superior performance. powerful technology. Recent Development of SFCL in the USA Juan-Carlos H. Llambes, Ph.D. SFCL Program Manager / Senior High Voltage Engineer 23 rd International Superconductivity Symposium ISS2010 Nov 1-3, 2010 Tsukuba, Japan SuperPower, Inc. is a subsidiary of Royal Philips Electronics N.V.
Zenergy HTS Superconducting DC Magnet FCL SuperLimiter Fault Current Limiter Waukesha SFCL Transformer SuperPower s SFCL SFCL Summary 2
Zenergy s Inductive Saturating 1G FCL Concept Project Title: Design, Test and Demonstration of Saturable-Core Reactor HTS Fault Current Limiter Organization and Partners: Zenergy Power Inc Los Alamos National Laboratory 3
Zenergy s Inductive Saturating 1G FCL Concept Presently, Zenergy has designed and tested a commercial 12kV SFCL and is intending to complete the design of a 138kV demonstration device based on host utility input and initiate construction of 1 phase of a 3-phase device The HTS material is used only to form a very strong electromagnet the DC coil that saturates an iron core inside the AC coils with a DC magnetic flux In this device, the AC line current of the power grid is always carried by conventional copper conductors formed into AC coils It is the large AC fault current that drives the AC iron core out of saturation, increasing the AC reactance and thereby limiting the current that flows in the power grid and acts as an auto-reactor 4
Zenergy s Inductive Saturating HTS FCL Concept Inductive saturating FCL concept employs HTS technology to normally saturate the iron with a single DC magnet Inductance (H) Equivalent FCL inductance showing low inductance at small currents and nonlinear inductance increase at high currents for positive and negative values Current (ka) 5
Zenergy s Inductive Saturating 12kV FCL Concept 6
Zenergy s Inductive Saturating HTS FCL Concept Left: FCL demonstration device 6.25 m 2 footprint (2.5m x 2.5m) Middle: Prototype device of just AC coils and magnets 2.6 m 2 footprint (2 x 1.3m) Right: Future 15 kv design prototype of 2.55m 2 footprint (1.8m OD) 7
Current Testing and Performance of 12kV SFCL Gain impedance for a FCL saturable-core is 4-5 while for a conventional Current-Limiter-Reactor (CLR) is about 2. The SFCL demonstration shows a 20% fault reduction after 23 cycles of prospective fault current and 16% limitation at 1 st peak. Loss of substation power and shut down of the DC magnet. Proper operation of the SFCL depends on the power to excite the Magnet. Cryogenics and power in the DC magnet comes back to normal operation after the substation power is restored. 8
Zenergy 1G HTS Superconducting DC Magnet FCL SuperLimiter Fault Current Limiter Waukesha SFCL Transformer SuperPower s SFCL SFCL Summary 9
SuperLimiter Fault Current Limiter Project Title: Development and In-Grid Demonstration of a Voltage SuperLimiter Fault Current Limiter Organization and Partners: American Superconductor Corporation Southern California Edison Siemens AG Nexans GmbH & Co. KG 10
SuperLimiter Fault Current Limiter American Superconductor (AMSC) is addressing the development and in-grid testing of a 3-phase, high-voltage, 138-kV resistive FCL called SuperLimiter The SuperLimiter features a proprietary Siemens-developed, low inductance bifilar coil technology that makes the FCL invisible to the grid until it switches to a resistive state After 3 cycles of fault, the coils are disconnected from the power, switching the power to a reactor, to allow the 2G bifilar coils to recover without load The design uses high voltage components developed by Nexans and demonstrated on the DOE-funded LIPA cable project AMSC is employing resistive SFCLs because they are expected to be simpler and more compact in design 11
