Because what is Known must be Shared Academic Experience as Intellectual Property Dr Evangelia Lipitakis Solutions Consultant Clarivate Analytics Evangelia.lipitakis@clarivate.com
Father of Citation Indexing and Analysis 2 No other individual has had a greater influence on the fields of scientometrics, informetrics, and information science generally than Eugene Garfield. --- Henry Small 1975 2017 1979 1985 1944 Cited References 2000 Times Cited 2003 2016 2013 1987
Contributions of Dr. Eugene Garfield 3 Information retrieval: Eugene Garfield, Citation indexes for science: a new dimension in documentation through association of ideas, Science, 122 (3159): 108-11, 15 July 1955 History and sociology of science: Eugene Garfield, Citation indexes in sociological and historical research, American Documentation, 14 (4): 289-291, 1963 Eugene Garfield, Citation indexing for studying science, Nature, 227 (5259): 669-671, 1970 Structure and dynamics of science: Eugene Garfield, M.V. Malin, and H. Small, "A system for automatic classification of scientific literature," Journal of the Indian Institute of Science, 57 (2): 61-74, 1975 Evaluation of research: Eugene Garfield, Is citation analysis a legitimate evaluation tool, Scientometrics, 1 (4): 359-375, 1979
Visualizing scientific knowledge & patterns of scholarly communication 4 In today s confusing and fast-changing world, if we are to shape our children s lives for the best, it is essential that we understand what science is thinking, where it s coming from, and where it s going. --James Burke Katy Borner, Atlas of Knowledge, MIT Press. 2014
Co-citation analysis yields research fronts, specialties representing the leading edge of science 5 Henry Small, Co-citation in the scientific literature: a new measure of the relationship between two documents, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 24 (4): 265-69, July/August 1973
The rise and rise of Open Access & Research Data Making scholarly knowledge more useful and usable to the entire community of people who want it --Jason Priem, co-founder of Impactstory 6 OA citation advantage : Freely available papers were cited, on average, at a rate 18% above the expected figure for papers of comparable type and age. Piwowar et al 2012
Reproducibility in Science 7 More than 70% of researchers have tried and failed to reproduce another scientist's experiments, and more than half have failed to reproduce their own experiments https://www.nature.com/news/1-500-scientists-lift-the-lid-on-reproducibility-1.19970
Reproducibility in Science 8 http://www.topic-challenge.info/
Academic-Industry Collaborations % of Industry Collaborations for 10 most productive countries 9
10 Is there evidence that ROI of innovations is linked to academic research? In the USA, 10% of new products and processes would not have occurred (without a substantial delay of one year or more) in the absence of recent academic research (Mansfield, 1991) Academic research was increasingly important for industrial innovation, contributing to more than 5% of sales and 2% of costs (Mansfield, 1998) Similar results for Germany (Beisea & Stahla, 1998) In Denmark, 27% of the products and 19% of processes developed or introduced during the last three years would have been delayed or abandoned without access to academic research (Houghton et al, 2001) It would have taken an average of 2.2 years longer to develop or introduce the new products or processes in the absence of contributing academic research (Houghton et al, 2001)
11 Citation analysis of the science-technology interface o Patent to patent citation patent s technological value o Patent to literature citation technology s science base Reuters University Ranking Patent volume % Granted patents % Global patents Patent to patent citations Patent to patent citation impact % Cited patents Patent to article citation impact Industry article to article citation impact % Industry collaborative articles WoS documents
12 Patent content for the researcher Dr. Bardeen stressed the absurd waste of valuable technological information available in U.S. patents. Bardeen implied that academic neglect of patent literature, in contrast to journals and books, is an unjustifiable form of snobbism. Science, v156, n3780, 196....an awareness of the patent literature can help academics formulate research questions, find new sources of funding, and most importantly remain in touch with the commercial world and so appreciate when their results are marketable. Blossey, R. Read patents, not just papers Nature Materials 1 (4): 199-201 Dec 2002. A study on how much technology disclosed in patents is reported in the non-patent literature? The project employed a random sample of 435 U.S. patents, each of which was extensively searched in the non-patent literature. Conclusions: about 8 out of 10 U.S. patents contain technology not disclosed in the nonpatent literature." (p. 37) Schwantner M., US Patent Office included a patent study in the 8 th US Patent Office Technology Assessment and Forecast Report: the uniqueness of patents as a technological resource.
Why are patents a unique technological resource for the researcher? 13 Along with journals and conference proceedings, patents should be considered a fundamental component of the world s body of published scientific literature. It is generally accepted that approximately 80% of technical and scientific information is only available through patent publications. Therefore patent content is not just for the inventor, but it is essential scientific awareness for the researcher.
