Art 2D Mid-Term Review 2018 Definition: What is a Line? Definition: Line is the most basic design tool. A line has length, width, tone, and texture. It may divide space, define a form, describe contour, suggests direction. What is a Contour? - An outline, especially one representing or bounding the shape or form of something. Pure contour line drawing is the simplest form of linear expression. The line describes visible edges of an object. If the subject is carefully chosen and oriented, a pure contour drawing can have strength, clarity and simplicity. Surface details such as color, shadow and highlight are ignored in pure contour drawing. Draw only clearly defined edges, resisting the temptation to color in shadows. Definition: A contour drawing shows the outlines, shapes and edges of a scene, but omits fine detail, surface texture, color and tone ( contour is French for outline ). The purpose of contour drawing is to emphasize the mass and volume of the subject rather than the detail; the focus is on the outlined shape of the subject and not the minor details. The illusion of three-dimensional form, space and distance can be conveyed in a contour drawing through the use of varied line-weight (darker lines in the foreground / paler lines in the distance) and perspective. What is a Cross-Contour? - Multiple lines running over the surface of an object horizontally and/or vertically which describe its surface configuration topographically. COLOR VOCABULARY: Primary Colors The primary colors consist of 3 unique colors, red-yellow-blue. Secondary Colors Secondary colors are produced from the mixing of one primary color with another. orange (mix red + yellow) green (mix yellow + blue) violet (mix blue + red
Tertiary Colors These colors are created when mixing one secondary and one primary color. i.e. blue + violet = blueviolet. Hue Undiluted colors. The true colors of the spectrum. Saturation Brightness of a color. Value Lightness and darkness of a color. Brilliance Lightness of a color. Tint A color with the presence of white. Lighter shade of a color. Pink is a tint of red. Shade A color with the presence of black. Darker shade of a color. Navy is a shade of blue. Tint: A color with the presence of white. Pink is a tint of red. Shade: A color with the presence of black. Navy is a shade of blue. Complementary Colors: Those colors located opposite each other on a color wheel. Analogous Colors: Those colors located close together on a color wheels Cool and Warm Colors: The color wheel can be divided into ranges that are visually active or passive. Active colors will appear to advance when placed against passive hues. Passive colors appear to recede when positioned against active hues. Advancing hues are most often thought to have less visual weight than the receding hues. Most often warm; saturated, light value hues are "active" and visually advance. Cool, low saturated, dark value hues are "passive" and visually recede. Tints or hues with a low saturation appear lighter than shades or highly saturated colors. Some colors remain visually neutral or indifferent.
Overview WHAT IS VALUE? Value-The Element of Shadow Value is one of the seven elements of art. Value deals with the lightness or darkness of a color. Since we see objects and understand objects because of how dark or light they are, value is incredible important to art. (I'll remind you that drawing and painting is about seeing.) Value deals directly to light. We see things because light reflects off of objects and goes into our eyes. Our mind processes the light and rationalizes what we are seeing. Without light, we cannot see anything. In order to draw or paint in a way that creates an illusion of what we normally see, we must fully understand light and how it reacts on surfaces. Value is the key to the illusion of light. This is why value is so incredibly important to drawing and painting. Artworks that exhibit a full range of value are generally successful. It doesn't matter the type of art you are creating. As long as there are dark values in harmony with light values, your artwork will most likely be aesthetically pleasing. A full range of value means that they are ample amounts of light values- called tints, and dark values- called shades. To be sure that you have a full range of value in your artwork you may create a value scale... Artworks that exhibit a full range of value are generally successful. It doesn't matter the type of art you are creating. As long as there are dark values in harmony with light values, your artwork will most likely be aesthetically pleasing. A full range of value means that they are ample amounts of light values- called tints, and dark values- called shades. To be sure that you have a full range of value in your artwork you may create a value scale... Tints- light values Shades- dark values VOCABULARY--Value-Terms Value- Element of art associated with the darkness or lightness of a color Light source- area in which light is originating from Value scale- a guide to creating a range of value, good pieces of art have a full range of value Tints- light values Gradation - A gradual passing from one tint to another or from a darker to a lighter shade, as in painting or drawing.
