The Emprcal Econometrcs and Quanttatve Economcs Letters ISSN 2286 7147 EEQEL all rghts reserved Volume 1, Number 2 (June 2012), pp. 59 70. Measurng of happness level of people n Tppanate s communty, Chang Ma provnce Juthamas Namwong* and Kunchon Wattanakul Faculty of Economcs, Chang Ma Unversty *E-mal: mmmaster41@gmal.com ABSTRACT In ths research, there are three purposes: to study a general condton of the resdents n Thpanate s communty, to study a level of happness of those lvng n Thpanate s communty and to analyze factors (playng an mportant part) mportant to the happness of the populaton n, Muang dstrct, Chang Ma. The data was collected va a questonnare wth 300 samples out of the whole Thpanate s communty populaton of 1,080 people. The fndng showed that the numbers of male and female samples were not dfferent wth the average age of 43, the educaton background beng n a prmary and secondary level. Ther statuses were mostly marred, workng at a company or workng as labors or runnng a grocery shop, wth the average ncomes between B4,000-B12,000, but wthout any savng money nor any debts. The level of happness of those lvng n Thpanate s communty was n the mddle beng 62.7 percent. Havng used Ordered logt model and Ordered probt model to analyze the factors affectng the happness of the populaton of Thpanate s communty, we found the age, the educaton, the famly,the health and the socety and culture very nfluental wth a statstc sgnfcance. Keywords: Happness, Tppanate s communty, Ordered Probt model, Ordered Logt Model JEL Classfcaton: I31, J10, Z13
60 EEQEL Vol. 1, No. 2 (June 2012) J. Namwong and K. Wattanakul 1. Introducton Accordng to 8 th of The Natonal Economc and Socal Development plan (before 1997) whch emphaszed on economc growth through appled economc ndcators manly such as Gross Domestc Product: GDP, Gross Natonal Product: GNP and Natonal Income those regard that precedng Thaland had developed ther economc by mean of emphaszed on wealth buldng ssue but those ndcators were not ndcated to lve happly or happness of populaton therefore The 10 th Plan (2007-2011) turn to pay attenton on Gross Natonal Happness on behalf of ndvdual or personal more because happness have to begn from the smallest pont whch are person earler expand to the country those develop to wellbeng together of Tha socety. (R.Tonsuchart, 2008) Dr. Noppadol Kanka showed study result about Gross Domestc Happness of domestc of Tha populaton n 2011 whch dvded nto each regon, found that populaton n the North of Thaland owned the Thrd place of GPH next below from the North East and the South whch owned smlar average. Those seem that populaton of the North own average happness at hgh level cause of the North are center of many aspects all economc, socal, culture, toursm and natural resource especally n Chang Ma where regard as the center provnce of North, economc center and progressed a lot. Toursm brought a lot of ncome to Chang Ma due to Chang Ma own a beautful nature, calm clmate, ancent remans and antques ncludng ancent cultural and customs whch are able to attract the tourst both Tha and foregner. There are several factors affect to happness of populaton n Chang Ma but studyng about happness of Chang Ma s populaton stll rare. (The offce of Chrovnce, 2009) Almost study about economc happness or measurement of happness of populaton n the country were macro level hence the researcher nterested to study about happness or happness measurement n mcro level or level of person, communty and local because happness must begn from small pont or ndvdual then expand to level of the country n order to term of wellbeng socety and smoothly develop and motvate socety further. Consequently n these study research the researcher had studed about Measurement on Happness level of people n Tppanate s Communty,Chang Ma Provnce due to Tpanate s communty were the frst communty where Chang Ma Muncpalty had establshed snce 1984. Populaton from varous area had moved n untl present then became to be slum, ths communty are prototype and plot communty n developng communty of Chang Ma muncpalty on varous aspects but there were not studyng about happness and not own development plan yet. Therefore ths study were nterested n happness level of people n Tppanate s communty n order to brng result from study to apply n ther communty development plan for better lvng of populaton n communty and lve a lvng wth happness. (Techncal Dvson and Chang Ma muncpalty, 2012)