SuperLimiter Fault Current Limiter Prototype SFCL system for 115kV Nominal Voltage, 900A, 63 ka prospective, limited to 40kA. 12
SuperLimiter Fault Current Limiter Horizontal stainless steel Dewar facilitates the assembly of the bifilar coil setup 13
SuperLimiter Fault Current Limiter The module comprises 21 sub-assemblies, each containing 3 parallel coils, i.e. 63 coils in total Quench current is 3 x 2 x 260 A x 1.3 = 2028 A at 74 K (Ic of 1 tape = 260A) Voltage per length of the stainless steel is 56 Vrms/m Thus rated voltage is 56 Vrms/m x 26 m/coil x 21 coils = 30.6 kvrms 30.6 kvrms is lower than phase to ground voltage at 115 kv owing to the shunted limiter concept - voltage The modular approach comprises 21 sub-assemblies containing 3 parallel coils each. Therefore, the module contains a total of 63 bifilar coils. 14
SuperLimiter Fault Current Limiter Maximum load coils are subjected to under nominal condition is Rmax/R295 = 106 % (~350 K) 15
Zenergy 1G HTS Superconducting DC Magnet FCL SuperLimiter Fault Current Limiter Waukesha SFCL Transformer SuperPower s SFCL SFCL Summary 16
Waukesha SFCL Transformer SFCL Project: HTS Transformer R&D by Waukesha Electric Systems Organization and Partners: Waukesha Electric Systems Oak Ridge National Laboratory Southern California Edison SuperPower Inc. 17
Waukesha SFCL Transformer The objective of the project is to demonstrate the technical and economic feasibility and benefits of HTS transformers in ratings of 10 MVA and above To develop a 28-MVA, 69-kV fault-current-limiting (FCL) HTS transformer for the DOE Smart Grid Initiative The ultimate goal is to fabricate and test a pre-commercial prototype HTS transformer operating at transmission level voltages in the 138-kV class To speed the addition of HTS transformers to Waukesha s product line, WES intends to use as much of its conventional transformer manufacturing technology as possible The project supports DOE s mission to develop revolutionary power equipment using HTS wires 18
Waukesha SFCL Transformer Main Components: Uses Waukesha design software and ORNL design spreadsheet Coil Dewar surrounds warm steel core Air-cooled core with blower Proof-of-concept divided into: Alpha-1 (1 Phase with normal conductor) Alpha-2 (1 Phase with HTS conductor) Waukesha manufacturing techniques will utilize experienced coil winders 19
Waukesha SFCL Transformer Transformer Design: Original design used parallel copper Motivated by ANSI requirement for a conventional non-fcl transformer to recover normal operation after a 2-sec fault Disadvantages of using thick stabilizer: Copper produces high eddy current losses Evaluating alloy options for replacing copper Fault current will be reduced to about ½ that of conventional unit SCE substation opening time is ~1 sec in area of interest for 28 MVA HTS Transformer design will be based on known engineering of conventional transformer design. 20
Waukesha SFCL Transformer Standard WES design: Copper conductor with WES polymer insulation LV & HV disc windings Bushing Test Commercial 650 kv BIL bushing successfully tested in FY09 Commercial HV bushings 650kV testing has been successfully tested in the standard Waukesha LV and HV disc design. 21