Reuters Innovative University Ranking Indicators 14 Patent Volume DWPI, DII Patent Success DWPI, DII Global Patents DWPI, DII Patent Citations Source: Patents Citation Index Patent Citation Impact Source: Patents Citation Index Percent of Patents Cited Source: Patents Citation Index Patent to Article Citation Impact Source: PCI, DWPI, WoS Core Collection Industry Article Citation Impact Source: WoS Core Collection Percent of Industry Collaborative Articles Source: WoS Core Collection Web of Science Core Collection Papers Source: WoS Core Collection The number of basic patents (patent families) filed by the organization. This is an indication of research output that has a potential for commercial value. The number is limited only to those patents that are registered with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The ratio of patent applications to grants over the assessed timeframe. This indicates the university s success in filing applications that are then accepted. The %of patents for which coverage was sought with the U.S., European and Japanese patent offices. Filing an international patent is an expensive and laborious process and filing in multiple countries or regions is an indication that the invention is considered to be nontrivial and has commercial value. The total number of times a patent has been cited by other patents. As part of the patent inspection process, the patent office examiner will cite significant prior art. The number of times a patent has been cited is an indication that it has an impact on other commercial R&D. This is an indication of how much impact a patent has had. Because it is a ratio (or average), it is not dependent on the size of the organization. This indicator is the proportion of patents that have been cited by other patents one or more times. As mentioned, it is closely tied to the Patent Citation Impact indicator. Similar to Patent Citation Impact, this indicator measures the average number of times a journal article has been cited by patents. This unique indicator demonstrates that basic research conducted in an academic setting (as recorded in scholarly articles) has had influence and impact in the realm of commercial research & development (as measured by patents). Article-to-article citations are an established indicator of influence and research impact. By limiting the citing articles only to those from industry, this indicator reveals the influence and impact that basic research conducted in an academic setting has had on commercial research. The percentage of all articles of a university that contain one or more co-authors from a commercial entity. This indicator shows the percentage of research activity that is conducted in collaboration with industry, suggesting potential future economic impact of the research project jointly undertaken The total number of journal articles published by the organization. This is a size-dependent measure of the research output of the university. http://www.reuters.com/innovative-universities-europe-2017/methodology
Innovators today face major challenges and opportunities 15 Data growing in volume and complexity Cyber threats and data privacy compliance Difficulty predicting the future amidst constant change Doing more with less Knowing who to partner with and how Spotting emerging research trends Interdisciplinary data for research Free information / open science/ open data AI / text mining Globalization & regionalization
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Clarivate Analytics: A Portfolio of Intellectual Property & Science Brands 17
18 References Beisea, M. and Stahl, H. (1998) Public Research and Industrial Innovations in Germany, ZEW Discussion Paper No. 98-37. Available http://ideas.repec.org/f/pst245.html (July 2010). Bush, V. (1945). Science: The endless frontier. [A report to President Truman outlining his proposal for post-war U.S. science and technology policy.] Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. Etzkowitz, H. (2003). Innovation in innovation: The triple helix of university-industry-government relations. Social science information, 42(3), pp.293-337. Etzkowitz, H. and Leydesdorff, L.,(2000). The dynamics of innovation: from National Systems and Mode 2 to a Triple Helix of university industry government relations. Research policy, 29(2), pp.109-123. European Commission. (2010). Assessing Europe s university-based research. Expert group on assessment of university-based research. Brussels, Belgium: Publications Office of the European Union. Eysenbach, G. (2006). Citation advantage of open access articles. PLoS Biol, 4(5), p.e157. Hanney, S., Packwood, T., & Buxton, M. (2000). Evaluating the benefits from health research and development centres: A categorization, a model and examples of application. Evaluation, 6(2), 137 160. Houghton, J., Swan, A. and Brown, S. (2011). Access to research and technical information in Denmark. Lamm, G.M. (2006). Innovation works. A case study of an integrated pan-european technology transfer model. B.I.F. Futura, 21(2), 86 90. Mansfield, E. (1991) Academic research and industrial innovation. Research policy, 20(1), pp.1-12. Mansfield, E. (1998) Academic research and industrial innovation: an update of empirical findings, Research Policy 26(7/8), 1998, pp.773-776. Martin, B.R. (2007). Assessing the impact of basic research on society and the economy. Paper presented at the Rethinking the impact of basic research on society and the economy (WF-EST International Conference, 11 May 2007), Vienna, Austria Martin, B.R. and Tang, P. (2007) The benefits of publicly funded research, SWEPS Paper No. 161, Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, Brighton. Available http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru (December 2008). McMillan, G.S. and Hamilton, R.D., (2003). The impact of publicly funded basic research: An integrative extension of Martin and Salter. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 50(2), pp.184-191. Mostert, S., Ellenbroek, S., Meijer, I., van Ark, G., & Klasen, E. (2010). Societal output and use of research performed by health research groups. Health Research Policy and Systems, 8(1), 30. Suber, P. (2012 ). Open Access. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. Vickery, G, (2011). Review of recent studies on PSI re-use and related market developments. Information Economics, Paris. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/440927/bis_15_352_the_dowling_review_of_businessuniversity_rearch_collaborations_2.pdf#page=26&zoom=60,-693,813 https://www.nature.com/news/1-500-scientists-lift-the-lid-on-reproducibility-1.19970 http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/how-zika-virus-can-spread http://stateofinnovation.thomsonreuters.com/the-worlds-most-innovative-universities http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/oecd-science-technology-and-industry-scoreboard-2015_sti_scoreboard-2015-en
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