Art 111: STUDY QUESTIONS / SECTION #1 The questions should be used to prepare for in class discussions and your essay. MAKE SURE YOU ALSO REFER TO THE INTRODUCTION OF THE TEXTBOOK TO DISCUSS FORMAL ELEMENTS OF PIECES REFERENCED HERE. CHAPTER 18: 14TH CENTURY ART IN EUROPE 1. What was the official language of the Church during the Renaissance period and who/what brought about the switch to Italian? 2. What are guilds and what guild did artist s belong to and why? 2. Describe the events (religious and social) brought about chaos in Italy and Northern Europe 3. Define the two definitions for the term Classical (see Overview voice over lecture PowerPoint - upper and lower case)? 4. Define loggia? 5. Describe the various types of Italian artist s names? 6. Describe the classical elements of Pisano s Baptism scene. 7. Name a few of the characteristics of the Byzantine (Maniera Greca) style seen in figure Cimabue s Virgin and Child Enthroned. 8. Describe the connection between Cimabue and Giotto? 9. Compare and contrast the styles of Cimabue and Giotto. 10. Which artist was responsible for the revival of naturalism in painting? 11. Why was Giorgio Vasari a significant person in the history of Art History? 12. Describe the Buon fresco technique. 13. What is a patron and why were they important during the Renaissance period? 14. Who was the patron of the Arena Chapel and why was it constructed? 15. Describe the sequence of biblical events portrayed in the Arena Chapel and why were they chosen? 16. Define grisaille? 17. Describe the characteristics of Giotto s style (specific formal (color, line, space, etc.) elements that he emphasized)? 18. Define sacre rappresentazioni? (see powerpoint) 19. Define chiaroscuro.
20. Define foreshortening. 21. Describe the previous style that influenced Sienese artists and the style s unique formal elements. 25. Define Maesta and why was this subject popular in Siena? 26. Describe the differences between the Sienese style and the Roman (Classical) Style. 27. Describe the Roman (Classical) elements in Duccio s Maesta? 28. What did Duccio copy to achieve the richness in color seen in the Maesta altarpiece? 29. Define predella panel. 30. Describe the panel painting technique as outlined by Cennino Cennini. 30. Define gesso? 31. Describe some of the iconography in Martini s Annunciation (see powerpoint) 32. Describe a secular work of art? 33. Describe the purpose of the Allegory of Good and Bad Government? 34. List a few of the Allegorical figures in Lorenzetti s Good and Bad Government fresco and their meaning. 35. What is Book of Hours? 36. What inspired the imagery represented in Jeanne d Evreux s Book of Hours? 37. Describe the content of the accompanying scenes surrounding the main scene in Jeanne s Book of Hours and why were these scenes included? 38. Describe some of the secular themes popular among the wealthy of France and on what types of art pieces did these scenes appear? 39. Describe the subject matter/content popular in Germany during the 14 th century. 40. Why is the Vesperbild sculpture a good example of the type of art produced in Germany? CHAPTER 19: 15TH CENTURY NORTHERN EUROPE 41. Define the term renaissance and why it is representative of the events occurring in Europe in the 14 th - 15 th centuries. 42. What countries make up the Northern European territories and what new economic system developed in these countries? 43. Describe the International Gothic style and note connections to the earlier Byzantine style. 44. Define diptych, triptych and polyptych?
45. Describe the various parts of an Altarpiece and why they were significant works of art in churches. 46. Why was it important for Dukes to support the church? 47. Describe the intended design for the Well of Moses and why it was never completed. 48. What was the intended symbolic meaning associated with the use of Sluter s Well of Moses? 49. Why does Moses have horns in Claus Sluter s Well of Moses? (think about the affects on art) 50. Which of the following best describes the design of the Well of Moses: Classical, Byzantine, or Gothic and why? 51. Define atmospheric or aerial perspective? 52. What are some if the distinct elements of the Northern style? 53. What are the differences between linear perspective and intuitive perspective? 54. Why was it difficult for women to enter artistic professions in both Italy and the North? 55. What type of training was available to women? 56. What type of training did the Limbourg brothers receive that contributed to the design of Les Tres Riches Heures? 57. What characteristics of the International style are portrayed in Les Tres Riches Heures. 58. What conflict is shown in the Les Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry? 59. Describe the characteristics of the International Gothic style. 60. In what famous building did the Duke of Berry reside and what is the function of this building today? 61. Who is the Master of Flemalle (according to most Art Historians). 62. Identify and describe the icons represented in the Merode Altarpiece. (at least 4) 63. Why was it important to portray a figure flying through the window on a ray of light in the Merode Altarpiece? 64. Discuss the compositional arrangement (space, color, etc.) in the Merode Altarpiece and how this arrangement emphasizes the content/message. (see Cloisters web site critique) 65. Who were the two leading artistic figures of the Early Northern Renaissance? 66. Name of few of the characteristics of Jan van Eyck s style? 67. Describe some of the symbolic meanings represented by the objects and people in the Ghent Altarpiece. 68. What is the overall message of the Ghent Altarpiece?
