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THE COINAGE OF JOHN BALIOL N.M.McQ. HOLMES AND LORD STEWARTBY IN or about the year 1280 a major change was made in the design and inscriptions of the Scottish coinage of Alexander III (1249 86), following the example of Edward I s recoinage in England in 1279. Since 1180 in England and 1195 in Scotland the reverse type had been based on a voided cross, with ornaments in the angles, but in 1279/80 this was replaced by a single cross; and at the same time the names of moneyer and mint, traditional on Scottish coins from the beginning, were dropped from the reverse in favour of the completion of the king s title, REX SCOTORVM. This formula then continued in use until mint names were restored in 1358. A general discussion of the Rex Scotorum sterlings, their mint attributions and the historical background, was published by Stewart in 1971. 1 The Rex Scotorum single cross coinage in the name of Alexander III was subsequently examined by Stewart and North in 1990, 2 and that in the name of Robert I (1306 29), with the earliest coins of David II (1329 71), by Holmes and Stewartby in 2000. 3 Between the untimely death of Alexander III and the middle years of Robert Bruce the reign of John Baliol, acknowledged as king from November 1292 until July 1296, constitutes the only period in which coins were struck in Scotland in the name of a current Scottish king. John s coinage merits more detailed consideration than it has hitherto received in print, although we are happy to acknowledge the unpublished work of earlier students. In particular we wish to thank Mr Walter Elliot and Mr Peter Stott, who collated evidence for dies and die-links and who have made their material available to us; and Mr Jeffrey North, who brought his taxonomic skills to bear on the difficult task of devising a structure and sequence for the series based on typological and stylistic features. From the 1290s onwards England and Scotland were for many years more or less actively at war. The large numbers of resultant hoards have yielded an abundance of Scottish coins from the last two decades of the thirteenth century. Edward I s recoinage of 1279 began with very heavy minting in the 1280s, but this tailed off in the 1290s as continental imitations began to enter the country without being converted into English coin. To a certain extent the same happened with foreign coin reaching Scotland, but Baliol s own coinage is relatively large: the number of obverse penny dies in the sample here studied is fifty-eight. After allowing for the much larger English economy and currency, that die total looks quite high when set against dwindling output from the English mints in the mid 1290s. 4 Burns divided the Baliol coinage into two issues, which he termed rough and smooth. 5 The second issue is from dies with a finely engraved portrait and a bolder letter font (including A with a chevron bar) and deserves its appellation. Although coins of the first issue are generally coarser than those of the second, and many of them are indeed rough in style and execution, the term is a little harsh in respect of some of them (notably those of our groups A and C). Pence of the rough issue are considerably more plentiful than those of the smooth issue. With halfpence the position is reversed: all rough issue halfpence are extremely rare, while smooth issue halfpence from the main mint are comparatively common. 1 Stewart 1971, 214 25. 2 Stewart and North 1990. 3 Holmes and Stewartby 2000. 4 We have deliberately not included in this paper any attempt to calculate the overall size of the Baliol coinage, but for a brief discussion of this see Stewart 1977, 70. We have provided the number of coins of each recorded die combination in our sample, which includes a very large proportion of the dies which are known to have been used. Others are free to use this data to carry out their own calculations. 5 Burns 1887, vol. 1, 222 ff.

108 THE COINAGE OF JOHN BALIOL The most interesting numismatic innovation of John s reign was the naming of St Andrews as a second mint, the only occurrence of a mint name during the Rex Scotorum era. As the see of a bishop St Andrews qualified to be called a civitas (city) and was the sole mint-town so designated in the whole of the Scottish coinage. The first issue sterlings of St Andrews have two six-pointed mullets and two with five points, this being one of the rarer of the nine varieties of reverse type found in Alexander III s second coinage. In the smooth issue the six-pointed mullets have been replaced by stars. The only royal mint of the Baliol coinage is presumed to have been Berwick. In the first issue its pennies had four six-pointed mullets on the reverse. This was the same type as for the main mint of Alexander III s second coinage which, in turn, is taken to have been Berwick because that had been the dominant Scottish mint in Alexander s first coinage. It was also the only mint in Scotland where Edward I had his own coinage struck after John had been deposed in 1296, implying that mint premises were available there to the English when they took control of the town. Although the smooth issue Rex Scotorum pence have mullets with twenty points in total (4 5), against twenty-four points (4 6) in the rough issue, there is no case for thinking that the rough and smooth Rex Scotorum pence represent the products of two different mints rather than sequential issues. Mules (both pence and halfpence) with reverses from old dies of Alexander III place their rough issue obverses securely in the opening phase of Baliol s coinage, while the die-chain at St Andrews includes rough/smooth mules that demonstrate the sequence. The change from rough reverses with twenty-four points to smooth reverses with twenty points seems to indicate no more than that the Alexandrian system of varied points for different mints had by this stage been forgotten or ignored, now that only one royal mint was in operation. Although it cannot at this stage be definitely proven that a second mint was not opened after the fall of Berwick to the English, we feel that the weight of evidence is firmly against this, given the very unsettled situation which must have pertained in Scotland during the period of William Wallace s campaigns. 6 We have listed and described the rough issue coins of Berwick in three groups A, B and C with sub-divisions of B and C. All dies except one have the inscription IOHANNES DEI GRA (or GR, GRI or GRAC), with the king s title continued on the reverse. The reading is awkwardly disposed, with REX split between two quarters: +RE/XSC/OTO/RVM. During the course of Group B one obverse die was put into use with the reading ALEXANDER DEI GR. This die shares four reverse dies with normal coins of Group B, and except in the king s name is identical in type and style with them. If there was any significance in the production of a die in the name of the late king, it is difficult to see what that could have been; there was no obvious occasion during the early part of John s reign when the legitimacy of his position was seriously in question. Perhaps there was an old die in Alexander s name for the rough issue die-sinker to copy that a few old Alexandrian reverses remained available in 1292 is shown by the John/Alexander mules but why the engraver might suddenly have departed from his usual commission is a mystery. An oddity in Group Ba is a die (am) with the last quarter reading RAN. This die appears to have been put aside for a while because of the error, since it reappears later in conjunction with two obverse dies (25 and 26) of group Ca. The mint at St Andrews began operations during the course of what we term Group Bd at Berwick. The first obverse die (S1) used at St Andrews is from the same punches as Bd obverses, and it is found combined with a normal Bd reverse (die ay) as well as with a new St Andrews die, still reading REX SCOTORVM, but now with twenty-two points to the mullets (Sa). One other reverse die (Sb) has this arrangement, but soon REX SCOTORVM was dropped in favour of a St Andrews signature (die Sc and thereafter). The relatively large number of rough/smooth issue mules suggests that the supply of smooth issue dies to St Andrews began with reverses. The earliest smooth issue obverse die has the experimental reading I 6 This matter was discussed by Stewart (1971), 222 3, and we are not aware that any evidence has been put forward since then.

