Fundamental of Electrical Engineering Lab Manual EngE-111/318 Dr.Hidayath Mirza & Dr.Rais Ahmad Sheikh 1/9/19 EngE111
Testing Battery (DC) Testing AC Testing Wire 1 P a g e
Resistor measurement Testing Fuse 2 P a g e
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Objective:- Study of series and parallel connection with lamp and switches. Equipments Required:- Bread-board, D.C. Voltage Supply, Switches, Lamp, Breadboard Connectors etc. Circuit Diagrams and Observation Table:- Series Connection :- Switch 1 Switch 2 D.C. Voltage Source (Switches are connected in series) Figure-1) Procedures: 1). Build the above circuit diagram on a bread-board by connecting the two switches and a given lamp. 2). Adjust a D.C. Voltage source at (5V) and connect it to the above circuit properly. 3). Observe the status of lamp by keeping the switch 1 and switch 2 at different positions i.e. (On or Off). 4). Write down your result in the observation (Table-1). 4 P a g e
Observation table for switches series connection: - (Table-1) D.C. Voltage Supply Position of Switch 1 Position of Switch2 Status of Lamp On or OFF 5 0 0 --- 5 0 1 --- 5 1 0 --- 5 1 1 --- Parallel Connection: - Switch 1 Switch 2 D.C. Voltage Source (Switches are connected in parallel) 5 P a g e
(Figure-2) Procedures: 1). Build the above circuit diagram on a bread-board by connecting the two switches and a given lamp. 2). Adjust a D.C. Voltage source at (5V) and connect it to the above circuit properly. 3). Observe the status of lamp by keeping the switch 1 and switch 2 at different positions i.e. (On or Off). 4). Write down your result in the observation (Table-2) Observation table for switches parallel connection: - (Table-2) D.C. Voltage Supply Position of Switch 1 Position of Switch2 Status of Lamp On or OFF 5 0 0 --- 5 0 1 --- 5 1 0 --- 5 1 1 --- Note: 1 means ON 0 means OFF. 6 P a g e
Objective: - Measurement of voltage across resistor by Digital Multi-Meter (D.M.M.) and current through resistor by Digital Multi-Meter (D.M.M.). Verify the results obtained by Ohm s Law. Equipment Required: - Bread-board, D.C. Voltage Supply, Digital Multi-Meter (D.M.M), Resistors, Breadboard Connectors etc. Circuit Diagram:- D.M.M. D.M.M. D.C. Voltage Source R VR Com V D.C. Voltage Source R Opened to connect D.M.M. I A Com (Voltage measurement across the resistor) resistor) (Figure-1) (Current measurement through the (Figure-2) Procedures: Part (A) 1). Build the above circuit diagram of (Figure-1) on a breadboard by connecting resistor R and D.C. Voltage source. 2). Adjust a D.C. Voltage source value as given in (Table-1). 3). Measure voltage VR across resistor R by using a digital multi-meter (D.M.M.) as shown in the above Circuit diagram of (Figure-1) and write down the measured value in the (Table-1). 4). Measure the current through resistor R by using a digital multi-meter (D.M.M.) as shown in the above circuit diagram of (Figure-2) and write down the measured value in the (Table-1). Observation table of VOLTAGE and CURRENT measurement: - 7 P a g e
S.No. V S R V R I [A] (Table-1) 1. 10 150 --- --- 2. 10 330 --- --- 3. 17 330 --- --- Part (B) 1). For (Figure-2) change the source voltage value zero (0). Measure and write down the current through resistor R in the (Table-2). 2). Increase voltage according to the (Table-2) and write down the measured values of current for each value of voltages. 3). Plot the graph between Vs on X-axis and I [m.a.] on Y-axis on the graph paper. Notice the relation between Voltage and Current. Observation table for graph data:- (Table-2) S.No. VS R1 I [m.a.] 1 0 330 --- 2 2 330 --- 3 3 330 --- 4 5 330 --- 5 7 330 --- 6 8 330 --- 7 10 330 --- Note: i ). Digital Multi-Meter (D.M.M.) is connected in parallel for measuring voltage. Hence, no change/s in the built circuit is made to connect a D.M.M. ii). Digital Multi-Meter (D.M.M.) is connected in series for measuring current. Hence, one has to break (open) the built circuit to connect a D.M.M. 8 P a g e
iii). For plotting graph between Vs on X-axis and I [m.a.] following scales are recommended. X-axis -----2 big squares= 1V Y-axis------1 big square= 2m.A. 9 P a g e