69. Why did the patrons want to be represented in works of art? 70. Why were women frequently shown pregnant in Northern paintings (even if they were not)? 71. Identify and define the iconography in van Eyck s Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride and what do these icons say about gender roles? 72. Why was Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride painted? 73. Compare and Contrast van Eyck s Man in a red Turban and van der Weyden s Portrait of a lady in terms of how gender roles are represented? (see powerpoint for van der Weyden s painting) 74. What surfaces did artists from Italy and the North use for their paintings and when did linen canvases become popular? (list specific examples). 75. What painting media did Italian and Northern artists prefer from least preferred to preferred? (requires an analysis of the chapters recognizing which media was popular in each region) 76. Compare and contrast the artistic styles of Rogier van der Weyden and from Jan van Eyck, noting 2-3 similarities and differences. 77. What steps led to a commission for a Northern Artist? 78. Identify the patron s icon in Rogier van der Weyden s Deposition and why was it important to portray it in this manner? 79. Which two artists inspired van der Goes Portinari Altarpiece and in what way? 80. Identify and define the iconography in Hugo van der Goes Portinari Altarpiece? (at least 4) 81. Analyze the way the composition of the Portinari Altarpiece emphasizes the overall message of the painting. 82. Why was Jean Fouquet s depiction of the Virgin Mary s bare breast in the Virgin and Child painting acceptable to 15th century audiences? 83. Describe the visual elements that Fouquet emphasized to make the image acceptable to audiences? 84. After reviewing the chapter, how are patrons/donors typically portrayed in paintings? CHAPTER 20: RENAISSANCE IN 15 TH CENTURY ITALY 85. Briefly describe the characteristics of Humanism. 86. Describe the new approaches to literature that helped expand the audience for humanist writings? (2 reasons) 87. Describe the status of the artist in the 15th century? 88. Which family was the major patron in Florence during the 15th century and what effect did they have on the art market?
89. Name a few of the major Princely courts in Italy during the 15th century and what role did the visual arts play in these Courts? 93. Describe the benefits of being a Court Painter? 94. Besides paintings and sculpture what other works of art would a Court painter produce? 95. Which major architectural structure was completed during the 15th century and why was its completion important to the people of Florence? 96. Define Duomo? 97. Describe the design of the Florence Cathedral (very detailed). 98. Why are the circle and the square important symbolically and functionally? 99. Describe Brunelleschi s engineering achievements seen in the dome of the Florence Cathedral. 100. Who was Vitruvius? 101. Define pietra serena? 102. Define loggia? 103. Why was Michelozzo di Bartolommeo awarded the commission for the Palazzo Medici over Brunelleschi? 104. Describe the factors that influenced the design of the Medici Palace and in what way? 105. Define rusticated stone? 106. Describe the symbolic meaning associated with the overall design of the Medici Palace? 107. Describe the activities that took place at the Medici Palace that contributed to the growth of Humanism? 108. What major competition took place in 1401 and who sponsored this competition? 109. Why was the Sacrifice of Isaac theme chosen for the doors? (artistically, religious content and historical) 110. Why did Ghiberti win the competition for the baptistery doors? (Compare Ghiberti and Brunelleschi s competition panels) 111. What first is portrayed in Ghiberti s panel? 112. Define relief sculpture? 113. Describe the rules Leon Bautista Alberti outlined in his book On Painting and On Building as well as Cennino Cennini s rules in The Craftsman Handbook that helped develop a more naturalistic approach to painting. (see Cennino Cennini from Chapter 20). 114. What was the second major commission that took place in the early 1400s in the city of Florence?
115. Why were the sculptural figures in the niches of Or San Michele and the creation of the Baptistery doors important to the city of Florence? 116. Why are the Four Crowned Saints significant historical figures (religiously and artistically)? 117. Describe the way Nanni di Banco humanizes the Four Crowned Saints/Martyrs? 118. What first is Donatello accredited with? 119. Describe the ways Donatello s representation of David demonstrates heroism and virtue in relation to 15th century Florence? 120. Which Ancient Roman statue was a model for 15th century equestrian statues? 121. Define the term equestrian statue and condottieri. 122. What effect did Donatello achieve in his equestrian statue Gattamelata? 123. Compare Donatello s Gattamelata to Verrocchio s Bartolommeo Colleoni. How do the messages differ? (see powerpoint for Colleoni image). 124. Who called Ghiberti s east doors for the Florence Baptistery the Gates of Paradise and why? 125. Describe the naturalistic elements in Ghiberti s Jacob and Esau panel for the East Doors? 126. Describe the Hellenistic and Baroque (later style) elements in Pollaiuolo s statue of Hercules and Antaeus. 127. Describe the ways in which Pollaiuolo s Hercules and Anateus sculpture is representative of the citystate of Florence? 128. Who rediscovered the rules of perspective and who wrote it down? 129. Define vanishing point? 130. Describe the ways in which Perugino s Delivery of the keys to St Peter is a form of propaganda? 131. Describe the visual illusion does Masaccio achieves in his Holy Trinity painting? 132. What first is seen in Masaccio Trinity? 133. Describe the hierarchy seen in Masaccio s Trinity and how the arrangement emphasizes the message for the viewer. 134. Why was the subject Tribute Money chosen for the Brancacci Chapel? (speculative) 135. Define catasto? 136. Define continuous narrative? 137. Define trompe l oeil?