THE COINAGE OF JOHN BALIOL 109 DI GRA SCOTORVM RX, presumably so as to accommodate the king s full title without displacing the mint name from the reverse. This format was, however, soon replaced by the normal obverse reading IOHANNES DEI GRA, which resulted, as had been the case in most of the first issue, in the absence of the word REX from either side of most of the coins minted at St Andrews. All St Andrews coins of the second issue (apart from the mules) are rare. Apart from a few minor errors, and on some early dies the use of a reversed N, inscriptions on pence of Berwick exhibit little variation except in the word GRA(CIA). However, because of differences in the arrangement of the legend and in the disposition of the mullets, there are nine main varieties of reverse among the coins of St Andrews, as hereunder: First issue (i) +RE/XSC/OTO/RVM; six-pointed mullets in first and third angles (Sa) (ii) As (i), but six-pointed mullets in second and fourth angles (Sb) (iii) CIV/ITA/SSA/NDR; six-pointed mullets in first and third angles (Sc) (iv) As (iii), but six-pointed mullets in second and fourth angles (Sg) (v) CIVI/TAS/SAN/DRE; six-pointed mullets in first and third angles (Sd, Se) (vi) As (v), but six-pointed mullets in second and fourth angles (Sf, Sh, Si, Sj, Sl, Sm) (vii) As (v), but error die with twenty-three points six-pointed mullets in first, third and fourth angles, five-pointed mullet in second (Sk) Second issue (viii) CIVI/TAS/SAN/DREE; six-pointed stars in first and third angles, and five-pointed mullets in second and fourth (Sn, So, Sq) (ix) As (viii), but six-pointed stars in second and fourth angles (Sp) Three features of the Rex Scotorum coins of the second issue are worthy of particular note. First, whereas reverse die-links between sub-groups of the first issue are extensive, none has been noted between any of the five sub-groups of the second issue. This implies some new system of control for the issue and withdrawal of dies. Second, within Group Ec, the last group of the series, two obverse dies and one reverse die have a trefoil of pellets within the inscription, also a possible indicator of new controls on the use of dies. The third feature of note relates to the coins of Group Da. In this group all seven of the reverse dies have two five-pointed mullets and two five-pointed stars in alternate angles of the cross. The stars have been made by overpunching on what were originally normal mullets. All but one of the twenty-two coins listed under Da are from a single obverse die. Since there are no die-links with any other coins of the smooth issue, the Da coins stand on their own. There was clearly some purpose in the overmarking of the mullets. Conceivably the Da coins could have been struck at a different mint (or workshop) from the rest of the series, but some less dramatic administrative cause seems more probable. Die analysis In the following pages the issues without mint name, generally believed to have been struck at Berwick, will be considered first. The first ( rough ) and second ( smooth ) issues are analysed separately, as there is no known overlap between the two. The issues from the St Andrews mint, including those without mint name but attributed to this mint, are then treated as a continuous series, since there are mules between the two issues. Table 1 presents the numbers of pennies and obverse dies attributable to each of the groups and sub-groups in our classification. The vast majority of the recorded dies are represented in Lord Stewartby s collection, which has been the major source of material for this survey. Other coins which have been included are those in the collections of the National Museum of Scotland, the British Museum, the Ashmolean Museum, the Fitzwilliam Museum and the Hunterian Museum, as well as some illustrated in a series of photographs kindly supplied by Mr Ronald Kirton from his research archive.

110 THE COINAGE OF JOHN BALIOL TABLE 1. Numbers of pennies and obverse dies attributable to groups and sub-groups No. of coins No. of obverse dies (group) (subgroup) (group) (subgroup) Rex Scotorum, first issue Group A 13 3 Group B 104 18 Ba 43 7 Alex III J 9 1 Bb 25 4 Bc 14 4 Bd 13 2 Group C 31 8 Ca 25 6 Cb 6 2 Rex Scotorum, second issue Group D 52 6 Da 21 2 Db 31 4 Group E 31 7 Ea 3 2 Eb 7 2 Ec 21 3 St Andrews, first and second issues Group SA 4 2 SAa 3 1 SAb 1 1 Group SB 15 5 SBa 7 2 SBb 4 1 SBc 4 2 Group SC 32 5 Mules 12 1 Group SD 15 3 SDa 7 1 SDb 8 2 First issue: Rex Scotorum pennies This is the largest issue in terms of the number of coins studied (136 + 9 of the related Alexander III Class J) and the number of dies represented (28 obverse + one Alexander III Class J, and 32 reverse). It has been divided into a number of groups on the basis of the style of the bust and lettering on the obverse. The reverse dies, designated aa to bf, bear the legend +Re / XSc / oto / RVM. The form of the final M varies considerably and in some cases is unclear, especially where it is known on only one coin. It may take the form of a Roman M, a Roman N, a reversed Roman 3 or an unbarred II. Some Ns and 3s are double-barred, and some letters appear to be blundered or from broken punches. All dies bear a six-pointed mullet in each of the four angles of the cross, but in some cases there is evidence of damaged punches, and on some dies one or more of the mullets may appear to have more than six points as a result of faulty die-sinking. Group A This small group is quite distinct stylistically, and there are no known die links with any of the others. The coins are comparatively well struck, with small neat inner circles, large letters and a fairly neat portrait. The face has a pointed nose and chin, with an oval eye. Three obverse dies are known (dies 1 3), all of which have reversed 3s in the legend, but each of which includes a different abbreviation of GRACIA.