Waukesha SFCL Transformer AC Losses: AC losses ~ (Ipeak/Ic)n Losses are similar for cowound Cu and Stainless For Ipeak/Ic < 0.4, n ~ 1.5 Consistent with ferromagnetic Ni-W Substrate For Ipeak/Ic > 0.4, n ~ 2 Eddy or coupling mechanism AC losses shown in HTS/Cu stabilizer are the largest ~100 (mw/m) 22
Zenergy 1G HTS Superconducting DC Magnet FCL SuperLimiter Fault Current Limiter Waukesha SFCL Transformer SuperPower s SFCL SFCL Summary 23
SuperPower s SFCL Project Title: SuperPower 2G Modular SFCL Device for Distribution and Power Lines Organization and Partners: SuperPower Inc. University of Houston Florida State University Oak Ridge National Laboratory Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 24
SuperPower s SFCL The current project purpose is focused on the development of based modules for a superconducting fault current limiter for operation at voltage levels up to transmission level This modular design allow us to scale up validated module voltages and currents in order to accomplish both Distribution and levels This design consists of parallel elements and conventional copper coils. By using a cold shunt coil, no external or ancillary components or equipment are required; the device is self-contained SuperPower s design also offers Recovery Under Load (RUL) capabilities. RUL enables the device to recover to the superconducting state while carrying load current from other (non-faulted) lines 25
Modular SFCL system design components integration Modular SFCL device design specifications Shunt Coils Zsh = Rsh + jxsh, X/R ratio, EM force withstand, thermal and electrical properties, connectors, size, weight, over-banding, ease of assembly and manufacturablity HTS assembly Tape per element, RUL per element, element energy capability, connectors, size, cooling orientation, failure mechanisms and mitigation, losses and their effects on cryogenics design HV design LN2 and GN2 design stress criteria, spacing between tapes, elements and modules, stress shield dimensions, using solid barriers or not, bushings and assembly integration, assembly supporting structure (post insulators), overall assembly to cryostat spacing and integration Cryogenics LN2 flow control, LN2 and GN2 interface, pressurizing, safety issues, thermal handling of fault and steady state losses Sub-cooled Improves the Recovery Under Load performance and enhances current carry capabilties. Improvement of LN 2 dielectrics Pressurized LN 2 helps to increase dielectric properties, avoiding bubbles and lowering breakdown voltage probability. Shunt Coils HTS assembly 26
SFCL module manufacturing and assembly 2 nd Assembly of Supports 1 st SFCL Module Manufacturing 4 th Module Installation 5 th Internal Installation 3 rd Assembly of Connections 27
QF40 Port Vacuum Line 1 Thermocouples Digital Pressure Gage LN2 Main Filling Port High Voltage Bushings Vacuum Line 2 Pressure Valve Vacuum Lines Pressure Burst Disk Pressure Valve Pressure Gage Main Vacuum Valve Vacuum Line 1 28
SFCL Fault Current Dynamics 90 ka Prospective Fault 30 ka (66% Limited) 20 ka (77% Limited) 90kA Prospective is limited to 30 ka at 1 st peak and 20kA at 5 th. RUL Power recovered for the 3 first AEP Re-closure Sequence Faults. SFCL Voltage versus different X/R ratios (baseline, 200%, 300%). RUL versus different X/R ratios (baseline, 200%, 300%). 29