The Emprcal Econometrcs and Quanttatve Economcs Letters 61 2. Theory 1) Utlty Theory Utlty means to satsfactory of each consumer to ther consumng of product and servce,utlty are able to measure nto dgt unt whch dgt number of product and servce consumng would much or less depend on volume of consumer needs to those product.(mankw,2005) 2) The Cardnal Utlty Theory The Cardnal utlty theory s a method whch assumes that satsfacton can be measured usng the unt of utl. Consst of ratonalty, cardnal utlty, constant margnal utlty of money, dmnshng of margnal utlty, total utlty and margnal utlty. (T.Srwchalumpun,2008) 3) Gross Natonal Happness (GNH) Bhutan s Kng Jgme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuk ntated phlosophy for developng country through pad attenton on happness of populaton or that called Gross Natonal Happness by mean of emphaszed on developng happness and satsfactory of populaton rather developng on Gross Domestc Product n order to promote and create conjontly goal.e. develop equally and sustanable economc,stress on transparent and noble development closely wth conservaton of envronmental and natural resource whch these concept cause happness to the populaton Gross Natonal Happness s evolvng as an nsprng set of prncples for polcy development. The core elements wthout promotng them as a dogma have been dentfed as the Four Pllars of GNH consst of the followng four elements (Jgme Sngye Wangchuck,1999; T.Puntrcwwat and P.Pronpphat, 2007). 1. Cultural promoton 2. Equtable economc development 3. Good governance 4. Envronmental conservaton 4) Meanng of happness on level of ndvdual Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), the sgnfcant Englsh phlosopher and one of founder on Utlty concept, sad that Happness s the greatest good Alexandrova gven defnton of happness on behalf of psychology that happness are totally emoton whch each person judge as much or less that depend on ther current way of lfe, experence n the past and atttude toward lvng. (R.Gray, P.Rakoumneoykt et al.,2006) 5) Measurement on happness of each ndvdual Level of happness depend on varous elements through create ndcator,whch consst of varous elements, and able to create nto 2 types.e. 1)from varous
62 EEQEL Vol. 1, No. 2 (June 2012) J. Namwong and K. Wattanakul elements then assemble them to Composte ndex by offer weght of each element n equal or unequal 2)from totally emoton whch are sngle queston then consder element. (R.Gray, P.Rakoumneoykt et al.,2006) 6) Developng ndcator whch concernng to global wellbeng level Snce 1960 all nternatonal organzatons pad attenton to developng socal ndcator or novel ndcator whch apply to descrbe effect of country development replace GDP and GDP per capta through separate happness ndcator nto 2 secton.e. frst secton are ndcator whch concernng to global wellbeng level and the second secton are ndcator whch concernng to natonal wellbeng. (Offce of the Natonal Economc and Socal Development Board,2007; S.Srwattananukulkt,2009) 7) Developng happness ndcator n Thaland Indcator n perspectve level or natonal level,manly are executon role of assocated government agency and academcan through employ data collectng from document or ndcator whch made by all agency and mprove them to be ndcator of populaton development condton that often focus on lfe qualty of populaton n materal rather than happness analyss drectly. (Offce of the Natonal Economc and Socal Development Board,2007) 8) Happness ndcator n communty or regonal level Populaton sector and prvate development organzaton ntated ther role to gather together for seekng soluton way n sufferng condton of populaton n socety that lead to developng key concept of measurement on happness n communty or regonal level.e. 8.1) Happness ndcator of Tha populaton by Physcan,element of happness dvde to 8 categores.e. own lfe guarantee, healthy body and soul,warm famly, vgorous communty, fne envronment, freedom,prde and reach dharma of cohabtaton. 8.2) Happness ndcator of Mahdol Unversty made through employng qualtatve research to measure wellbeng of populaton n regon and brought to buld questonnare and quanttatve ndcator then appled Future Search method to seek for matter what create happness to populaton n communty afterward employed them as happness ndcator. 8.3) Happness ndcator of Isan Happly Communty Project whch developed by Tha Health Promoton Foundaton and Sustanable Communty Development for Well Lfe Qualty Foundaton through set happly condton whole body, soul, socety and ntellect as prncple by mean of appled The four Noble Truths and Condton of Welfare of Buddha. (A.Thumrongwarangkul,2000)