1 +Ioh033eSDeIgRI 2 +Ioh033eSDeIGR0 3 +Ioh033eSDeIGR THE COINAGE OF JOHN BALIOL 111 The first two of these are paired with a single die of Alexander III Class E (24 points), and it therefore seems reasonable to suggest that these were the earliest coins struck in John Baliol s name. Five Baliol reverse dies (aa ae) are also found in combination with obverses of Group A, as indicated in Table 2. These five dies are all characterised by large, fairly neat letters and large, sharply-pointed mullets. Die ae has e instead of c in the legend. TABLE 2. Die-links in first issue Rex Scotorum pennies, Group A Rev die Alex III E aa ab ac ad ae Group Obv die A 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 3 2 The remainder of the first issue Rex Scotorum pennies make up Groups B and C. Table 3 shows a progression of die links which may give clues to the order of striking, but this should not be interpreted as providing a definite and precise sequence. Obverse die 4 has been placed at the beginning of the series, on the grounds that it is combined on one coin with a reverse of Alexander III, Class E (26 points), but this reverse die appears to have been rusty at the time of striking, so the coin could equally represent an accidental later re-use. Nonetheless a credible sequence of die use can be constructed using this coin as a starting point. Group Ba Forty-two of the coins examined belong to this group, with seven obverse dies (4 10) being utilised. These include the same three abbreviated forms of GRACIA as appeared in Group A. Die 4 uses double-barred Ns, and die 6 one reversed 3 and one with apparently horizontal cross-bar. The lettering is smaller and less tidy than on Group A coins, and the bust is noticeably cruder, with a wedge-shaped nose and a large pellet eye. The crown has intermediate ornaments which incline to the rear, and that on die 10 is badly struck and may be from a different punch. 4 +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR0 (double-barred Ns) 5 +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR0 6 +Ioh0H3eSDeIGR 7 +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR0 8 +Ioh[ ]SDeIGR0 9 +Ioh0NNeSDeIGRI 10 +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR0 Twelve reverse dies (af aq) appear, in addition to the re-used Alexander III. Most of these have fairly well formed and sharply pointed mullets, but on a few of them (ak, an, aq) the mullets appear a little smaller with blunter points and some evidence of damage to the punches. Die ae reads XSe in the second quarter, as noted under Group A, and die am has R0N in the fourth quarter. The largest number of coins in the sample examined were struck from dies af, ag and ah, which might be regarded as consistent with these being among the earliest, as the die sequence would also suggest. Two of the coins were struck from a combination of obverse die 9 and reverse die ap, neither of which is known in any other combination, and their place in the series is therefore not evident.

112 THE COINAGE OF JOHN BALIOL TABLE 3. Die-links in first issue Rex Scotorum pennies, Groups B and C Group Obv die Rev die Alex III E af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf Ba 4 1 6 4 1 1 1 1 1 5 7 2 1 1 6 2 2 1 1 7 2 8 1 9 2 10 3 1 Alex III J 2 3 2 2 Bb 11 1 1 1 4 12 1 13 7 3 14 4 1 2 Bc 15 1 16 2 1 17 1 1 2 2 18 1 3 Bd 19 4 4 20 4 1 Ca 21 2 8 22 1 23 2 24 3 3 25 1 1 1 26 1 Cb 27 1 1 3 28 1

THE COINAGE OF JOHN BALIOL 113 Alexander III Class J This small group of unusual coins (nine have been examined) is placed here in the sequence on grounds of both style and die links. There is just a single obverse die, reading +0LeX0NDeRDeIGR, with the crown, hair and face punches apparently being those also used for Baliol s Group Bb (see below). It is combined with four reverse dies also used for Baliol s coinage: aj, which is known only for Group Ba; an and aq, which occur in both Ba and Bb; and ar, which is known only for Bb. Group Bb This group, of which twenty-five examples were studied, contains coins of similar style to those of Ba, but with a new crown and a face punch displaying an aquiline nose and a large solid oval eye with a thick crescent above. Four obverse dies are known (11 14), all with slightly different readings. This is the last group in which reversed 3s occur (13 and 14), and the abbreviations GR0C and GR0: occur for the first time. 11 +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR0c 12 +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR0 13 +Ioh033eSDeIGR0 14 +Ioh033eSDeIGR0: Seven reverse dies are used (an and aq, which also occur in Group Ba; and ar av). Die ar was also used for the Alexander III Class J coins, whereas the remainder seem to have been employed for the first time in association with Bb obverses. Twelve of the twenty-five coins are from die at, with the next highest contributor in the sample being as, with four. This die, despite appearing to be early in the die sequence for this Group, was re-used for another four coins in the subsequent Group Bc. The smaller and less well defined mullets which first appeared on dies ak, an and aq are found on all the other dies used for this group as well, again with evidence of damage to some punches. Group Bc This group is characterised by a series of poorly made dies on which the face is in such low relief that it often appears as no more than a silhouette, with the eye sometimes just visible. It may be from the same punch as used in Group Bb, since the same crown, hair and neck punches are also used. Four of these dies are known (15 18), with the first of these bearing a colon stop at the end of the legend, as on die 14. 15 +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR0: 16 +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR0 17 +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR0 18 +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR0 Fourteen coins from these obverse dies have been examined, and all but one are from reverse dies shared with previous groups. Dies as, au and av all appeared first in Group Bb, whilst an, which occurs on a single coin, was also used for Ba, Bb and Alexander III Class J. Dies aw and ax appear for the first time on Bc coins in combination with obverse die 18, which may be assumed to be the latest. Die ax is not used with any other obverse. Group Bd Just two obverse dies (19 20) have been recorded of this type, but with thirteen coins in the sample analysed. The dies feature a new crown, with a tall irregular central fleur. The face