138. Define di sotto in su? 139. Why was the faux oculus incorporated into the Camera Degli Sposi and what icons relate to its purpose? 140. Describe the types of portraits that were popular in Italy during the 15 th century and why? 141. Describe the characteristics of Botticelli s style. 142. Describe the symbolism and overall meaning of Botticelli s Primavera. 143. Describe the story of the Birth of Venus and who inspired Botticelli to create this subject? 144. Define Venus pudica? 145. Why were Botticelli and other artists able to create mythological works of art in spite of church restrictions? 146. What event caused Botticelli to destroy many of his paintings? 147. Who was Girolamo Savonarola and what affect did he have on Florence? 148. Describe the Bonfire of the vanities and who was responsible for the event? CHAPTER 21: 16 th CENTURY ART IN ITALY (If there is time if not this section will move to exam #2) 149. How did the status of the artist change from the 15 th to 16 th century? 150. Describe the conflict arose in the Catholic church in the early 16 th century? 151. Describe some of Leonardo s interests that he documented in his notebooks? 152. Why is Leonardo da Vinci called a Renaissance/Universal Man? 153. Describe Leonardo s views on reality? 154. Leonardo stated, a good painter has two chief objects to paint man and the intention of his soul how did he feel a painter could capture the intention of the soul. 155. Describe the techniques Leonardo utilizes to draw the viewer to all of the key characters in the Virgin of the Rocks? 156. Define cartoon (not the comic strip)? 157. Describe the importance of disegno/drawing to Italian artists in the 16 th century? 158. Describe and analyze the numerical and figural symbolism is portrayed in Leonardo s Last Supper? 159. Discuss the design elements of the supper that make the image balanced that also emphasize its symbolic meaning. 160. Define sfumato?
161. Describe the gender rules broken by Leonardo when he painting the Mona Lisa. 162. Describe some of the theories as to the identity of Mona Lisa? 163. Who were the key Papal patrons of the 16 th century? 164. Describe the two developments that affected the art market in the 16 th century? 165. Define stanze? 166. Why was Raphael called to Rome? 167. Who were the key figures in Raphael s Philosophy and what were their views? 168. Describe the statement Raphael and Julius II made in the Philosophy fresco (note the placement of figures and their ideologies). 169. Describe the other paintings inside the Stanza della Segnatura and the overall message of the entire cycle of paintings. 170. Describe the influences from Leonardo and Michelangelo that are seen in Raphael s paintings? 171. Why was Raphael considered the ideal Renaissance artist? 172. Who was the intended audience for Raphael s Madonna paintings, what was the message of the paintings and why this message controversial? 173. Why is Julius II an important yet controversial figure of the High Renaissance? 174. Describe Julius II s major commissions? 175. How did Michelangelo and Leonardo s ideas on art differ? 176. Why was Michelangelo considered a Renaissance man? 177. Briefly describe the process Michelangelo used to create sculpture? 178. Describe the idea Michelangelo expressed with his bound slaves? 179. Describe the differences between Michelangelo s David and Donatello s David. 180. Which work led to Michelangelo being chosen as the painter of the Sistene ceiling and why? 181. Describe the biblical and mythological figures were portrayed on the ceiling? 182. Describe the family symbols representing Julius II that were painting on the ceiling? 183. Describe the sequence of biblical stories that are portrayed on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and why there portrayed in this order. 184. Describe the characteristics of Michelangelo s style as seen in the Sistene Chapel fresco.
185. Describe the figures portrayed in the cape behind God in The Creation of Adam? (opinion) 186. Describe the Neoplatonic symbolism in Michelangelo s Tomb of Giuliano de Medici sculptures (Gods and men). 187. Describe the architectural design techniques Michelangelo used in St. Peters? 188. Describe the major architectural restoration projects Michelangelo was responsible for in Rome? (at least 2) 189. Describe the architectural design element Bramante incorporated into his Tempieto building to make it organic and sculptural?