The Emprcal Econometrcs and Quanttatve Economcs Letters 63 3. Lterature Revew Prya Polproon and Pungpond Rakaumnoaykt (2550) studed n happness of metropoltan,analyzed data through multple regresson equaton wth 2 models.e. Lnear Probablty and Probt Model whereas Happness analyss employed Lnear Ordnary Least Square due to dependence varable were contnuous varable. Reungcha Tunsuchart (2551) studed n happness ndcator and wellbeng of populaton at San Sa Dstrct Chang Ma wth 400 samples and employed Accdental Samplng or pck sample as to convenence,ths study employed Ordered Probt model. Chettaphom Wannapasarn (2552) studed n economcs of happness on case study : Dressmakng Labor Group of Phattaya Company, Ltd. ;analyzed data through descrptve statstcs and Logt model ncludng Maxmum lkelhood estmate(mle) and Margnal effect. 4. Methodology Ordered Probt and Ordered Logt are model whch employ n measurement on happness of populaton n Tppanate s communty, Chang Ma provnce whereas these model contan characterstc of Latent Regresson wth followng equaton (A.Wboonphong, 2006). Y = x + (1) When Y are level of happness x are factor whch nfluence to happness are parameter are error Happness Ratng through Ordered Probt and Ordered Logt model whch these study related level of happness of people n Tppanate s communty nto 5 levels that arrange from smaller to larger values: level 0 means to dstressed and level 4 means to maxmum happness and happness ratng of each level were consdered from followng equaton Y = 0 f y* 0 ; Pr(Y=0X) = (-x) (2) Y = 1 f 0 < y* µ 1 ; Pr(Y=1X) = (µ 1 - x) - (-x) (3) Y = 2 f µ 1 < y* µ 2 ; Pr(Y=2X) = (µ 2 - x) (µ 1 - x) (4) Y = 3 f µ 2 < y* µ 3 ; Pr(Y=3X) = (µ 3 - x) (µ 2 - x) (5) Y = 4 f µ 3 < y* µ 4 ; Pr(Y=4X) = (µ 4 - x) (µ 3 - x) (6) where y* are Latent varable of Y n model are Random varable whch were not able to observe
64 EEQEL Vol. 1, No. 2 (June 2012) J. Namwong and K. Wattanakul Whereas factor whch nfluence to happness of populaton (x ) consdered from varous happness factors as ths followng model: Y f ( SEX, AGE, EDU, JOB, MARR, INCOME, DEBT, SAVING, x1, x2, x3,.... x5 ) (7 Rewrte the equaton nto relatonshp as follows: Y 0 1SEX 2 AGE 3EDU 4JOB 5MARR 6INCOME where DEBT 7 Y SAVING x (8) 8 33 1 j j are happness level of populaton n Tppanate s communty; sample number 1 8 are coeffcent of general factor of populaton SEX AGE EDU MARR JOB INCOME DEBT SAVING j x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 are gender of sample number are age of sample number (years old) are level of educaton of sample number are martal status of sample number are occupaton of sample number are ncome of sample number are debt of sample number are savngs of sample number are coeffcent of factor whch affect to happness are famly factor are economc factor are health factor are socal and culture factor are envronmental factor
The Emprcal Econometrcs and Quanttatve Economcs Letters 65 Interpretng of happness level, obtan from model, wth Margnal Effect whch consder from margnal effect of happness factor(x j ) that are valuable to probablty of each happness level, margnal effect are consder from Pr( Y 0) Margnal Effect (Y=0) = x j Pr( Y 1) Margnal Effect (Y=1) = x j (9) (10) Margnal Effect (Y=2) = Margnal Effect (Y=3) = Margnal Effect (Y=4) = Pr( Y 2) x j Pr( Y 3) x j Pr( Y 4) x j (11) (12) (13) 5. Data Data n these study are prmary data whch gather data through accdental random from take 300 questonnares from populaton n Tppanate s communty,the researcher gather questonnares by themselves together wth leader of Tppanate s communty through dstrbute questonnare to populaton and gather back ndvdually then apply data from questonnares to codfy and analyss whereas secondary data whch assocate to communty and populaton n Tppanate s communty obtan from 2012 communty development annual plan,chang Ma Muncpalty and lance corporal Thongkum Mngtrakul ;leader of Tppanate s communty. 6. Results and Dscusson 6.1 Demographc From study found that manly populaton are female rather than male,most of them are age 46-55 years old (68 person,22.67%). On martal status found that most of them are marrage (206 person,68.67%),on educaton level almost populaton fnshed from secondary educaton (150 person,50%),on occupaton majorty populaton are company offcal (86 person,28.67%),on average ncome found that almost populaton own average ncome 4,001-8,000 baht/month (121 person,40.33%),on savngs most of populaton has not savngs (291 person,97%) and on debt almost populaton has not debt more than has one (232 person,77.33%).