Peak load current per tape and voltage for 74K and 77K Sub-cooled conditions at 74K improves voltage in 192% and current in 132%, a total of ~253% increase in power. A single circuit of 2 tapes in a SFCL module will limit 65% of 1 st peak fault in the entire voltage range (up to 25kA prospective tested at CAPS) Current at different frequencies play a critical role in percentage limitation, showing how important is to select the adequate reactance. Different tape architecture also plays an important role in the overall system percentage fault limitation at different frequencies. 30
Generalized SFCL specification development A Distribution SCFL 11-15kV phase, 800-2KA rms load current will limit ~65-75% when assembled with 3 SFCL modules 1.25m 2.5m Distribution SCFL 15kV phase illustration A SCFL 138kV phase, 1700A rms load, 40kA prospective will limit ~65-75% if assembled with 14 SFCL modules 1.25m 2.5m SCFL 138kV phase illustration 31
Zenergy 1G HTS Superconducting DC Magnet FCL SuperLimiter Fault Current Limiter Waukesha SFCL Transformer SuperPower s SFCL SFCL Summary 32
Zenergy 12kV SFCL Waukesha 66kV SFCL XFR SuperLimiter 115kV SFCL SuperPower 138kV SFCL 33
SFCL Summary Zenergy Zenergy Distribution AMSC Waukesha (Transformer / SFCL) SuperPower SuperPower Distribution Line Voltage (kv) 138kV 12kV 115kV 66kV / 12kV 138kV 15kV Load Current (A) 1,840A 800A 900A 425A / 2,300A 1,840A 2,300A Power (MVA) 254 MVA 9.6 MVA 104 MVA 28MVA 254 MVA 34.5MVA Prospective Fault 27kA 23kA 63kA 20kA 40-90kA 40-90kA Limited Fault 9.5kA 18.4kA 40kA 10kA 10-20kA 10-20 ka Limited (%/100%) 50% 20% 36% 50% 66%-77% 66%-77% Limiting Type Inductive Inductive Superconductor 1G/ 1G/ Basic Technology (Reliability) -1G/ Wire -Iron Core -Reactor -1G/ Wire -Iron Core -Reactor - Wire -HV Switches -Shunt Reactor - Wire -Iron Core - Wire -Shunt or Reactor - Wire -Shunt or Reactor Temperature (K) 68K 68K 74K 70K-77K 68K-77K 68K-77K Recovery Load RUL Capable RUL Capable Non-RUL Non-RUL RUL Capable RUL Capable Multiple Faults Instantaneous Instantaneous After 16 sec After Minutes Instantaneous Instantaneous Fault Duration 3 Cycles Less than 2 sec Controls Required -Magnet Switch -Magnet Switch -2G-Coil -HV Switches -Non-RUL Switch -No Controls are necessary. -No Controls are necessary. Passive Systems Reactor Reactor Transformer 100% Passive 100% Passive Active Systems Magnet Ctrl. Magnet Ctrl. Non-RUL Ctrl. HV Switch Ctrl. Non-RUL Ctrl. Ground footprint NA 6.25 m 2 20 m 2 10 m 2 6 m 2 2 m 2 MVA / Footprint NA 1.5 (MVA / m 2 ) 5.2 (MVA/m 2 ) 2.8 (MVA / m 2 ) 42.3 (MVA / m 2 ) 17.2 (MVA / m 2 ) 34
SFCL Summary Zenergy Zenergy Distribution AMSC Waukesha (Transformer / SFCL) SuperPower SuperPower Distribution Line Voltage (kv) 138kV 12kV 115kV 66kV / 12kV 138kV 15kV Load Current (A) 1,840A 800A 900A 425A / 2,300A 1,840A 2,300A Power (MVA) 254 MVA 9.6 MVA 104 MVA 28MVA 254 MVA 34.5MVA Prospective Fault 27kA 23kA 63kA 20kA 40-90kA 40-90kA Limited Fault 9.5kA 18.4kA 40kA 10kA 10-20kA 10-20 ka Limited (% / 100%) 50% 20% 36% 50% 66%-77% 66%-77% Limiting Type Inductive Inductive Superconductor 1G/ 1G/ Basic Technology (Reliability) -1G/ Wire -Iron Core -Reactor -1G/ Wire -Iron Core -Reactor SFCL - Wire Power - Wire -HV Switches -Iron Core -Shunt Reactor - Wire -Shunt or Reactor - Wire -Shunt or Reactor Temperature (K) 68K 68K 74K 70K-77K 68K-77K 68K-77K Recovery Load Multiple Faults RUL Capable Instantaneous Characteristics RUL Capable Non-RUL Non-RUL RUL Capable Instantaneous After 16 sec After Minutes Instantaneous RUL Capable Instantaneous Fault Duration 3 Cycles Less than 2 sec Controls Required -Magnet Switch -Magnet Switch -2G-Coil -HV Switches -Non-RUL Switch -No Controls are necessary. -No Controls are necessary. Passive Systems Reactor Reactor Transformer 100% Passive 100% Passive Active Systems Magnet Ctrl. Magnet Ctrl. Non-RUL Ctrl. HV Switch Ctrl. Non-RUL Ctrl. Ground footprint NA 6.25 m 2 20 m 2 10 m 2 6 m 2 2 m 2 MVA / Footprint NA 1.5 (MVA / m 2 ) 5.2 (MVA/m 2 ) 2.8 (MVA / m 2 ) 42.3 (MVA / m 2 ) 17.2 (MVA / m 2 ) 35