114 THE COINAGE OF JOHN BALIOL appears to be from a new punch, but again it is lightly inserted and may be from either a new punch or a re-used old one. One legend ends with GR and the other with GR0:. 19 +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR 20 +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR0: Three reverse dies are used: aw, which first appeared in Group Bc, but appears to have been used more frequently in Bd if the evidence of this small sample can be believed; and ay and az, which occur for the first time and are found only in combination with Bd obverses. The mullets continue to be comparatively small and rounded, with some of the punches damaged. Group Ca A distinct break in the die chain occurs with the commencement of Group C. The larger section (Ca) embodies a rare case of more obverse than reverse dies. The six obverse dies all feature a rather better standard of workmanship than those of the previous group. The portrait is clear and has a notably protruding chin, and the distinctive crown has a battle-axe central fleur. The legends end in GR (two dies), GR0 (three) and GRAc (one). The first N on die 22 has a horizontal cross-bar, making it look like an H. 21 +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR0 22 +Ioh0HNeSDeIGR0 23 +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR0c 24 +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR 25 +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR 26 +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR0 Four new reverse dies (ba bd) were used in striking the twenty-three coins of Group Ca which have been studied. Dies ba and bb feature new, larger and very sharply pointed mullet punches, whereas those on bc and bd have slightly blunter points, although less rounded than those on dies of Group B. Curiously, one coin from each of obverse dies 25 and 26 features reverse die am, otherwise used only in Group Ba. The reason for the sudden late re-use of this error die is unclear, and obverse die 26 is not known from any other coin. Group Cb This little group, of which only five coins have been studied, features just two obverse dies (27 28), of which the latter is known from only one coin. Both have the same obverse legend, ending in GR, and bear a large portrait with a wide crown and a broad face. 27 +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR 28 +I[oh]0NNeS[D]eIGR Reverse dies ba and bb were also used for this group, as were two further dies (be and bf) which are not otherwise known. Both be and bf feature the same sharply pointed mullets as on ba and bb, and it is therefore possible that Group Cb predated Ca, with be and bf being the earliest dies struck from new punches, along with ba and bb. Both of these could then have continued into Group Ca, for which dies bc and bd were made using slightly degraded mullet punches. Obverse 28 and reverse bf are each known only from the single recorded coin on which they are combined.

THE COINAGE OF JOHN BALIOL 115 First issue: Rex Scotorum halfpennies In contrast to the relative abundance of first issue pennies with REX SCOTORVM reverse, the corresponding halfpennies are extremely rare, with just five specimens being included in this study. Two obverse dies have been recorded (H1, H2): H1 +Ioh033eSDeIGI H2 +Io[ ]eigr0 Since H1 has reversed 3s in the legend, it seems likely to belong with the earlier part of the penny coinage, and the style and workmanship are comparable to Group A. The front fleur of the crown has a neat rectangular rearward projection, but the equivalent foil appears to be missing from the rear fleur. The early placement of these coins is supported by the fact that two of the four recorded as struck from this die have it paired with a reverse die of Alexander III. The other two have the reverse from a die (Ha) reading +Re / XSc / oto / RVM, with a six-pointed mullet in each angle of the cross. Obverse H2 is known from just one coin, on which it is paired with a reverse die (Hb), also known only on this coin, which has six-pointed mullets in the second and fourth quarters only. Only the first two sections of the legend are legible, and these also read +Re / XSc. This coin has been placed here for want of further evidence, but it may be noted that the St Andrews mint halfpenny reverse die SHa also has six-pointed mullets in the second and fourth quarters only. This coin could therefore be seen as a possible early anonymous St Andrews mint issue, by analogy with the Rex Scotorum pennies with 22 point reverse (see below). Second issue: Rex Scotorum pennies The pennies of the second issue are much less numerous than those of the first, with the total studied for the purposes of this paper being eighty-three. This issue has also been divided into groups on stylistic grounds, with the designation, commencing with Group Da, continuing that employed in the earlier issue (see Table 4). Once more it has been possible to put together a fairly convincing possible sequence of issues, but again this should not be regarded as necessarily correct in every detail. It is worth noting that all five groups are discrete in terms of die use, with no links between different groups revealed by this study. All obverses bear the legend +Ioh`NNeSDeIGR` unless otherwise stated, the only common variant noted being the presence or absence of an abbreviation symbol in the form of a bar above the space between R and `. All reverses bear the legend ReX / Sco / ToR / VM+ unless otherwise stated. Group Rev die Obv die TABLE 4. Die-links in second issue Rex Scotorum pennies ------- mullets and stars ------- -------------------------------- four mullets --------------------------------- bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc Da 29 1 30 6 5 3 2 2 1 1 Db 31 1 13 32 1 4 33 4 5 34 3 Ea 35 1 36 2 Eb 37 1 38 4 2 Ec 39 1 2 1 40 4 1 5 2 41 3 2