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Objective:- Measurement of voltage across the resistors connected in series and parallel. Equipment Required:- Bread-board, D.C. Voltage Supply, Digital Multi-Meter (D.M.M), Resistors, Breadboard Connectors etc. Circuit Diagram:- Series Connection :- D.M.M. R1 R2 V R1 Com V D.C. Voltage Source (Resistors are connected in series) (Figrue-1) Procedures: 1). Build the above circuit diagram on a breadboard by connecting the two resistors R1 and R2 in series. 2). Adjust a D.C. Voltage source value as given in (Table-1). 3). Measure voltage VR1 across resistor R1 by using a digital multi-meter (D.M.M.) as shown in the above circuit diagram of (Figure-1). 4). Similarly, measure the voltage VR2 across resistor R2, and voltage VT across (R1-R2). Notice the relation among VR1, VR2 and VT. 5). Change R1, R2 and D.C. Voltage as given in (Table-1) and write down the measured values of VR1, VR2 and VT in (Table-1). Observation table of VOLTAGEs for series connection: - S.No. VS R1 R2 VR1 VR2 VT 1 10 150 3.3K --- --- --- 2 10 3.3K 150 --- --- --- (Table-1) 3 12 2.2K 2.2K --- --- --- 11 P a g e
Circuit Diagram: - Parallel Connection: - D.C. Voltage Source R1 R2 D.M.M. V R1 Com V (Resistors connected in parallel) (Figure-2) Procedures: 1). Build the above circuit diagram of (Figure-2) on a breadboard by connecting the two resistors R1 and R2 in parallel. 2). Adjust a D.C. Voltage source value as given in the (Table-2). 3). Measure voltage VR1 across resistor R1 by using a digital multi-meter (D.M.M.) as shown in the above circuit diagram of (Figure-2). 4). Similarly, measure the voltage VR2 across resistor R2, and voltage VT across (R1-R2). Notice the relation among VR1, VR2, VT. 5). Change R1, R2 and D.C. Voltage as given in the (Table-2) and write down the measured values of VR1, VR2 and VT in (Table-2). Observation table of VOLTAGEs for parallel connection: - S.No. VS R1 R2 VR1 VR1 VT 1 10 220 2.2K --- --- --- 2 12 2.2K 220 --- --- --- 3 15 2.2K 4.7K --- --- --- 12 P a g e
Objective: - Measurement of current through the resistors connected in series and parallel. Equipment Required:- Breadboard, D.C. Voltage Supply, Digital Multi-Meter (D.M.M), Resistors, Breadboard Connectors etc. Circuit Diagram:- Series Connection:- D.C. Voltage Source I X R1 Y R2 Z D.M.M. I A Com Procedures: (Resistors connected in series) (Figure-1) 1). Build the above circuit diagram of (Figure-1) on a breadboard by connecting the two resistors R1 and R2 again in series. 2). Adjust a D.C. Voltage source value as given in the (Table-1). 3). Measure the current I through resistor R1 at point Y by using a digital multi-meter (D.M.M.) as shown in the above circuit diagram of (Figure-1). 4). Similarly, measure current I coming out of the source at point X and through resistor R2 at point Z. Notice the value of current measured at points X, Y and Z. 5). Change R1, R2 and D.C. Voltage value as given in the (Table-1) and write down the measured values of current I at X, Y and Z in (Table-1). Observation table of CURRENTs for series connection: - (Table-1). S.No. VS R1 R2 I at X [A] I at Y [A] I at Z [A] 1 11 150 220 --- --- --- 2 15 150 220 --- --- --- 3 16 150 47 --- --- --- 13 P a g e
Circuit Diagram: - Parallel Connection: - D.M.M. I R1 I T I 1 I T A Com D.C. Voltage Source I 2 R1 R2 (Resistors connected in parallel) (Figure-2) Procedures: 1). Build the above circuit diagram of (Figure-2) on a breadboard by connecting the two resistors R1 and R2 again in parallel. 2). Adjust a D.C. Voltage source value as given in the (Table-2). 3). Measure current I1 through resistor R1 by using a digital multi-meter (D.M.M.) as shown in the above circuit Diagram of (Figure-2). 4). Similarly, measure current I2 through resistor R2 and IT coming out of the source and entering into the source. Notice the relation between the currents I1, I2, and IT. 5). Change R1, R2 and D.C. Voltage value as given in the (Table-2)and write down the measured values of current I1, I2, and IT in (Table-2). Observation table of CURRENTs for parallel connection: - (Table-2) S.No. VS R1 R2 I1 [A] I2 [A] IT [A] 1 12 150 220 --- --- --- 2 12 220 150 --- --- --- 3 14 220 47 --- --- --- Note: Digital Multi-Meter (D.M.M.) is connected in series while measuring current. Hence, one has to break (open) the circuit to connect a D.M.M. 14 P a g e