SFCL Summary Zenergy Zenergy Distribution AMSC Waukesha (Transformer / SFCL) SuperPower SuperPower Distribution Line Voltage (kv) 138kV 12kV 115kV 66kV / 12kV 138kV 15kV Load Current (A) 1,840A 800A 900A 425A / 2,300A 1,840A 2,300A Power (MVA) 254 MVA 9.6 MVA 104 MVA 28MVA 254 MVA 34.5MVA Prospective Fault 27kA 23kA 63kA 20kA 40-90kA 40-90kA Limited Fault 9.5kA 18.4kA 40kA 10kA 10-20kA 10-20 ka Limited (%/100%) 50% 20% 36% 50% 66%-77% 66%-77% Limiting Type Inductive Inductive Superconductor 1G/ 1G/ Basic Technology -1G/ Wire -Iron Core -Reactor -1G/ Wire -Iron Core -Reactor - Wire - Wire -HV Switches SFCL -Iron Core -Shunt Reactor - Wire -Shunt or Reactor - Wire -Shunt or Reactor Temperature (K) 68K 68K 74K 70K-77K 68K-77K 68K-77K Recovery Load Multiple Faults Fault Duration RUL Capable RUL Capable Non-RUL Non-RUL RUL Capable RUL Capable Limiting Performance Instantaneous Instantaneous After 16 sec After Minutes Instantaneous Instantaneous 3 Cycles Less than 2 sec Controls Required -Magnet Switch -Magnet Switch -2G-Coil -HV Switches -Non-RUL Switch -No Controls are necessary. -No Controls are necessary. Passive Systems Reactor Reactor Transformer 100% Passive 100% Passive Active Systems Magnet Ctrl. Magnet Ctrl. Non-RUL Ctrl. HV Switch Ctrl. Non-RUL Ctrl. Ground footprint NA 6.25 m 2 20 m 2 10 m 2 6 m 2 2 m 2 MVA / Footprint NA 1.5 (MVA / m 2 ) 5.2 (MVA/m 2 ) 2.8 (MVA / m 2 ) 42.3 (MVA / m 2 ) 17.2 (MVA / m 2 ) 36
SFCL Summary Zenergy Zenergy Distribution AMSC Waukesha (Transformer / SFCL) SuperPower SuperPower Distribution Line Voltage (kv) 138kV 12kV 115kV 66kV / 12kV 138kV 15kV Load Current (A) 1,840A 800A 900A 425A / 2,300A 1,840A 2,300A Power (MVA) 254 MVA 9.6 MVA 104 MVA 28MVA 254 MVA 34.5MVA Prospective Fault 27kA 23kA 63kA 20kA 40-90kA 40-90kA Limited Fault 9.5kA 18.4kA 40kA 10kA 10-20kA 10-20 ka Limited(%/ 100%) 50% 20% 36% 50% 66%-77% 66%-77% Limiting Type Inductive Inductive Superconductor 1G/ 1G/ Basic Technology Temperature (K) -1G/ Wire -Iron Core -Reactor 68K -1G/ Wire -Iron Core -Reactor 68K - Wire - Wire -HV Switches -Iron Core SFCL -Shunt Reactor Type 74K 70K-77K 68K-77K - Wire -Shunt or Reactor - Wire -Shunt or Reactor 68K-77K Recovery Load RUL Capable RUL Capable Non-RUL Non-RUL RUL Capable RUL Capable Multiple Faults Fault Duration Controls Required Passive Systems Active Systems Ground footprint Instantaneous Instantaneous After 16 sec After Minutes Instantaneous Instantaneous and 3 Cycles Less than 2 sec -Magnet Switch -Magnet Switch -2G-Coil -Non-RUL Switch -No Controls are -No Controls are -HV Switches necessary. necessary. Reactor Conductor Reactor Technology Transformer 100% Passive 100% Passive Magnet Ctrl. Magnet Ctrl. Non-RUL Ctrl. Non-RUL Ctrl. HV Switch Ctrl. NA 6.25 m 2 20 m 2 10 m 2 6 m 2 2 m 2 MVA / Footprint NA 1.5 (MVA / m 2 ) 5.2 (MVA/m 2 ) 2.8 (MVA / m 2 ) 42.3 (MVA / m 2 ) 17.2 (MVA / m 2 ) 37