66 EEQEL Vol. 1, No. 2 (June 2012) J. Namwong and K. Wattanakul 6.2 Happness Level of People n Tppanate s Communty, Chang Ma Provnce The study results are followng: Happness level of people n Tppanate s communty are equal to 1.897 through populaton own happness n medum degree wth percentage of 62.7 and the second our own happness n hgh level wth percentage of 35.3 whereas populaton whose own less degree happness are only 2% as show n table 1. TABLE 1. Happness level of people n Tppanate s communty, Chang Ma provnce Happness degree Total Percentage Cumulatve Frequency Mean of happness degree Bad - - - - Less happness 6 2.0 2.0 1 Medum Happness 188 62.7 64.7 2 Hgh Happness 106 35.3 100.0 3 Maxmum Happness - - - - Overall 300 100.0 1.897 6.3 Factors whch affect to happness of people n Tppanate s communty, Chang Ma provnce by mean of Ch-squared test ( 2 ) Factor of famly whch affect to happness of people n Tppanate s communty.e. member n famly love, get along well and bound wth each other, member n famly helpng each other, member n famly honor and pay respect wth each other, famly had nurture juvenle wth qualty, famly look after the elder to lvng wth happness and member n famly are honest to each other. Whereas factor of economy.e. acqure suffcent,equtable and consecutvely ncome,factor of health whch affect to happness of people n Tppanate s communty.e. none of congental dsease whch must to contnuously treat, feel dstressed when found others faced suffer, persstng n mert and ethc, feel glad when able to resolve all problems. Factors of socal and cultural whch affect to happness of people n Tppanate s communty.e. partcpatng n cultural mantenance actvty of communty and happy when arrangng socal actvty together wth people n communty. These factors own sgnfcance level at 0.000 whch less than 0.01 sgnfy that these factors had mpact to happness of people n Tppanate s communty whereas envronmental factor had not mpact to happness due to own sgnfcance level more than 0.01.
The Emprcal Econometrcs and Quanttatve Economcs Letters 67 6.4 Factor affectng the happness of people n Tppanate s communty The result analyzed by Ordered Logt model s shown n table 2 and the result from Ordered Probt model s dsplayed n table 3. The result from Ordered Logt revealed that age, educaton, famly factor, health, and socal and cultural factor affect the happness of people n Tppanate s communty. The result from Ordered Probt found that age and educaton affect the happness of people. Famly factor and socal and cultural factor are also affect the happness. However, health s nsgnfcant n ths model. TABLE 2. Factor affectng the happness of people n Tppanate s communty analyzed by usng Ordered Logt Model. Factors whch affect to happness Coeffcent Std. Err. z Gender 0.234 0.304294 0.77 0.442 Age 0.04686 0.014684 3.19 0.001 Educaton 0.746168 0.364888 2.04 0.041 Martal status -0.18139 0.239658-0.76 0.449 Occupaton -0.02007 0.070902-0.28 0.777 Income -0.07413 0.086476-0.86 0.391 Debt -0.40093 0.264447-1.52 0.129 Savngs 0.775987 0.575079 1.35 0.177 Famly factor 44.22994 12.37962 3.57 0.000 Economc factor -0.40616 0.247812-1.64 0.101 Health factor -0.95821 0.503641-1.9 0.057 Socal and Cultural factor -1.10439 0.441367-2.5 0.012 P> TABLE 3. Factor affectng the happness of people n Tppanate s communty analyzed by usng Ordered Probt Model. Factors whch affect to happness of Coeffcent Std. Err. z Gender 0.15096 0.199197 0.76 0.449 Age 0.03361 0.011133 3.02 0.003 Educaton 0.576879 0.273686 2.11 0.035 Martal Status -0.04214 0.168123-0.25 0.802 Occupaton -0.00338 0.046971-0.07 0.943 Income -0.07274 0.062916-1.16 0.248 Debt -0.28357 0.179467-1.58 0.114 Savngs 0.168845 0.381805 0.44 0.658 Famly factor 18.59585 4.026565 4.62 0.000 Economc factor -0.26517 0.169254-1.57 0.117 Health factor -0.50457 0.355696-1.42 0.156 Socal and Cultural factor -0.70793 0.312473-2.27 0.023 P>
68 EEQEL Vol. 1, No. 2 (June 2012) J. Namwong and K. Wattanakul 6.5 Comparsons of Ordered Logt and Ordered Probt models Consderng to Model Selecton as for estmatng Ordered Logt and Ordered Probt from AIC and BIC value whch are the least value, found that Model Selecton of Ordered Logt had value less than Ordered Probt so that estmatng of Ordered Logt were ftted to analyze data then the researcher appled Ordered Logt Model for data analyss. Hence there were consdered n Margnal effect of Ordered Logt whch could explaned that when age added up 1 year that would affected to addton of happness for 0.3%,when educaton level added up 1 level that would affected to addton of happness for 0.64%,when famly factor added up 1 level that would affected to addton of happness for 43.98%,when health factor added up 1 level that would affected to reducton of happness for 0.99% and when socal and cultural factor added up 1 level would affected to reducton of