Monitoring and Metering for Electrical Safety Shock Fire Explosion Production Why? Why? "Fatal Four Bureau of Labor Statistics 1. Falls 2. Electrocutions 3. Struck by Object 4. Caught in/between 1
Bureau of Labor Statistics 2014 Private Construction Industry Saw A Net Increase Of 25 Fatal Work Injuries Fatal Injuries In Private Mining, Quarrying, Oil and Gas Extraction Rose To 183 Highest Since 2007 Fatalities among age 55 year olds increased by 70, the largest number ever recorded for this group of workers. Are You Aware That?? 1 Person is Electrocuted every 24 Hours in the US at Home NESF National Electrical Safety Foundation 1 Person is Electrocuted every 36 hours in the US at Maintenance and Construction Sites NESF Over 2 Billion Dollars of Loss or Damaged Property Every year In The US Due To Electrical Fires NESF Electrocution remains the fourth (2nd) highest cause of industrial fatalities (2014 BLS) Current Level Probable Effect On Human Body 1 ma Perception level. Slight tingling sensation. Still dangerous under certain conditions. 5 ma Slight shock felt; not painful but disturbing. Average individual can let go. However, strong involuntary reactions to shocks in this range may lead to injuries. 6 16 ma 17 99 ma Painful shock, begin to lose muscular control. Commonly referred to as the freezing current or let go range. Extreme pain, respiratory arrest, severe muscular contractions. Individual cannot let go of an electrified object. Death is possible. 100 2,000 ma Ventricular fibrillation (uneven, uncoordinated pumping of heart). Muscular contraction and nerve damage begin to occur. Death is likely. 2,000+ ma Cardiac arrest, internal organ damage, and severe burns. Death is probable. Source: OSHA 2
Shock Shock 3
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What is the Cost of the Average Electrical Burn 6
Victim 52 year old Male Journeyman Electrician 7
Explosion Occurred on Switchgear Voltage Current Frequency Temperature Flow Pressure Ground Impedance Vapor Liquids Dust Flying's and Fibers Torque Speed Monitoring Electrical Safety Through Technology Chicken Switch 8
Analog Method Pro Immune to electrical noise and durable Con limited Speed and Accuracy, difficult to maintain Digital Method Pro Speed and Accuracy Con Subject to Objectionable Currents, Harmonics, Differential Mode Noise, Transverse Mode Noise and Common Mode Noise Wireless vs Hardwired Consider: Accuracy and speed Wireless Real time Information Wireless Interference Hardwire and Wireless Power Reliability Hardwired Cost Installation Hardwired Cost of Maintenance Same 9
Metering With L Logic C + + + + Diode Bridge Input Converter - DC Bus ( Filter) - - - Output Inverter (IGBT's) Schematic of a PWM Variable Frequency Drive Logic Control How Does the Smart Grid and Artificial Intelligence Apply to Your Work and Energy Consumption? 10
Artificial Intelligence Teach Software to think like a human Example Logic Tree Artificial Intelligence Healthcare symptoms will be cross checked in your area identify outbreaks and epidemics sooner Symptom shortness of breath your phone s heart rate monitor will instantly report how well your heart has functioned over the last month via your smart phone. Those readings compared aggregated with others in your community, revealing hidden trends. Big data analysis will be used to assess various treatment options based on success with others of similar histories and body chemistry. Artificial Intelligence 11
Algorithms Set of Steps to Accomplish a Task Computer Science Route Algorithms = Mapping Compression Algorithms = Live Video and Audio Example Google Search Engine Algorithms Example Google Search Engine Random Order Algorithms What Makes A Good Algorithm? Correctness Solves a Problem Efficiency Reliable Example Water Conservation Project Research and Development Asymptotic Analysis 12
What is the Internet of Things Einstein's Theory and Human Behavior New Technology or Old Technology Digital vs Analog Nothing New More Creative Ways To Use 13
Smart Grid Smart Grid has 3 components: 1. improved operation of the legacy high voltage grid, e.g. through use of synchrophasers 2. enhanced grid customer interaction, e.g. by smart metering or real time pricing 3. new distributed entities that have not existed previously, e.g. microgrids and active distribution networks. Micro Grid Case Studies Fort Collins 14
What is the Purpose of Overcurrent Protection? What Caused This? Why Did This Not Open the OCPD Before Damage Occurred? 15
What is the Purpose of Overcurrent Protection? What Makes A Circuit Breaker Trip Or A Fuse Blow? Overload Circuit load is greater than the ampacity of the feeding system Short Circuit Fault that is line to line or line to neutral Ground Fault Fault that is line to ground Two Types of Arc Faults Bolted Short Circuit Arcing Short Circuit A B A B 16
How the Short Circuit Effects Arc Flash 4 Types of Faults: Phase to Phase Bolted Fault Phase to Phase Arcing Fault Phase Ground Arcing Faults Phase to Ground Bolted Fault Arc Faults Short Circuit Ground Fault 38% + self sustaining arc on 480/277V wye system 2 Types of Ground Faults Bolted Ground Fault Arcing Ground Fault A Ground A Ground 17
Safety Reliability and Efficiency feeds 4000 amp Compressor What Caused this? How Much Did it Cost? Why Did The Circuit Breaker Not Trip Before This Damage Occurred? 18
Typical Answer ---- Loose Connection Compressor 19
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Why Do Some Fuses or Breakers Explode When A Fault Occurs and Others Do Not? 22
How the Ground Fault Circuit Effects Arc Flash Overcurrent Protection 23
Normal Sinusoidal Wave Arc Fault Waveform 75 Amps Peak to Peak..05 to.2 seconds Red = Arc Blue is normal 24
Chicken Switch Combination AFCI Series and Parallel Fault 25
DFCI, AFCI and Other OCPD Arc Fault ( Yellow 1) Ground Fault ( Yellow 2) Dual Function Circuit Interrupter (DFCI) Dual Function Circuit Interrupters Protect Both Arcing And Bolted Short And Ground Faults Provides Both Fire and Shock Protection Multi-Wire Circuits, Shared Neutrals, And Mixed Neutrals = Solutions 210.4 Multiwire Branch Circuits 120 V 26
Multi-Wire Circuits, Shared Neutrals, And Mixed Neutrals = Solutions 210.4 Multiwire Branch Circuits 240 V Multi-Wire Circuits, Shared Neutrals, And Mixed Neutrals = Solutions 210.4 Multiwire Branch Circuits Universal Fault Interrupter (UFI) Comprehensive Electrical Fault Protection Line-to-Line Line-to-Ground Intermittent opens (wires, connectors) Phase imbalance Out-of-range Conditions Such As Locked Rotor, & Bearing Wear Downloadable History Database Transient Fault Detection 1) Line-to-ground Current (Parallel Fault) 2) Line-to-line Current (Parallel Fault) 3) Opened Phase (Series Fault) Steady-State Fault Detection 1) Unbalanced Phase Currents 2) Out-of-range Phase Currents 27
Residual-current Circuit Breaker (RCCB) Residual-current Circuit Breaker (RCCB) Residual-current Circuit Breaker (RCCB) 28
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How the Smart Grid Works 30