SFCL Summary Zenergy Zenergy Distribution AMSC Waukesha (Transformer / SFCL) SuperPower SuperPower Distribution Line Voltage (kv) 138kV 12kV 115kV 66kV / 12kV 138kV 15kV Load Current (A) Power (MVA) Prospective Fault Limited Fault Limited (% / 100%) Limiting Type Superconductor Basic Technology (Reliability) Temperature (K) 1,840A 254 MVA 27kA 1G/ -1G/ Wire -Iron Core -Reactor 68K 800A 9.6 MVA 23kA 1G/ -1G/ Wire -Iron Core -Reactor 68K SFCL 900A 425A / 2,300A 104 MVA 28MVA 63kA 20kA - Wire -HV Switch -Shunt Reactor 74K - Wire -Iron Core 70K-77K 1,840A 254 MVA 40-90kA 9.5kA 18.4kA 40kA 10kA 10-20kA System Reliability 50% 20% 36% 50% 66%-77% Inductive Inductive - Wire -Cold Shunt 68K-77K 2,300A 34.5MVA 40-90kA 10-20 ka 66%-77% - Wire -Cold Shunt 68K-77K Recovery Load RUL Capable RUL Capable Non-RUL Non-RUL RUL Capable RUL Capable Multiple Faults Instantaneous Instantaneous After 16 sec After Minutes Instantaneous Instantaneous Fault Duration 3 Cycles Less than 2 sec Controls Required -Magnet Switch -Magnet Switch -2G-Coil -HV Switches -Non-RUL Switch -No Controls are necessary. -No Controls are necessary. Passive Systems Reactor Reactor Transformer 100% Passive 100% Passive Active Systems Magnet Ctrl. Magnet Ctrl. Non-RUL Ctrl. HV Switch Ctrl. Non-RUL Ctrl. Ground footprint NA 6.25 m 2 20 m 2 10 m 2 6 m 2 2 m 2 MVA / Footprint NA 1.5 (MVA / m 2 ) 5.2 (MVA/m 2 ) 2.8 (MVA / m 2 ) 42.3 (MVA / m 2 ) 17.2 (MVA / m 2 ) 38
Zenergy Zenergy Distribution AMSC Waukesha (Transformer / SFCL) SuperPower SuperPower Distribution Line Voltage (kv) 138kV 12kV 115kV 66kV / 12kV 138kV 15kV Load Current (A) Power (MVA) Prospective Fault Limited Fault Limited (% / 100%) Limiting Type Superconductor Basic Technology Temperature (K) 1,840A 254 MVA 27kA 1G/ -1G/ Wire -Iron Core -Reactor 68K 800A 9.6 MVA 23kA 1G/ 900A SFCL 425A / 2,300A 104 MVA 28MVA 63kA 20kA 1,840A 254 MVA 40-90kA 2,300A 34.5MVA 40-90kA 9.5kA 18.4kA 40kA 10kA 10-20kA 10-20 ka Dynamics, Reliability, 50% 20% 36% 50% 66%-77% 66%-77% Inductive Inductive Fault -1G/ Wire -2G Robustness HTS Wire - Wire - Wire -Iron Core -HV Switches -Iron Core -Shunt or Reactor -Reactor -Shunt Reactor 68K 74K 70K-77K 68K-77K 68K-77K - Wire -Shunt or Reactor Recovery Load RUL Capable RUL Capable Non-RUL Non-RUL RUL Capable RUL Capable Multiple Faults Instantaneous Instantaneous After 16 sec After Minutes Instantaneous Instantaneous Fault Duration 3 Cycles Less than 2 sec Controls Required -Magnet Switch -Magnet Switch -2G-Coil -HV Switches -Non-RUL Switch -No Controls are necessary. -No Controls are necessary. Passive Systems Reactor Reactor Transformer 100% Passive 100% Passive Active Systems Magnet Ctrl. Magnet Ctrl. Non-RUL Ctrl. HV Switch Ctrl. Non-RUL Ctrl. Ground footprint NA 6.25 m 2 20 m 2 10 m 2 6 m 2 2 m 2 MVA / Footprint NA 1.5 (MVA / m 2 ) 5.2 (MVA/m 2 ) 2.8 (MVA / m 2 ) 42.3 (MVA / m 2 ) 17.2 (MVA / m 2 ) 39
SFCL Summary Zenergy Zenergy Distribution AMSC Waukesha (Transformer / SFCL) SuperPower SuperPower Distribution Line Voltage (kv) 138kV 12kV 115kV 66kV / 12kV 138kV 15kV Load Current (A) 1,840A 800A 900A 425A / 2,300A Power (MVA) Prospective Fault Limited Fault Limited (% / 100%) Limiting Type Superconductor Basic Technology Temperature (K) 254 MVA 27kA 9.5kA 50% Inductive 1G/ 9.6 MVA 23kA 18.4kA 20% Inductive SFCL Stability 1,840A 2,300A 1G/ 104 MVA 63kA 40kA 28MVA -1G/ Wire -1G/ Wire - Wire - Wire - Wire - Wire Robustness -Iron Core -Iron Core -HV Switches Fault -Iron Core -Shunt Control or Reactor -Shunt or Reactor -Reactor -Reactor -Shunt Reactor 68K 68K 74K 70K-77K 68K-77K 68K-77K 