Objective: - Verify Kirchhoff s Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff s Current Law (KCL) using mesh and nodal analysis of the given circuit. Theory: Kirchhoff s Voltage Law states that the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path (loop or mesh) is zero. Applying Kirchhoff s voltage law to the Loop1 and Loop2 in the circuit shown in Figure-1 gives: Loop1[ABEF]: (V1) + (V2) + (- Vs) = 0 ---(1) Loop2 [BCDE]: (V3) + (- V2) = 0 ---(2) Kirchhoff s Current Law states that the algebraic sum of all the currents at any node is zero. Or Algebraic sum of currents entering a node is equal to the algebraic sum of currents leaving the same node. Applying Kirchhoff s current law to the nodes B and E in the circuit shown in Figure-1 gives: At node B: Is = I1 + I2 ---(3) At node E: I1 + I2 = Is ---(4) Equipments Required: - Bread-board, D.C. Voltage Supply, Digital Multi-Meter (D.M.M), Resistors, Breadboard Connectors etc. Circuit Diagrams and Data Table: - D.C. Voltage Source VS = 11V A B C E (Figure-1) Procedures: 1). Build the above circuit given in (Figure-1) on a breadboard. 2). Set the D.C. Voltage source value as given in the (Table-1). I S I S F V 1 R1 Loop1 I 1 V 2 Loop2 R2 V 3 I 2 D R3 15 P a g e
3). Measure the voltages V1, V2, V3, VS and currents I1, I2, IS by D.M.M. and write down the values in the following (Table-1). 3). Verify the KVL for the Loop1 and Loop2 using equations (1) and (2). 4). Verify the KCL for node B and node E using equations (3) and (4). Observation table of Voltages and Currents for KVL and KCL :- S VS R1 R2 R3 V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 IS.No. [A] [A] [A] 1. 11 47 100 150 --- --- --- --- --- --- (Table-1) 16 P a g e
Objective: - Study of potentiometer as a voltage divider with and without load. Equipment Required: - Breadboard, D.C. Voltage Supply, Digital Multi-Meter (D.M.M), Potentiometer, Breadboard Connectors etc. Circuit Diagram: - D.M.M. D.M.M. R1 R2 e f d c b g a V R1 Com V V R2 Com V (Figure-1) Voltage divider no load Voltage divider with load Procedures: 1). Connect a potentiometer only of (220 Ω, 1K Ω,...) on a breadboard. 2). Adjust pointer of potentiometer at position a and measure resistance values R1 and R2 by using a digital multi-meter (D.M.M.) as shown in the circuit diagram of (Figure-1){Note: set your D.M.M. dialer to Ohm(Ω) position}. Write down the measured resistance values in (Table-1). 3). Similarly, adjust pointer of potentiometer at other positions b, c d, e, f g, and measure resistance values R1 and R2. Write down the measured resistance values for all positions in (Table-1). 4). Now connect a D.C. Voltage Source to the potentiometer as shown in (Figure-1). 17 P a g e
5). Adjust D.C. Voltage Source value to 10 V (it can be set to other values). 6). Adjust pointer of potentiometer at position a and measure the voltages VR1 and VR2 across R1 and R2 respectively, as shown in the (Figure-1) by digital multi-meter (D.M.M.) {Note: set your D.M.M. Dialer now to Voltage(V) position}. Write down the measured voltage values in (Table-1). 7). Similarly, adjust pointer of potentiometer at other positions b, c d, e, f g, and measure the voltages VR1 and VR2. Write down the measured voltages for all positions in (Table-1). 8). Observe the voltages VR1 and VR2 are increasing or decreasing as the values of R1 and R2 increasing or decreasing in the (Table-1). 9. Repeat the experiment for voltage divider with load. Observation table of potentiometer: - (Table-1) S.No. Pointer Position R1 R2 VR1 VR2 1 a --- --- --- --- 2 b --- --- --- --- 3 c --- --- --- --- 4 d --- --- --- --- 5 e --- --- --- --- 6 f --- --- --- --- 7 g --- --- --- --- 8 h (till end point) 18 P a g e
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Load (R L )=100 Ω /150 Ω S.No. Pointer Position R1 R2 VR1 VR2 1 a --- --- --- --- 2 b --- --- --- --- 3 c --- --- --- --- 4 d --- --- --- --- 5 e --- --- --- --- 6 f --- --- --- --- 7 g --- --- --- --- 8 h (till end point) 21 P a g e
Load (R L )=1kΩ S.No. Pointer Position R1 R2 VR1 VR2 1 a --- --- --- --- 2 b --- --- --- --- 3 c --- --- --- --- 4 d --- --- --- --- 5 e --- --- --- --- 6 f --- --- --- --- 7 g --- --- --- --- 8 h (till end point) 22 P a g e
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Objective: To measure the fundamental parameters of the alternating current Sine Wave form. A sinusoidal alternating voltage. 1 = Peak, also amplitude, 2 = Peak-to-peak, 3 = RMS, 4 = Period Vp-p=Number of boxes on y-axis on oscilloscope *Volts/Div = T= Number of boxes on x-axis on oscilloscope *Time/Div = Formula 1) Frequency =1/T (Hz) 2) λ = c f (m) 3) ω = 2πf (rad/s) Calculate the Value 4) Vmax 5) Vp-p=2Vmax or 2Vpeak 6) Vrms= (Vp-p)/2 2 7) Vavg=(Vp-p)/π 27 P a g e
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