Waterbird Monitoring at the Lake Argyle and Lake Kununurra Ramsar Sites, North-Eastern Kimberley Region Prepared for Department of Environment and Conservation by December 2007 Report 2007/15
Waterbird Monitoring at the Lake Argyle and Lake Kununurra Ramsar Sites, North-Eastern Kimberley Region 64 Jersey Street Jolimont WA 6913 www.bennelongia.com.au ACN 124 110 167 December 2007 Report 2007/15 i
LIMITATION: This review has been prepared for use by the Department of Environment and Conseravtion (DEC)and its agents. Bennelongia accepts no liability or responsibility in respect of any use or reliance on the review by any third party. Bennelongia has not attempted to verify the accuracy and completeness of information supplied by DEC. COPYRIGHT: The document has been prepared to the requirements of DEC. Copyright and any other Intellectual Property associated with the document belong to Bennelongia and may not be reproduced without written permission of DEC or Bennelongia. Client Department of Environment and Conservation Report Version Prepared by Checked by Submitted to Client Method Date Final report Vers. 1 GP & SH SH email 10.xii.07 K:/Projects/DEC_05/Report/EK_Ramsar_monitoring_1.doc ii
1.0 Introduction Lake Argyle and Lake Kununurra are dams on the Ord River in the eastern part of the Kimberley region in Western Australia. Lake Argyle is upstream and larger, releasing water into Lake Kununurra for distribution into the Ord Irrigation Area. Unlike most dams, both lakes have been used by substantial numbers of waterbirds in the past and were nominated in 1990 as a single wetland to the Ramsar list of Wetlands of International Importance by the Western Australian Government and in 1990 and ratified in 1991. Waterbird use of Lake Aygyle during the dry season was historically (since 1972) at least an order of magnitude greater than at the smaller Lake Kununurra. Previous counts of Lake Argyle include a ground count 181,356 waterbirds of 59 species during a week in August 1986 (Jaensch & Vervest 1989), an aerial count of 4760 waterbirds of 34 species in April 1993 after extensive cyclonic rain through the Kimberley two months earlier (Halse & Pearson unpubl. data), and an aerial count over two days of 142,005 waterbirds of 44 species in November 2005 (Hassell et al. 2006). Early records at Lake Kununurra include airboat counts of about 12 000 waterbirds in September 1978 and October 1979 and about 7000 in November 1980 (Gowland 1983). More recent records include an incomplete boat count of 209 waterbirds of 17 species in March 1988 (Halse & Pearson unpubl. data) and a boat count of 1088 waterbirds of 27 species on 1 December 2005 (Hassell et al. 2006). 2.0 Monitoring methodology Waterbird monitoring was undertaken at Lakes Argyle and Kununurra between 9 and 12 November 2007. The objectives of monitoring were: to provide information on waterbird use of the two dams, and show whether the waterbird values on which Ramsar nomination was based are being maintained. Information on waterbird use can be provided by an index of species use and waterbird abundance if the index is robust and reliably reflects changes across the waterbird community. Unless all waterbird use is focused in a small area, however, counts of only a small portion of a wetland rarely provide a satisfactory index. Therefore, the monitoring reported herein was undertaken over most of the two waterbodies. Except for a shorter period of time allocated to counting, the monitoring follows the recommendations of Hassell et al. (2006). The main tool for assessing waterbird use of Lake Argyle was an aerial survey of all species identifiable from the air. This was conducted on the morning of 12 November in a Cessna 206 flying at 80 ft at a speed of about 80 knts. The plane flew about 30 m inside the water s edge, most of the time, with a front right observer (GP) counting birds on the shoreline and a right rear observer (SH) counting birds towards the middle of the wetland. The aim of this survey was to obtain an estimate of overall waterbird numbers and the relative abundances of ducks, coots, stilts, large wading birds, terns and cormorants. About 10 % of the lake shore (in the north east) was not surveyed because of time constraints but it considered that this sector contained relatively few birds. There were no passes over the middle of the lake. Lake Aygyle is used by significant numbers of shorebirds during late spring and summer. Shorebirds are very difficult to survey at species level from the air and, if larger waterbirds are present, the overall 1