Shapes - Shape pertains to the use of areas in two-dimensional space that can be defined by edges. Shapes can be geometric or organic shapes are defined by other elements of art such as line, form, space, value, color, and texture. Cubism - an artistic movement in France beginning in 1907 that featured surfaces of geometrical planes Contour Drawing - Contour drawing, is an artistic technique used in the field of art in which the artist sketches the contour of a subject by drawing lines that result in a drawing that is essentially an outline; the French word contour meaning, outline. Analogous: colors that are next to each other on the color wheel and are related by a single hue; e.g., red, red-orange, orange, and red-violet. Background: the part of the picture plane that seems to be the farthest from the viewer. Composition: the arrangement of the elements of art and the principles of design within a given work of art. Cool colors: a color group associated with blue that includes blue-green, blue-violet, green, yellow-green, and violet. Cool colors appear to recede in space and have a general psychological association with coolness The foreground is the part closest to you, the viewer. Objects in the foreground are usually larger and more detailed than other objects; they overlap other objects. Objects in the middle ground appear to be behind objects in the foreground. The background is the part of the painting farthest from the viewer. Objects in the background are usually smaller and less distinct than other objects in the work. Media: the material used by the artist to produce art (i.e., paint, clay, fibers). Pattern: repetition of an element of art (i.e., shapes, lines, or colors) to achieve decoration or ornamentation. Symmetry: a way of organizing the parts of a design so that one side duplicates or mirrors the other. Negative space - In a painting or sculpture, the areas where there are no forms (the "empty" areas). In a painting, this means the areas which have no forms or objects (sometimes also called the background ). Positive space - The areas of a painting or sculpture which are occupied by forms or images, as contrasted with negative space, which are the "empty" areas where no forms/images are located. For example, in a portrait, the figure would be the positive space, the "background" would be the negative space. Elements of art (Design elements are the basic units of a painting, drawing, design or other visual piece) The basic components used by the artist when producing works of art. They are among the literal qualities found in any artwork. Line Shape Color Form Space Texture Real Texture or Implied Texture Value
LINE the path of a moving point through space 5 types of lines - Horizontal lines which run parallel to the ground Vertical lines that run up and down Diagonal slanted lines Zigzag lines made from combined diagonal lines Curved lines that express movement in a graceful, flowing way. SHAPE An enclosed space defined by other elements of art Geometric Shapes vs. Organic Shapes COLOR - What the eye sees when light is reflected off an object Hue the name of a color, such as red, blue, or yellow Equally spaced on the color wheel FORM - An element of art that is 3-dimensional and encloses volume SPACE- the distance between, around, above, below, or within things Positive Space- The shapes or forms Negative Space - The empty space between the shapes TEXTURE - The way things feel, or look as though they might feel, if touched VALUE - Value is one of the seven elements of art. Value deals with the lightness or darkness of a color. Since we see objects and understand objects because of how dark or light they are, value is incredible important to art. (I'll remind you that drawing and painting is about seeing.) Value the lightness or darkness of a hue/color. Value can be changed by adding white or black Tint vs. Shade Colored Pencil Techniques- Color Study Blending and Layering Blending is the process of layering colors and merging the layers of color together with layering techniques and/or combination of blending tools. As a result you get rich photo like works. Layering colors gradually, building the layers of colors up using light to medium pressure can give your works an illusion of depth, deepen colors, modify colors, can give the work an impression of light or luminosity. To blend or burnish colors try using a stump or tortillion. Tortillions come in 3 sizes: small, medium and large. Stumps are very similar to the tortillions, but are much bigger. Blend the colors in a circular motion and apply heavy pressure to blend the colors. Make sure you keep the tips clean if you are using it to blend selective colors.
A colorless marker/pen can be used to blend layers of color together. The marker/pen is great for making washes, or underpaintings in color pencil paintings. Some top rated brands are Tombo, Prismacolor or Copic. Layer colors using crosshatch, horizontal, diagonal, vertical, or circular strokes. Start off with a light layer of a color, then keep adding different layers of color on top of one another, using light to medium pressure, until the desired results are achieved. Try applying mineral spirits with a q-tip or paint brush to blend colors together. Colorless blenders are a color pencil artist's wonder-working tool. The results achieved when using a blender are smooth, deep, rich, lush and vivid. Some Tips When Working with Colorless Blenders When working with blender pencils or markers you have to be careful to wipe off the nibs or tips of the pencils after blending, or colors will mix. Be careful of over-blending and over-saturating your paper, you will not be able to add any more layers of colors or blend with the blender. Stippling involves drawing with dots in black and white or color. The closer the dots are placed together the darker the value or more intense the color. To create a faded effect or a slight change in value, gradually place the dots farther apart. This is a slow and detailed process which can add some interesting texture and subtle value to your drawings. Hatching involves drawing parallel lines. The distance between the lines determines the value and intensity of color. Lines that are close together show stronger value or more intense color. Create gradual changes in these properties by gradually drawing the parallel lines farther apart.
Cross-hatching is similar to hatching. However, lines are drawn so that they cross each other at angles. Again, the closer the lines are placed together, the more intense the colors and values become. Scumbling is a method of adding texture by making small circular motions with your pencil Shading or Blending is a basic back and forth stroke of the side of the point of the pencil. This stroke can be used for filling in color, blending multiple colors and value shading. Burnishing Burnishing with color pencil can create a beautiful rich glazed look. Burnishing is layering multiple colors and then applying heavy pressure with a light color pencil or with a tool. The wax melds together and causes the drawing surface to become slick, filling up the entire tooth of the paper's surface. For example, after layering colors, apply heavy pressure with Prismacolor Cloud Blue PC1023. Repeat the process again, until a polished or vivid effect is achieved. Burnishing is ideal for creating sparkling glass, polished surfaces, and metals. Paper Surfaces Hot Press (Plate or Smooth) - smooth surface with very little tooth. Cold Press (Vellum or Regular) - rough or textured surface. This type of paper tends to eat up pencils quickly.
ELEMENTS OF SHADING Once you have made a satisfactory value scale, let's go over it. The five values represent the five types of shadows that a drawing might have in it. 1. The Cast Shadow- This is the darkest dark. It is the shadow that is cast by an object on a surface that it is laying on. The cast shadow is the darkest where the object and surface touch, and will get lighter as it gets farther away from the object. 2. Shadow Edge- This value is on the opposite side of the light source. It is not the edge of the object. 3. Mid-Tone- This is what the actual color of the object is, without any effects from light or shadow. 4. Reflected Light- This is the light that is seen around an object, usually between the cast shadow and the shadow edge. It's the light that is bouncing off of the surfaces around the object. This value is never bright white. When drawing in color the reflected light will contain the color of the object or surface closest to the object your drawing. 5. Full Light/Highlight- This is where the light source hits the object at full strength. It is usually shown by the white of the paper. All the areas of gray around the full light should be blended so that there is a smooth, gradual transition between them.