116 THE COINAGE OF JOHN BALIOL Group Da The defining feature of this group is that the reverse has two five-pointed mullets and two fivepointed stars in alternate angles of the reverse cross, the stars resulting from overpunching on mullets. Twenty-two coins have been examined, but just two obverse dies are known (29 30), the first from a single coin only. Features of these dies include a crown with a foil missing, a face with a prominent chin and the eye in the form of a pellet within a thin oval. The hair has two thick strands, with a small inner curl and a thin horizontal strand at the top. The line of curls below is made up of strokes and pellets. The neck is lightly draped. Seven reverse dies have been recorded (bg bm), and they have been placed in that particular order on the basis of the number of coins recorded from each die, it not being unreasonable to suggest that the earliest dies might have seen the greatest use. Since the only coin from obverse 29 has reverse bg, it may be suggested that this obverse die belongs at the beginning of the series but soon fell out of use. Five of the dies have the mullets in the first and third quarters, but on dies bj and bl they are in the second and fourth. There does not appear to be any significance to this. The remaining groups all comprise coins with four five-pointed mullets on the reverse, and there is no evidence of linking between Da and any subsequent group. Group Db This appears to be the largest group within the second coinage, thirty-one coins having been examined for this study, struck from four obverse dies (31 34) and five reverse dies (bn br). The obverse bust is very similar to that of the previous group. Most of the punches appear to be the same, and although the crown looks more slender, this may be due solely to recutting of the punch or lighter striking into the dies. The combination of obverse 31 and reverse bo occurs on thirteen of the coins examined. Group Ea Just three coins of this type have been examined, from two separate pairs of dies (35/bs and 36/bt). The bust includes a new, taller crown, which characterises all Group E coins, and a new face with pellet eyes. The bushy hair is of similar style to previous groups. The neck is short and narrow, with a slight curve at the back and a space between the truncation and inner circle. Group Eb Another small group, with seven coins examined; this includes obverse die 37, paired on a single coin with reverse die bu, and obverse 38, paired on six coins with reverses bv and bw. The crown is similar to that of Group Ea, but the face has the nose and forehead in a straight line and the hair is more compact. Group Ec This appears to be the latest group, with what seem likely to be privy marks appearing for the first time on a small number of dies. Twenty-one coins were examined, with three obverse dies (39 41) and six reverse dies (bx cc) being represented. The obverse dies are characterised by a wider face and neck with bushier hair, but frequently with little detail being visible. The crown is similar to that of Groups Ea and Eb. Die 40 has a trefoil of pellets in the legend between I and o, and on die 41 a similar mark appears between ` and N. Reverse die cb has R`+ in the last quarter of the legend, and cc has a trefoil of pellets after Sco. This reverse die appears in combination only with the two obverse dies on which the trefoil also appears, whereas these two obverses are also combined with reverse dies without the trefoil.

THE COINAGE OF JOHN BALIOL 117 Second issue: Rex Scotorum halfpennies In comparison with those of the first issue, second issue halfpennies are comparatively numerous, with twenty-five specimens being available for this study. Six obverse dies (H3 H8) were encountered, along with eleven reverse dies (Hc Hm) (see Table 5). All the obverse dies read +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR~0, and the order in which they have been arranged is based solely on placing die H3, from which the largest number of coins in the survey (eight) were struck, at the beginning of the series and creating a chain of die links from there. Reverse dies Hc to Hj all read ReX / Sco / ToR / VM+, but Hk and Hl have VR+ in the fourth quarter, and Hm has VII+. All the dies have six-pointed mullets in alternate angles of the cross, these being in the first and third quarters on dies Hc Hf, Hk and Hl, and in the second and fourth quarters on Hg Hi and Hm. There seems to be no significance to the placing of the mullets. The sequence suggested in Table 5 looks fairly convincing, except possibly for the re-use of reverse die He with obverse H6, but again it should not be taken as definite evidence of an order of striking. TABLE 5. Die-links in second issue Rex Scotorum halfpennies Rev die Hc Hd He Hf Hg Hh Hi Hj Hk Hl Hm Obv die H3 4 4 H4 1 2 1 1 1 H5 3 1 1 1 H6 1 1 H7 2 H8 1 There is a suggestion that extra marks may have been added to reverse die Hh. One coin in the National Museum of Scotland collection, from an uncertain obverse die, seems to have a large pellet beside the mullet in the fourth quarter, and an oval mark beside the mullet in the second quarter. The pellet is also apparently present on a second coin, in the Stewartby collection, but on this coin the second quarter is unclear. These marks may result from damage to the die rather than from deliberate alteration, but their presence should be noted in case the discovery of a coin in better condition can shed more light on this. Second issue: Rex Scotorum farthing A single example of a farthing of this coinage is known to exist, found in Suffolk in 1997 and now in the Stewartby collection. The obverse reads +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR0, and the reverse [ ] / [ ]o / ToR / VM+, and there is a five-pointed mullet in each angle of the cross. Clearly there is little more that can be said about this issue at present, except to express the hope that other examples may come to light to aid further study. St Andrews mint pennies: first and second issues As stated above, the products of the St Andrews mint are here treated as a single series. Although the same clear stylistic differences between the first and second issues exist here as on the Rex Scotorum coins, there is no evidence of a break in production. There are numerous mules with obverses of the first issue combined with reverse dies of the second, and a continuous sequence of die links can be constructed for the entire coinage (see Table 6). Fifteen obverse dies have been recorded, of which twelve belong to the first issue. All of these twelve bear the legend +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR0 unless otherwise stated below. Of the three secondissue dies, the earliest has the experimental reading + : I : DI : GR` : ScoToRVM : RX, but the other two show a reversion to the normal reading, albeit with colon stops between the words +Ioh`NNeS : DeI : GR`. Of the seventeen reverse dies, thirteen belong to the first issue and four to the second. Again it must be emphasised that the sequence illustrated in Table 6 should not be taken as evidence of any definite order of striking, but it has been