Fig. 2.1. Sites surveyed from boat and shore on Lake Argyle. Sites 4 and 5 (shown in yellow) were surveyed on 10 November, sites 3 and half of 1 surveyed on 11 November (see Table 2.1 for coordinates). Modified from Hassell et al. (2006) abundance of shorebirds is vastly underestimated. Because of the significance of shorebirds in terms of international treaties, ground counts were undertaken at four sites in the south-eastern part of Lake Argyle to provide information about the shorebird species present, their relative abundances and the overall shorebird densities. However, this information is likely to be strongly influenced by the sites selected for monitoring and their condition at the time of survey. Comparisons across years may not be representative of what is happening in Lake Argyle as a whole. The ground surveys also provided more information about species use of Lake Argyle, with several species being better differentiated than they were from the air. This is particularly the case for egrets, grebes and jacanas. The four sites where ground surveys were undertaken represented a sub-set of the sites surveyed by Hassell et al. (2006) in 2005. Sites 4 and 5 were surveyed on 10 November (see Fig. 2.1, Table 2.1) and sites 3 and half of 1 were surveyed on the morning of 11 November. At each site, except 1, we started surveying along the shore opposite Hassell et al. s (2006) start point and proceeded along the shore to their finish point. Birds visible on the shore and in the water were identified and counted. As we approached the shore we counted on both sides of the start point but we stop walking as we approach the finish point and only counted birds on our side of it. At site 1 we surveyed about half the Hassell et al. (2006) transect and counted both sides of the start and finish points. The survey of Lake Kununurra was done from a boat on the afternoon of 9 November (Lily Creek Lagoon and channel between the Ski Beach and Lily Creek Lagoon entrance) and on the afternoon of 11 November (Packsaddle Swamp, Everglades and eastern side of channel between Everglades and Lily 2
Table 2.1. Coordinates of ground counting sites in Lake Argyle (see Fig. 2.1). Position of sites will move up and down the shore between years according to the degree of flooding. Approximate straight line length of transects is given but shorelines meandered greatly on some transects, increased the effective length of the survey Site Start Finish Distance (km) 1 16 20'01.0" 128 41'35.0" 16 20 16.8 128 41 25.5 0.7 3 16 21'13.0" 128 48'00.0" 16 20'52.0" 128 48'39.0" 1.5 4 16 29'52.0" 128 42'37.5" 16 30'01.0" 128 44'04.5" 2.7 5 16 28'10.6" 128 44'36.5" 16 28'03.2" 128 45'08.0" 1.1 Creek Lagoon). An attempt was made to count all species present in these areas. The boat was supplied by DEC and was also used to access sites on Lake Argyle. Results A total of 244,765 waterbirds of 37 species were counted from the air at Lake Argyle (Appendix 1). A total of 17,681 waterbirds of 61 species were counted on the ground (Appendix 2). The species most likely to be under-counted from the air represented almost 19 % of the ground count (2912 shorebirds other than Black-winged Stilt, 257 Comb-crested Jacana and 133 small grebes) whereas they represented just over 8 % of the aerial count. It is difficult to interpret the significance of these figures, although they suggest undercounting of shorebirds by a factor of more than two, because ground counts were conducted in areas considered likely to have higher proportions of shorebirds. Altogether, 64 waterbird species were recorded on Lake Argyle. A total of 1511 waterbirds of 26 species were counted at Lake Kununurra on 9 and 11 November (Appendix 3). Additionally, many Straw-necked Ibis were seen overhead. 