Thank you for inviting me (back) to Southern California On Location at Stanford University by Per Enge (with the help of many) June 30, 2009 My thanks to the Federal Aviation Administration
Outline Landing & Approach of Civil Aircraft Gravimetry Using Cold Atoms Hardware Assurance from GPS Marketing your right to congest 2
April 10, 2009 at 04:58 Pacific Time from Table Mountain, Colorado 3
Aviation Benefit from L5 & Galileo Worldwide approach capability with no airport equipment. Worldwide landing capability in all weather. Free of ionospheric influence. Hedge against constellation weakness Robust against RFI (scheduled, accidental or malevolent) Reduce the cost of our ground systems 4
Safety: Faults & Rare Normal Events October 1993 modulation fault Clock runoffs 7/28/01, 5/26/03 6/11/03 & more 40 notable iono events during the last solar peak RFI events: San Diego St Louis Santa Cruz April 10, 2007 ephemeris fault & 24 smaller faults over the last 5 years 5
PRN 1 Bias on L1 (from Gao, et al.) 6
2010 Evolution of GNSS-Based Safety 2020 2030 L1 Only RAIM SBAS GBAS Dual freq. SBAS & GBAS Ground provides TTA SV to ground 24 SVs suffices Dual freq. ARAIM Air provides TTA SV to SV GPS: 30+ Slots Multi-constellation Open service Civil security (DoS & spoofing) GNSS Integrity Within GNSS supports TTA GPS IIIC (1 st 14) ++, or GNSS Safety of Life 24 SVs (GPS alone) 7
System Definition ARAIM for 2020 GPS VPL VPL VPL VPL Compass Galileo GLONASS 8
ARAIM Challenges (as Opposed to TSO C129 RAIM) Vertical guidance versus lateral only LPV versus LNAV 556 m HAL to 35 m VAL Major to hazardous criticality Consequently Redefinition of major fault URA scrutiny Prior probability based on URA failure Correlated errors (within & between constellations) Transparent discussion of constellation failures Data link 9
IIA-26, PRN 10, SVN 40, Launched 7/16/96, Cs from J. Lee. T. Walter & G. Gao, June 2009 IURE/URA Test for PRN 10 20 IURE > URA IURE > 1.96*URA 7.7 hours 1.2 hours 15 Hours 10 5 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Day 10
from Dr. William Wooden, USNO, briefing to GEAS on June 3, 2009 Rotational Pole Celestial Frame Terrestrial Frame Polar Motion UT1 11 11
Subtle Benefit Advanced RAIM Updated Every Hour GPS constellation GBAS or DME broadcast of 1) URA multiplier 2) satellite sweep out 3) intermittent connection 12
Maritime Navigation Integrity in the Arctic 13
Stanford Atom-based Inertial Sensors 5 m/hour Versus 500 m/hour (from Stanford s Mark Kasevich) Cesium atoms are proof masses. Pulses of laser light measure relative motion between atoms and case. 14
Mobile Gravity Gradient Survey (from Mark Kasevich) RTK from Trimble 15
Gravity Gradient Survey of End Station III (from Mark Kasevich & Jeff Fixler) 1 eotvos is 10-9 galileo/cm 1 galileo is 10-3 G 16
Airborne Gravimetry (from M. Dransfield, FUGRO) 1 milli-galileo (mgal) is 10-6 G Ore deposits 17
Airborne Gravimetry Need to measure gravity field at 10-6 level Cold atom gravimeter can measure acc plus gravity X band or laser to decouple platform motion Overfly region of interest Water table monitoring Homeland security Resource discovery & management (oil/mineral) 18
Cyber Security from GPS The United States is already engaged in a lowintensity cyber conflict, General Wesley K. Clark [And] cannot kill or capture its way to victory, Robert M. Gates, Secretary of Defense We need help from GPS Availability (sparse constellation) Accuracy (selective availability) Integrity (aviation) Coverage (urban canyons and indoors) Security (location based authentication) 19
Hardware Assurance Is the chip authentic? (anti-counterfeit) Is the chip functioning properly? (antitamper) Until now, most of the attention has been focused on static views. We need to respond to dynamic threats (e.g. Trojan horses, kill switches) 20
Pre-Silicon Overview Function Specification Logic Circuit Design RTL & Layout Design Mask Creation 21
Existing Dafca Technology for Verification & Validation Tap the lines pre-silicon Software only Platform/technology agnostic Automated Observe behavior post-silicon Configure, operate, and control Don t slow down! No extra pins No special libraries React Detection Isolation Remediation 22
Pre-Silicon Design & mask creation Insert GPS Signature During Manufacture Silicon Wafer fabrication Post-Silicon Assembly, test, embed & run time Validate design Build secure socket & channel for GPS signature Generate key pair Insert GPS signature Validate fabrication process Authenticate chip manufacturer Mitigate flaws 23
Authorization Registration Secure Programming Enables Authentication Anywhere Along the Supply Chain @ Device Manufacturer @ System Manufacturer @ Retailer 24
Enabling a Marketplace for Consumers to Sell Their Right to Congest (from Prof. Balaji Prabhakar) 25
Hand Measured Traffic Matrix for Stanford University 26
Conclusions We live in interesting times. Potential utility provided by new PNT technology is stunning. Landing airplanes worldwide lightweight ground infrastructure iono-free robust against RFI Cold atom gravimetry Hardware assurance Marketing your right to congest 27
Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) GNSS VHF data broadcast of airport corrections data for error bounding Three or four GPS receivers Central processor 28
Truncation of the Error Tail dual freq. GBAS (Cat I/II/III) 0.14 0.12 0.1 air & ground screening (Cat I/II/III) ground screening (Cat I) 0.08 PD DF 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 User Vertical Position Error (meters) 29
Space Based Augmentation System GPS constellation Geostationary broadcast of 1.) Continental corrections 2.) Data for error bounds 3.) Ranging signal Uplink station Reference receivers Central processor 30
Dual Frequency WAAS Convert Orange to Green 31
On-chip view GPS Program Access Control Embedded Access Control 32
Gravity Meter (from Helicon Publishing) 33