118 THE COINAGE OF JOHN BALIOL constructed on the basis of two aspects of the coinage which may arguably be accepted as likely to constitute reliable evidence. At the head of the sequence have been placed the coins without mint name but with two five-pointed and two six-pointed mullets (22 points) on the reverse, as on all the named St Andrews issues. One of the obverses used for these coins is also paired with a reverse die (ay) which belongs to the normal first issue Rex Scotorum coinage, suggesting that this was used pending the production of first the anonymous St Andrews reverse dies and then those with mint name. The obverse dies which are combined with second issue reverses have naturally been placed at the end of the first issue, and the sequence of die links illustrated in Table 6 forms a chain between these two fixed points. Observation of the details of the various punches used seems to allow the possibility that this sequence is broadly correct. TABLE 6. Die-links in first and second issue St Andrews pennies ---------------------------------- First issue ----------------------------------- --- Second issue -- Rev ay Sa Sb Sc Sd Se Sf Sg Sh Si Sj Sk Sl Sm Sn So Sp Sq die Group Obv die First SAa S1 1 2 issue SAb S2 1 SBa S3 3 S4 1 2 1 SBb S5 1 3 SBc S6 1 2 S7 1 SC S8 1 2 2 S9 4 S10 3 4 1 2 S11 7 S12 3 4 7 5 Second SDa S13 7 issue SDb S14 2 2 S15 1 3 Group SAa This group includes just a single obverse die (S1), the punches used for which are the same as those for Group Bd, now apparently in a worn condition. It is paired with two reverse dies, one of which is ay, also used for coins of Group Bd. This would appear to constitute some evidence for the relative chronology of the commencement of the St Andrews coinage. The other reverse die (Sa) is one of the two known with 22 points and Rex Scotorum legend. The legend reads +Re / XSc / oto / RVH, and the six-point mullets are in the first and third quarters. There are flaws beside the mullets in the second and fourth quarters. Group SAb Within the confines of this study this group comprises just a single coin, the reverse of which is from die Sa, also used for Group SAa coins. The obverse die (S2) has stylistic affinities with some of those in the 24-point series, but no firm association has been noted. The crown is neat, with shapely petals to the fleurs. The face, on which the nose is breaking away, may be from the same punch as S1, but the hair is from a new punch and the neck is unclear. Group SBa The seven coins in this group are struck from two obverse dies (S3, S4), which feature new face and hair punches which seem to be used for all subsequent dies of the St Andrews first issue coinage. The face may be described as more compact and chubbier than that appearing

THE COINAGE OF JOHN BALIOL 119 previously. The crown is also compact, with a plain band without ornaments. Obverse S3 has been found only in combination with reverse Sb, which is the second of the 22-point Rex Scotorum dies. The legend reads as that of Sa, but the last letter appears to have a broken crossbar, and the six-point mullets are now in the second and fourth quarters. Obverse S4 is paired with both Sa and Sb, as well as with the first of the dies bearing the St Andrews name, here designated Sc. The legend reads civ / IT0 / SS0 / NDR, and the six-point mullets are in the first and third quarters. This die has not so far been found in combination with any other obverse die. Group SBb The four coins in this group were struck from a single obverse die (S5), featuring a tall, slender crown and probably a new neck punch. This is used in combination with reverse die Sb, as well as with a new St Andrews die, Sd, which reads civi / T0S / S0N / DRe and has the six-point mullets in the first and third quarters. Group SBc The two obverse dies belonging to this group (S6, S7) are similar to S5 and may feature the same crown, rather more strongly impressed, as well as face and hair punches. The neck punch is not very clear but is not the same as that used for S5. Obverse S6 is found combined with the same two reverses as S5 (Sb and Sd), but S7 has so far been identified only on a single coin where it is paired with a new St Andrews die (Se). This has the same legend and mullet positions as Sd. Group SC This is a comparatively large group, from which thirty-three coins have been examined, struck from five obverse dies (S8 S12). These all feature the same crown, which may be a worn version of that used in the previous group and which appears to have become more damaged with continued use. The same face and hair punches continued in use, with the hair punch possibly having been recut prior to the manufacture of die S12. The legends on dies S10 S12 end with GR, and S11 has reversed 3s. The only die link between Group SC and previous groups is provided by a single coin on which obverse S8 is paired with reverse Sd. A further eight reverse dies (Sf Sm) appear for the first time in this group. Dies Sf, Sh, Si and Sj all read civi / T0S / S0N / DRe and have the sixpoint mullets in the second and fourth quarters. Die Sm is similar, but the N is unbarred (II), whereas Sg reads civ / IT0 / SS0 / NDR. Die Sl has the six-point mullets in the first and third quarters and reads as Sf etc. but with reversed 3. It is notable that obverse S11 and reverse Sl, both with reversed 3, are paired on seven of the coins examined in this study, suggesting short-lived errors by one particular die-sinker. Reverse die Sk is unique in having six-point mullets in three of the quarters, with a five-point mullet in the second only. The reading is as Sf etc. First/second issue mules Twelve of the coins which have been studied a fairly surprising fifteen per cent of the total for the St Andrews mint are mules between the two issues, all being struck from obverse die S12 in combination with two reverse dies (Sn and So), details of which are given below. The fact that these coins are so numerous would certainly seem to suggest that minting at St Andrews must have continued more or less without interruption. The new die-sinkers who were presumably responsible for the second issue appear to have concentrated initially on the production of new reverse dies, which were immediately put into use in combination with an older obverse die until it in turn could be replaced. This obverse must certainly have been

