-GSM protection (918-921 MHz, where applicable): the duty cycle is limited to 0.01% and to a maximum transmit on- time of 5ms/1s 2400-2483.5 Not specified 10 mw e.i.r.p. No requirement 11
Radio technologies 12
WiFi 802.11ah WM-Bus DASH7 Ingenu RPMA Main radio systems: unlicensed spectrum Band Unlicensed under 1GHz, except TV Channel width 1/2/4/8/16 MHz Modulation and Access technique Transmitted power OFDM - TDMA 0 dbm to 30 dbm, depending on region RX sensitivity (implementation specific) -92 dbm (2 MHz) Range (under ideal conditions) 1 km (rural) Star, tree (2- hop) Topology Data rate DL 150 kb/s, up to 300 Mb/s Data rate UL 150 kb/s, up to 300 Mb/s Mobility Nodes per gateway Battery life (estimated given duty cycle) IPv6 No 8191 1 week Likely 868 MHz 169 MHz 10 khz to 100 khz FSK 10 dbm -105 dbm 500 m Star 4.8-100 kb/s 4.8-100 kb/s No Not specified Years No ISM 2.4 GHz 25 or FSK - CSMA 433 MHz: - 5-10 km Tree by 9.6-167 kb/s 9.6-167 kb/s No N/A 10 years Likely EU: 433/868 200 khz 10 dbm default, (connectionl USA: 915 868/915 MHz: star or ess) MHz +27 dbm mesh ISM 2.4 GHz 1 MHz CDMA - RPMA Up to 43 dbm -142 dbm 15 km (rural) Star 50 kb/s 50 kb/s Yes -- -- Likely WIZE 169 MHz -- -- -- -- 20 km 2.4-6.4 kb/s 2.4-6.4 kb/s No -- 10 years Likely SIGFOX LoRa ISM 2.4 GHz 865-868 902-928 MHz ISM 2.4 GHz EU: 433/868 780/915 USA: 902 MHz 100 Hz BPSK - Aloha Up to 20 dbm -142 dbm 5-10 km (urban), 100 km (rural) 125 khz FSK + Chirp spread spectrum LoRa WAN EU: 14 dbm US: 27 dbm -137 dbm 5 km (urban), 15 km (rural) Star 4x8b/day 100 b/s No 1000000 10 years Unlikely Star EU: 30 b/s- 50 kb/s US: 100-900 kb/s EU: 30 b/s- 50 kb/s US: 100-900 kb/s No 250000 10 years Likely REF. I. C. R. Tardy et al., Comparison of wireless techniques applied to environmental sensor monitoring, Sintef tech. Report, 2017. REF. G. A. Akpakwu et al., A survey on 5G networks for the internet of things: communication technologies and challenges, IEEE Access, 2018. 13
Cellular IoT: licensed spectrum Band GPRS 8-900 MHz licensed EC-GSM-IoT 8-900 MHz licensed LTE Cat-M1 (emtc) 7-900 MHz licensed or shared LTE Cat-NB1 (NB-IoT) 7-900 MHz licensed or shared Channel width Modulation and Access technique Transmitted power RX sensitivity (implementation specific) Range (under ideal conditions) NB-IoT can be flexibly deployed in GSM or LTE spectrum Topology Data rate DL Data rate UL Mobility Nodes per gateway Battery life (estimated given duty cycle) 200 khz GMSK - TDMA Up to 43 dbm -114 dbm 5 km Star 10 kb/s 10 kb/s Yes 5000 1 week No 200 khz GMSK, 8-PSK TDMA-FDMA 1.08 (1.4) SC-FDMA (UL) MHz OFDMA (DL) 180 (200) khz SC-FDMA (UL) OFDMA (DL) 33 dbm 23 dbm 23 dbm 20 dbm 23 dbm 20 dbm -131 dbm 5 km Star 74-240 kb/s 74-240 kb/s Yes -- 10 years Yes -135.7 dbm 5 km (rural) Star <1 Mb/s <1 Mb/s Yes 50000 10 years Yes -144 dbm 5 km (rural) Star 170 kb/s 250 kb/s Yes 50000 10 years Yes IPv6 NB-IoT GSM Carriers NB-IoT LTE Carriers NB-IoT LTE Carriers Standalone Operation In-Band Operation Guard Band Operation 14
Key performance indicators Radio technology is the preferred solution for: Battery powered applications (e.g., gas/water metering) Mobile applications (e.g, waste tracking) Key performance indicators (KPIs) Spectrum Coverage Latency Battery life Size Nodes per gateway Congestion management Network scalability Capex, Opex, 15
Power line communications 16
PLC applications in the IoT domain INTERNET Network Operator house MV/LV substation LV PLC LV PLC MV PLC MV PLC MV/LV substation MV PLC HV/MV station building MV/LV LV PLC substation house Smart home Electricity metering Core network Backhauling E-car and charging Smart grid 17
PLC standards and the smart grid Home Automation ISO/IEC 14543-3 EIA 600 IEC 15118-3 IEEE P1901.2 ITU-T G9901-4 High Speed HAN ITU-T G.9960 G9961 IEEE P1901 Metering & SG ITU-T G9901-4 ITU-T G9960 IEEE P1901.2 IEC 61334-5-1 For metering: Narrow Band PLC (9-500 khz) is OK For more demanding services Broad Band PLC (2-86 MHz) may be preferred Internet LV line MV line Narrow Band PLC IEEE 1901.1 ITU G.hnem Prime G3-PLC Broad Band PLC IEEE 1901 IEEE 1901.1 (for IoT, just completed) ITU G.hn IEC 15118-3: HomePlug Green PHY REF. A. M. Tonello, A. Pittolo, Considerations on narrowband and broadband power line communication for smart grids, IEEE SmartGridCom 2015 18
PLC for grid sensing and predictive maintenance PLC modems can be used as network probes (high frequency sensors) PLC for sensing the grid can be used for Topology estimation Switches status monitoring Loads identification Users branching on-off Fault detection and localization Cables aging detection Phase detection REF. F. Passerini, A. M. Tonello, Using communications for grid discovery and diagnostics, Encyclopedia of Wireless Networks 2018 Photo source: www.pixabay.com 19
Connectivity is not sufficient The full service needs to be provided 20
Parties and complexity management End users Smart city Smart industry Smart cars Smart health Smart grids Smart buildings Access requests Data IoT providers Subscribtion Access control Resource management QoS management Infrastructure providers Actions and management Raw data Edge, fog, cloud End-devices Network providers Computing providers REF. R. Yu et al, The fog of things paradigm: road toward on-demand internet of things, IEEE Communications Magazine 2018. 21
Convergence (interoperability) is necessary Convergence can be realized at the edge and cloud level Network slicing Virtual slices to share the network infrastructure and deliver a certain service with guaranteed QoS and security Network functions are realized in the Cloud Cloud network functions Access functions (management of user and control plane) are offloaded to the Edge Edge access functions Overall orchestration with AI mechanisms Access Access Access 22
Take away conclusions 23
Take away conclusions We made significant progress in connectivity Low power wireless access technologies are the current solution for battery powered IoT devices 5G R&D focuses more on IoT, now Harmonization and standardization have to be completed PLC has a role in the smart grid and for providing a backbone Wide set of requirements and massive amount of nodes bring Challenges to guarantee high QoS Opportunities for the intelligent orchestration of the network 24
Thank you! For any further question: Andrea Tonello University of Klagenfurt andrea.tonello@aau.at www.andreatonello.com 25