happness for 1.13% as show n Table 4. Factors affectng the happness of people ntppanate s communty TABLE 4.Shows consderng on Margnal Effect of Ordered Logt model dy/dx Std. Err. z P>z [ 95% C.I. ] X Age 0.038351 0.01432 2.68 0.007 0.01028 0.066423 42.65 Educaton 0.641252 0.3421 1.87 0.061-0.02926 1.31176 2.74333 Famly factor 43.97605 12.35 3.56 0.000 19.7697 68.1824 2.19056 Health factor -0.9955 0.44124-2.26 0.024-1.86032-0.13068 2.11917 Socal and cultural factor -1.12547 0.39082-2.88 0.004-1.89147-0.35947 2.43667 7. Concludng remarks Ths research selected Thpanate s communty, Muang dstrct, Chang Ma as a case to study a level of happness of the populaton because t s the frst communty that Chang Ma muncpalty establshed and s the prototype for Chang Ma muncpalty to make a development project of a communty. The data collected was a prmary source of the nformaton ganed through a questonnare from 300 samples of the populaton n Thpanate s communty, Muang dstrct, Chang Ma. The fndng revealed that the numbers of the male and female samples at Thpanate s communty were not dfferent wth ther ages mostly n a studyng group and workng group - between 16-65 years old. The educaton background of the resdents was n elementary and secondary levels, whch was consdered relatvely low. Most of them were marred wth jobs at companes or dong labor jobs or runnng a grocery shop. Ther ncomes seemed to be n the mddle or lower rangng between B4,000-B12,000 per month resultng n ther not havng any money savngs. The level of happness of the people n Thpanate s communty, Muang dstrct,chang Ma appeared to be 1.897 beng a
The Emprcal Econometrcs and Quanttatve Economcs Letters 69 medum level (62.7%).And wth the help of Ordered Logt model and Ordered Probt model to analyze factors affectng the happness of the people lve n Thpanate s communty, Muang dstrct, Chang Ma, t ndcated that the age and the educaton background had a postve nfluence to ther happness : wth a postve correlaton : the more ther ages and educaton, the happer they were. However, the other factors postvely causng the happness of the populaton n the communty were the famly: the members of the famly loved, cared and had a strong te to one another as well as gvng respect and honor to one another ncludng takng good care of the elderly to lve happly, the health: the people became happy when seeng others succeed and grew btter when learnng those were facng trouble. Moreover, they would turn to moral and the relgon (Buddhsm) as well as the publc assstance, so they could moderate ther emotons (moods) when facng danger and would feel glad when solvng problems successfully, the socety and culture: those felt happy when partcpatng n such actvtes that preserved the cultural arts of ther communty and when ther leaders appeared to be good. Nevertheless, the factors on the economy created a negatve effect to those n Thpanate s communty, t dd not cause much happness to them apparently because most people there were not well educated resultng n ther havng low ncomes makng them have hard tme feelng satsfed wth ther work and fnance as well as makng them feel unfarly treated. Ths led to ther unable to lve n accordance wth the sustanable economy. In addton, the factor on the envronment also caused much sufferng to them obvously due to ther unpleasant locaton of the communty, whch s near a major garbage dump of Haya dstrct, resultng n havng a lot of foulng smell n the ar ncludng water polluton n the canal runnng through the communty. To make t worse, there were not any specfc authortes to supervse the safety of the resdents n the communty, whch caused both physcal and mental persecuton. In concluson, for the development of Thpanate s communty, the authorty needs to focus on both the economc and envronmental mprovements so that the members of the communty wll have a better lvng standard and lastly, everyone wll become happy (happer). REFERENCES Gray, R., P.Rakoumneoykt, et al. 2006. Happness on suffcency and stablty n the termnal. Nakornpathom,Thaland, Populaton and socal publsher. Jgme Sngye Wangchuck. 1999. "Gross Natonal Happness GNH." Retreved 15 Dec,2011. Kannka, N. 2008. Gross happness of Thaland, Assumson unversty. Mankw, Gregory. 2005. Prncples of Economcs, Harcourt Brace. Offce of the Natonal Economc and Socal Development Board. 2007. "Socal development plan No.10 (2007-2011)." Retreved 20 Feb, 2012, from http://www.ldd.go.th/tha-html/05022007/pdf/pdf01/005.pdf. Offce of the Natonal Economc and Socal Development Board. 2007. " The development of well-beng ndcators n Tha socety." Retreved 15 Dec, 2011, fromhttp://www.nesdb.go.th/default.aspx?tabd=107. Puntrcwwat, T. and P.Pronpphat. 2007. "Gross Natonal Happness (GNH)." Retreved 15 Jan, 2012, from http://www.thacadet.org/buddhsm/ghn.html.
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