120 THE COINAGE OF JOHN BALIOL subject to fairly prolonged use, to judge by the number of coins (nineteen) on which it occurs in the sample studied. A study of the second issue pennies of St Andrews, including the mules discussed above, was published by the late W.B. Ferguson in 2000. 7 Our study of this coinage has confirmed the accuracy and comprehensiveness of Ferguson s work, with just two coins unknown to him having been added to the corpus in the intervening period. Cross-references to Ferguson s die terminology are included below. Group SDa This group contains seven coins struck from a single abnormal obverse die (S13 = Ferguson A) in combination with a single reverse die (Sn = Ferguson A). The obverse die reads +:I:DI:GR`:ScoToRVM:RX, and the bust includes a tall crown, long face and wire-line hair of three strands. The reverse reads civi / T`S / S`N / DRee, and has six-pointed stars in the first and third quarters and five-pointed mullets in the second and fourth. Group SDb This comprises eight coins struck from two obverse dies (S14, S15) and three reverse dies (So Sq). Both obverse dies read +Ioh`NNeS:DeI:GR`. The bust is similar in style to that on die S13, but from different punches. The three reverse dies all read as die Sn, except for the fact that So has H instead of N. Dies So and Sq have the six-pointed stars in the first and third quarters, whereas Sp has the five-pointed mullets in these positions. Obverse S14 (= Ferguson B) is found paired with reverses So and Sp (= Ferguson B and C respectively), with S15 (= Ferguson C) paired with Sp and Sq (= Ferguson D). St Andrews mint halfpennies: first and second issues Halfpennies of this mint appear to be very rare, with just eight specimens in all having been located for study. Of these, six belong to the first issue, with two obverse and two reverse dies being represented. Obverse SH1, reading +Ioh0NNeSDeIGR0, is found paired on four coins with reverse die SHa. This reads civ / IT0 / S0N / DRe, and has six-pointed mullets in the second and fourth angles of the cross, the others being blank. The same reverse is paired on one coin with obverse die SH2, which appears to have the legend in the same form as SH1, but the SD is not legible. A further coin sees obverse SH1 combined with another reverse die (SHb), otherwise unrecorded, which reads civi / T0S / S0N / DRe and has five-pointed stars or mullets in the third and presumably also first angles of the cross. Unfortunately this coin is known only from images posted on a dealer s website in 2007 and kindly forwarded by Ronald Kirton. It is clearly an important coin, but its present location is unknown. Just two St Andrews halfpennies of the second issue are known, both from the same die combination. Obverse SH3, reading +Ioh0NNeS:[ ]:GR0, is combined with reverse SHc, which reads civi / T0S / S0N / DRee and has six-pointed stars in the first and third angles of the cross. Both readings are slightly uncertain, with the first stop on the obverse being only partially visible and the last letter on the reverse possibly being a stop instead. CORPUS OF COINS In the Corpus the numbers, from 1 to 349, refer to individual specimens, and the coins are listed in order of group and die combination. Main groups (for pennies only) are denoted by capital letters in italics, thus Group A, Group B, etc. for the Rex Scotorum coins, Group SA, Group SB, etc. for St Andrews coins. Sub-groups are distinguished by added small italic letters, thus Group Aa (Rex Scotorum) or Group SAa (St Andrews). Otherwise the use of italics is confined to reverses. Individual obverse dies are denoted by plain numbers (1, 2, etc) for Rex Scotorum pence, and by S numbers for St Andrews (S1, S2, etc.). Similarly, obverse dies for halfpence are given plain numbers 7 Ferguson 2000.

THE COINAGE OF JOHN BALIOL 121 prefixed by H, thus H1, H2, etc. for Rex Scotorum, and SH, e.g. SH1, SH2, etc. for St Andrews. Rex Scotorum reverse penny dies are given two-letter labels, from aa, ab, etc. to be, bf for the first issue, and bg to cb, cc for the second. For halfpenny Rex Scotorum dies the sequence is from Ha to Hm. St Andrews reverse dies for pence run from Sa to Sq, and for halfpence from SHa to SHc. The following abbreviations have been used to designate the location of each coin or, where this is not known, the source of the images which have been studied: AM = Ashmolean Museum; BM = British Museum; FM = Fitzwilliam Museum; HM = Hunterian Museum; NMS = National Museum of Scotland; RK = Ronald Kirton research archive; S = Stewartby collection. Museum registration numbers are included where these are known, as are details of original source and/or previous ownership and previous publication. Burns = Burns 1887; Richardson = Richardson 1901; SCBI 35 = Bateson and Mayhew 1987. Where the source of a coin is a named collector and/ or auction, details are available in Manville and Robertson 1986. Weights of individual coins have not been given. The standards of weight (and fineness) of the Baliol coinage were unchanged from those which pertained under Alexander III. This can be verified from the catalogues of numerous published hoards containing pennies of both monarchs (e.g Renfrew 1963, 8 Loch Doon, Ayrshire, 1966 9 or Ednam, Roxburghshire, 1995 10 ). First issue, Rex Scotorum pennies Group A No. Dies 1 1/Alex III E NMS, H.C1489; ex Montrave hoard, 1877; Burns 2a, fig. 211A; Richardson 4, fig. 23 2 S; ex F. Baldwin 3 AM; SCBI 35, no. 298 4 2/Alex III E S 5 2/aa NMS, H.C16725; Burns 2, fig. 211 6 S 7 2/ab NMS, H.C1487; ex Montrave hoard, 1877; Richardson 3 8 HM; ex Dr William Hunter collection; SCBI 35, no. 304 9 2/ac NMS, H.C4199; ex Mellendean hoard, 1911 10 S; ex Davidson 11 2/ad BM, 1989.12.1.5; ex Amble hoard 12 3/ae BM, 1911.2.1; ex Mellendean hoard, 1911 13 BM, 1989.12.1.6; ex Amble hoard Group Ba 14 4/Alex III E S; ex P. Thorburn; ex Cochran-Patrick, lot 174; Stewart 1971, p. 280 and Pl. XVII, no. 23b 15 4/af NMS, H.C16729; Burns 6, not illus. 16 NMS, H.C1499; ex Craigengillan (Carsphairn) hoard, 1913 17 number not used 18 S 19 BM, 1936.1.9; ex Boyton hoard, 1935, 152 20 FM 21 4?/af RK 22 4/ah NMS, H.C1494 23 S; ex Ednam hoard 1995; Holmes 1996, 58, no. 1412 24 RK 25 RK 26 4/ai S; ex W. Elliott 27 4/aj S 28 4/ak S; ex Parsons 710 29 4/al S ; ex Parsons 710 30 4/am NMS, H.C1495; ex Loch Doon hoard, 1966; Woodhead et al. 1969, 48, no. 1841 and Pl. I, no. 24 31 5/ag NMS, H.C1483; Richardson 1 32 S; ex Dakers 330 (Daniels 1928) 33 S; ex Wills 172 34 S 35 BM, 1976.1.3.80; ex Middridge hoard 36 RK 8 Woodhead and Stewart 1966. 9 Woodhead, Stewart and Tatler 1969. 10 Holmes 1996.