20kA 10kA 36% and 50% 254 MVA 40-90kA 10-20kA 66%-77% 34.5MVA 40-90kA 10-20 ka 66%-77% Recovery Load RUL Capable RUL Capable Non-RUL Non-RUL RUL Capable RUL Capable Multiple Faults Instantaneous Instantaneous After 16 sec After Minutes Instantaneous Instantaneous Fault Duration 3 Cycles Less than 2 sec Controls Required -Magnet Switch -Magnet Switch -2G-Coil -HV Switches -Non-RUL Switch -No Controls are necessary. -No Controls are necessary. Passive Systems Reactor Reactor Transformer 100% Passive 100% Passive Active Systems Magnet Ctrl. Magnet Ctrl. Non-RUL Ctrl. HV Switch Ctrl. Non-RUL Ctrl. Ground footprint NA 6.25 m 2 20 m 2 10 m 2 6 m 2 2 m 2 MVA / Footprint NA 1.5 (MVA / m 2 ) 5.2 (MVA/m 2 ) 2.8 (MVA / m 2 ) 42.3 (MVA / m 2 ) 17.2 (MVA / m 2 ) 40
SFCL Summary Zenergy Zenergy Distribution AMSC Waukesha (Transformer / SFCL) SuperPower SuperPower Distribution Line Voltage (kv) 138kV 12kV 115kV 66kV / 12kV 138kV 15kV Load Current (A) 1,840A 800A 900A 425A / 2,300A 1,840A 2,300A Power (MVA) Prospective Fault 254 MVA 27kA 9.6 MVA 23kA 104 MVA SFCL 28MVA 63kA 20kA 254 MVA 40-90kA 34.5MVA 40-90kA Limited Fault 9.5kA 18.4kA 40kA 10kA 10-20kA 10-20 ka Limited (% / 100%) Limiting Type Superconductor 50% Inductive 1G/ 20% Power 36% Density 50% 66%-77% Inductive 1G/ 66%-77% Basic Technology Temperature (K) -1G/ Wire -Iron Core -Reactor 68K -1G/ Wire -Iron Core -Reactor 68K - Wire -HV Switches -Shunt Reactor 74K - Wire -Iron Core and 70K-77K - Wire -Shunt or Reactor 68K-77K - Wire -Shunt or Reactor 68K-77K Recovery Load Multiple Faults Fault Duration RUL Capable RUL Capable Non-RUL Non-RUL RUL Capable RUL Capable Footprint on Ground Instantaneous Instantaneous After 16 sec After Minutes Instantaneous Instantaneous 3 Cycles Less than 2 sec Controls Required -Magnet Switch -Magnet Switch -2G-Coil -HV Switches -Non-RUL Switch -No Controls are necessary. -No Controls are necessary. Passive Systems Reactor Reactor Transformer 100% Passive 100% Passive Active Systems Magnet Ctrl. Magnet Ctrl. Non-RUL Ctrl. HV Switch Ctrl. Non-RUL Ctrl. Ground footprint NA 6.25 m 2 20 m 2 10 m 2 6 m 2 2 m 2 MVA / Footprint NA 1.5 (MVA / m 2 ) 5.2 (MVA/m 2 ) 2.8 (MVA / m 2 ) 42.3 (MVA / m 2 ) 17.2 (MVA / m 2 ) 41
Critical Aspects of HTS Wire for SFCL Development in the USA Zenergy Zenergy Distribution AMSC Waukesha (Transformer / SFCL) SuperPower SuperPower Distribution HTS $KA/m $KA/m $KA/m $KA/m $KA/m $KA/m Requirement Relevancy Jc Pinning angle AC Losses Jc Pinning angle AC Losses V/m Dielectrics Cryo-Cost Jc V/m Dielectrics V/m Dielectrics Cryo-Cost V/m Dielectrics Cryo-Cost Cryo-Cost Cryo-Cost Vacuum-Cost Pinning angle Vacuum-Cost Vacuum-Cost Vacuum-Cost Vacuum-Cost Quenching AC Losses Quenching Quenching Longer-wire Longer-wire Cryo-Cost Vacuum-Cost Longer-wire Quenching = More / Higher required = Less / Lower required 42
HTS Research Themes Priorities for the Development of SFCL in the USA. Superconducting Fault Current Limiters 100 90 80 Priority Level (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 Improved Jc Improved Ic Pinning over all Angles Low AC Loss Performance Improved Quench Propagation Improved Normal State Voltage per Length Longer Length Production Wire Cost Reduction Lower Cost Cryogenics with same or Higher Ic Lower Cost Vacuum Jacket Technology 10 0 FCL Research Themes Ranking: 100% High Priority, 70% Medium Priority, 30% Low Priority 0% Not applicable 43
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