Pervasive Haptics
Hiroyuki Kajimoto Masashi Konyo Editors Pervasive Haptics Science, Design, and Application 123
Editors Hiroyuki Kajimoto The University of Electro-Communications Tokyo, Japan University of Tsukuba Tsukuba, Japan Masashi Konyo Tohoku University Sendai, Japan ISBN 978-4-431-55771-5 ISBN 978-4-431-55772-2 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-55772-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016936574 Springer Tokyo Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Springer Japan 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer Japan KK is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface We mainly rely on visual and auditory channels to understand information about a surrounding space. Recently, however, a third, haptic channel has drawn the attention of researchers. Whereas visual and auditory information require a process of understanding, haptic information is considered more intuitive, i.e., the information is believable, or can be directly linked to the haptic action. This feature of haptics leads to diverse application areas such as medicine, rehabilitation, sensory substitution, navigation, education, and gaming. Haptics is a relatively immature and rapidly growing research field. The brain processes involved are only partially understood, and many sensory illusions have recently been found. Novel tactile displays and sensors based on new principles are proposed on a yearly basis, leading to the expansion of applications. This book presents the state of the art of diverse haptics-related research. The book is structured in four parts. Part I comprises three chapters on the fundamentals of haptics including the dimensionality of tactile sensation, brain processes, and force perception. These fundamentals constitute the basis of haptics research, and the chapters provide readers with the background of this field. Part II comprises eight chapters on the component design of haptic devices, including tactile display using the micro-vibration of shape memory alloy wires, electrical stimulation, ultrasonic vibration, lateral-force-based design, airborne ultrasonic tactile display, thermal display, and force sensors. The chapters provide readers with state-of-the-art research on the basic principles of haptic devices. Part III comprisesfour chapterson the practical application of haptics, including education through touch, tactile scoring in therapy, sensory substitution, and industrial and medical applications. Most chapters include feedback from field studies or workshops, and illustrate the bridge between academic work and industry. Part IV comprises four chapters on possible application of haptics. This part is presented separately from Part III because the application of haptics has not yet been fully explored, and fundamental considerations are needed to find new applications. Readers, with guidance from the authors, are expected to propose potential applications of haptics. v
vi Preface This book is a resource for not only active haptic researchers but also general readers wishing to gain an understanding of this interdisciplinary area of science, technology, and design. Finally, the editors would like to thank all the authors for their contributions to this book. It is our great pleasure to work with them in this era of pervasive haptics. Tokyo, Japan Tsukuba, Japan Sendai, Japan July 2015 Hiroyuki Kajimoto Masashi Konyo
Contents Part I Fundamentals of Hapitcs 1 Psychophysical Dimensions of Material Perception and Methods to Specify Textural Space... 3 Shogo Okamoto, Hikaru Nagano, and Hsin-Ni Ho 2 The Brain Network for Haptic Object Recogniton... 21 Ryo Kitada 3 Understanding Force Perception Characteristics of a Human and Its Applications... 39 Yuichi Kurita Part II Component Design 4 Tactile Display Using the Micro-vibration of Shape-Memory Alloy Wires and Its Application to Tactile Interaction Systems... 57 Hideyuki Sawada 5 Electro-tactile Display: Principle and Hardware... 79 Hiroyuki Kajimoto 6 Solid Ultrasonics Tactile Displays... 97 Masaya Takasaki 7 Lateral-Force-Based Tactile Display... 111 8 Airborne Ultrasound Tactile Display... 121 Takayuki Hoshi and Hiroyuki Shinoda 9 Tactile Sensing Techniques That Use Intrinsic Force Sensors... 139 Toshiaki Tsuji vii
viii Contents 10 Reflection-Image-Based Tactile Sensor... 157 11 Thermal Displays and Sensors... 167 Katsunari Sato Part III Solid Application 12 TECHTILE Workshop for Creating Haptic Content... 185 Masashi Nakatani, Yasuaki Kakehi, Kouta Minamizawa, Soichiro Mihara, and Susumu Tachi 13 Computational Aesthetics: From Tactile Score to Sensory Language... 201 Yasuhiro Suzuki and Rieko Suzuki 14 Haptic Aids for the Visually Impaired... 221 Han SungMin 15 Simple Tactile Technologies Utilizing Human Tactile and Haptic Characteristics... 231 Yoshihiro Tanaka and Akihito Sano Part IV Search for New Fields 16 Toward the Haptic Interaction in Daily Life... 249 Takuya Nojima 17 Haptic Interfaces That Induce Motion and Emotion... 265 Hiroyuki Kajimoto 18 Bidirectionality of Haptics... 275 19 Remote Transmission of Multiple Tactile Properties... 285 Masashi Konyo Index... 305