3.0 Discussion Funding constraints mean that this report merely presents data from the 2007 monitoring event and, in conjunction with the counts from 2005, provides a measure of current waterbird use of Lake Argyle and Lake Kununurra. There has been no attempt to interpret the data or describe significance of individual species counts. With 64 species and 244,765 waterbirds counted in 2007, Lake Argyle clearly retains the outstanding dry season waterbird values for which it was nominated as part of the Lakes Argyle and Kununurra Ramsar wetland. The number of birds we recorded was similar to the 200,000 waterbirds of 58 species obtained by Hassell et al. (2006) using a series of multipliers to extrapolate their December 2005 count to what they believed was a more correct estimate. Our count was also an under-estimate because time constraints prevented about 10 % of the shoreline being flown (in the north-east) and there were no searches of the lake centre for rafts of waterbirds, especially cormorants, pelicans and Hardhead, that were likely to be present (see Appendix 2). Our count of 1511 waterbirds of 26 species at Lake Argyle was also similar to Hassell et al. s count of 1088 of 27 species in December 2005. Our count was enlarged by a group of about 800 Magpie Goose in an opened up area of Typha in the Everglades. Without these birds our count would have been about 300 birds lower than Hassell et al. s counts, reflecting the smaller section of Lake Kununurra that we surveyed. Both the 2005 and 2007 counts suggest that Lake Kununurra no longer supports the large 3
numbers of waterbirds observed by Gowland (1983) in the late 1970s (e.g. 12,000 birds in September 1978) that formed the basis for nominating Lake Kununurra as part of the Ramsar wetland. Future monitoring Our intention was to build on the work of Hassell et al. (2006) to collect data suitable for monitoring the waterbird values of the Lakes Argyle and Kununurra Ramsar wetland. Hassell et al. (2006) recommended the following survey effort: Lake Argyle. 3 days with 2-4 observers 2 days for ground counting (from boat and quad bikes) and 1 for an aerial survey to be undertaken in October or November Lake Kununurra. 1 day with 2 observers for a ground count by boat either by DEC Region or by consultants in conjunction with Lake Argyle work. We agree that the above level of effort is required and it is greater than we were able to apply. Costing of future monitoring should allow for 5-5.5 h of plane charter for aerial survey using a Cessna 206 or Cessna 182 and for provision of a boat (DEC provided us with a boat). Collation and interpretation of results will require extra funding. Meaningful monitoring of waterbird use of the Lake Argyle could be achieved by the aerial survey alone. Aerial surveys by experienced observers provide reliable estimates of waterbird numbers and characterize the waterbird community in terms of species composition (Kingsford, Halse & Porter, in prep.) so that changes in waterbird use over time can be very effectively detected. However, aerial surveys will not provide detailed information about the composition of shorebird species and some other waterbird groups that many ornithologists will be wanting to see. Furthermore, the importance of migratory species to international treaties and the philosophy underlying Ramsar itself mean that a monitoring program that does not examine shorebirds, in a Ramsar wetland where they occur in significant numbers, is probably deficient. Therefore, our recommendation is that ground surveys, as well as an aerial survey, should occur. 4.0 References Gowland, P.N. (1983) A guide to the ecology and management of bird pest species of commercial agriculture in the Ord River Irrigation Area, No.2. Waterbirds. RAOU Microfiche Series M35. Royal Australiasian Ornithologists Union, Melbourne. Hassell, C., Rogers, D.I. & Holliday, S. (2006) Assessment of the current status of East Kimberley Ramsar sites: waterbird surveys of Lake Argyle and Kununurra, and Ord River Floodplain, July-Aug 2005 and Nov-Dec 2005. Chris Hassell, Broome, pp. 56. Jaensch, R.P. & Vervest, R.M. (1990) Waterbirds at remote wetlands in Western Australia, 1968-8. Part one: Lake Argyle and Lake Gregory. Report 32. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, Perth pp. 25 Kingsford, R.K., Halse, S.A. & Porter, J.L. In prep. Aerial surveys of waterbirds assessing wetland condition. Final report to National Land & Water Audit. University of New South Wales, Sydney 4
Appendix 1. Waterbirds counted from the air at Lake Argyle on 12 November 2007. Results for different sectors are shown (see Fig. 2.1) 1 2 2 4 5,6,7 8,9,10,11 12 Total Magpie Goose 5258 875 3976 32272 1325 25507 2608 71821 Plumed Whistling-Duck 462 50 120 879 0 50 164 1725 Wandering Whistling-Duck 6220 2153 6441 25927 1080 29823 2966 74610 Radjah Shelduck 38 14 23 811 0 226 21 1133 Green Pigmy-Goose 15 2 33 1876 90 605 0 2621 Pacific Black Duck 485 175 295 13458 43 1828 49 16333 Grey Teal 55 0 10 3676 50 492 17 4300 Pink-eared Duck 0 0 0 420 20 0 0 440 Hardhead 28 60 365 9369 0 2127 0 11949 Unidentified duck 110 0 50 2580 0 3600 21 6361 Australasian Grebe 0 0 0 21 0 26 0 47 Darter 32 28 36 237 5 155 24 517 Little Pied Cormorant 204 58 22 543 3 207 57 1094 Pied Cormorant 174 65 114 171 0 15 65 604 Little Black Cormorant 81 12 11 2005 0 112 29 2250 Unidentified cormorant 0 0 0 20 0 10 0 30 Australian Pelican 42 12 17 417 8 99 25 620 White-faced Heron 5 0 3 10 0 0 0 18 White-necked Heron 6 0 2 3 0 2 0 13 Pied Heron 12 1 2 20 0 1 6 42 Intermediate Egret 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 Cattle Egret 19 0 0 0 0 40 2 61 Unidentified egret 349 122 153 1599 129 1046 117 3515 Nankeen Night Heron 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Glossy Ibis 396 68 870 1687 42 932 87 4082 Australian White Ibis 0 0 16 51 0 20 0 87 Royal Spoonbill 1 0 0 17 0 24 0 42 Yellow-billed Spoonbill 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 9 Black-necked Stork 7 3 6 22 0 12 5 55 Osprey 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 White-bellied Sea-eagle 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 Brolga 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 Eurasian Coot 0 20 8 9345 0 286 0 9659 Comb-crested Jacana 0 0 0 279 0 2 0 281 Black-winged Stilt 299 120 466 3518 150 1340 53 5946 Masked Lapwing 84 36 66 84 50 168 6 494 Unidentified pratincole 0 0 0 750 0 0 0 750 Unidentified wader 885 95 1269 11710 620 4249 87 18915 Caspian Tern 2 5 2 3 0 31 1 44 Whiskered Tern 2 24 55 459 0 1 3 Unidentified tern 16 50 25 2560 27 893 70 3641 Total 15287 4048 14463 126812 3642 73930 6583 244765 5
Appendix 2. Waterbirds counted on the ground at Lake Argyle on 10-11 November 2007. Results for different sites are shown (see Fig. 2.1) open water 1 3 4 5 Total Magpie Goose 672 470 1445 1436 4023 Plumed Whistling-Duck 0 0 32 65 97 Wandering Whistling-Duck 167 778 291 660 1896 Radjah Shelduck 2 6 62 60 130 Green Pigmy-Goose 36 69 107 102 314 Pacific Black Duck 85 40 338 242 705 Grey Teal 11 20 252 468 751 Pink-eared Duck 0 0 197 0 197 Hardhead 540 200 9 87 12 848 Australasian Grebe 17 9 79 14 119 Hoary-headed Grebe 7 0 5 2 14 Great Crested Grebe 3 0 0 0 0 3 Darter 7 4 8 6 25 Little Pied Cormorant 2 14 8 17 6 47 Pied Cormorant 75 4 0 1 20 100 Little Black Cormorant 1 9 4 0 1 15 Australian Pelican 5 6 4 3 13 31 White-faced Heron 0 2 0 1 3 Little Egret 1 0 10 9 20 White-necked Heron 1 2 2 1 6 Pied Heron 7 0 14 14 35 Great Egret 0 2 7 17 26 Intermediate Egret 4 9 6 11 30 Unidentified egret 0 0 141 0 141 Glossy Ibis 6 25 213 305 549 Royal Spoonbill 1 1 73 1 76 Yellow-billed Spoonbill 0 0 1 0 1 Black-necked Stork 0 0 3 0 3 Osprey 1 0 0 0 1 White-bellied Sea-eagle 1 0 0 0 1 Swamp Harrier 0 0 1 0 1 Brolga 0 0 5 0 5 Eurasian Coot 29 0 926 2234 3189 Black-tailed Godwit 0 0 0 26 26 Little Curlew 2 0 4 9 15 Marsh Sandpiper 13 24 29 33 99 Wood Sandpiper 10 3 17 0 30 Red-necked Stint 32 4 21 21 82 Long-toed Stint 3 1 4 Sharp-tailed Sandpiper 180 157 251 878 1466 Curlew Sandpiper 0 4 1 1 6 Broad-billed Sandpiper 4 0 0 0 4 Comb-crested Jacana 159 45 26 27 257 Black-winged Stilt 19 36 179 181 415 Pacific Golden Plover 0 0 3 0 3 Red-capped Plover 40 1 26 33 100 Grey Plover 1 1 Lesser Sand Plover 0 1 0 1 2 Oriental Plover 0 0 168 26 194 Black-fronted Dotterel 0 0 3 0 3 Red-kneed Dotterel 1 0 1 0 2 Masked Lapwing 12 13 55 41 121 6
open water 1 3 4 5 Total Oriental Pratincole 0 36 420 44 500 Australian Pratincole 0 57 181 114 352 Silver Gull 0 0 2 2 4 Gull-billed Tern 0 0 3 11 14 Caspian Tern 1 1 1 7 50 60 Whiskered Tern 3 229 44 147 20 443 Total 630 1993 1888 5948 7222 17681 Appendix 3. Waterbirds counted on the ground at Lake Kununurra on 10-11 November 2007. 1, Main channel from Ski Beach to Lily Creek Lagoon, western side; 2a, Lily Creek Lagoon, northern arm; 2b, Lily Creek Lagoon, southern arm; 3, Packsaddle Swamp; 4, Everglades; 5 main channel, Everglades to Lily Creek Lagoon, eastern side 1 2a 2b 3 4 5 Total Magpie Goose 17 70 721 808 Radjah Shelduck 2 7 9 Green Pigmy-Goose 4 4 Australasian Grebe 9 9 Darter 9 3 13 22 20 9 76 Little Pied Cormorant 22 12 12 27 15 6 94 Pied Cormorant 1 28 2 2 33 Little Black Cormorant 3 18 11 10 42 Australian Pelican 2 1 8 2 13 White-faced Heron 4 4 Little Egret 1 1 Pied Heron 1 1 Great Egret 1 1 Intermediate Egret 8 7 2 16 3 1 37 Cattle Egret 3 1 5 8 17 Nankeen Night Heron 19 19 Glossy Ibis 5 5 Australian White Ibis 1 2 64 67 Osprey 1 1 Baillon's Crake 1 1 Purple Swamphen 3 2 5 Comb-crested Jacana 32 10 29 58 33 1 163 Masked Lapwing 1 16 17 Caspian Tern 2 2 4 Whiskered Tern 2 9 16 1 28 Clamorous Reed-Warbler 1 6 28 13 4 52 Total 102 34 125 285 944 21 1511 7