122 THE COINAGE OF JOHN BALIOL 37 5/ag? S 38 5/ai NMS, H.C9802 39 S 40 5/ak S; ex Ednam hoard 1995; Holmes 1996, 58, no. 1419 41 5/am HM; found near Cambuskenneth Abbey; SCBI 35, no. 303 42 6/ah NMS, H.C16726; Burns 3, fig. 212 43 S; ex J.K.R. Murray 117; ex Oman 391 44 6/aj S; ex Davidson 45 RK 46 6/al S; ex Ednam hoard 1995; Holmes 1996, 58, no. 1418 47 6/ao S; ex W. Elliott 48 7/ak S; ex F. Baldwin 49 FM 50 8/an NMS, H.C1493; Richardson 7 51 9/ap NMS, H.C4140 52 BM, 1906.11.3.4481 53 10/an NMS, H.C16728; Burns 5, not illus. 54 NMS, H.C4200; ex Loch Doon hoard, 1966; Woodhead et al 1969, 49, no. 1845 and Pl. I, no. 28 55 S; ex Drabble 1184 56 10/aq AM; ex Browne Willis; SCBI 35, no. 301 Alexander III class J (one obverse die) 57 rev. aj S 58 Bowers and Ruddy sale, 19 February 1976 ( Dundee collection ), lot 20; present whereabouts unknown 59 rev. an NMS, H.C1367; Richardson Add. 106 60 NMS, H.C1368; ex Kinghornie hoard, 1893 61 RK; metal-detector find, Suffolk, 2008 62 rev. aq S; ex F. Baldwin 63 S 64 rev. ar NMS, H.C16714; Burns 79, fig. 209 65 S Group Bb 66 11/an S 67 11/aq S 68 11/ar S; ex W.C. Boyd 1197 (Baldwin sale 26 September 2005); bt. W.S. Lincoln 1899 69 11/as NMS, H.C16724; Burns 1b, fig. 210B 70 NMS, H.C1485; ex Montrave hoard, 1877; Richardson 2 71 NMS, K.1997.322; ex Ednam hoard, 1995; Holmes 1996, 58, no. 1410 72 S 73 12/at BM, 1926.1.13.119; ex Newminster hoard, 1925 74 13/at NMS, K.1997.324; ex Ednam hoard, 1995; Holmes 1996, 58, no. 1422 75 S; ex Dakers 330 (Sotheby sale 1935, lot 124) 76 S; ex Davidson 77 AM; ex Hird; SCBI 35, no. 300 78 BM, 1915.5.7.2084; ex Tutbury hoard, 1831 79 BM, E2425 80 RK 81 13/au NMS, H.C16723; Burns 1a, fig. 210A 82 S; ex Davidson 83 BM, 1926.1.13.117; ex Newminster hoard, 1925 84 14/at NMS, H.C16722; Burns 1, fig. 210 85 NMS, A.1925.432 86 S; ex Ednam hoard, 1995; Holmes 1996, 58, no. 1421 87 RK 88 14/au S; ex Davidson 89 14/av S; ex J.K.R. Murray 117; ex Oman 391 90 RK Group Bc 91 15/as S; ex F. Baldwin 92 16/as S; ex Davidson 93 BM, 1926.1.13.116; ex Newminster hoard, 1925

THE COINAGE OF JOHN BALIOL 123 94 16/av NMS, H.C1497; Richardson 8 95 17/an S; ex Winstanley 96 17/as S 97 17/au NMS, H.C1501; ex Loch Doon hoard, 1966; Woodhead et al. 1969, 49, no. 1844 and Pl. I. no. 27 98 S 99 17/av NMS, H.C1498;? ex Montrave hoard, 1877 100 S; ex Dakers; from Clark 1926 101 18/aw S 102 18/ax NMS, H.C1484 103 NMS, H.C1500; ex Loch Doon hoard, 1966; Woodhead et al. 1969, 48, no. 1843 and Pl. I, no. 26 104 RK Group Bd 105 19/aw S; ex Dakers 330 (Sotheby December 1929) 106 S 107 AM; ex Hird; SCBI 35, no. 299 108 RK 109 19/ay NMS, H.C1491; Richardson 6 110 NMS, H.C1492; ex Craigengillan (Carsphairn) hoard, 1913 111 S; ex Ednam hoard 1995; Holmes 1996, 58, no. 1416 112 RK 113 20/ay NMS, H.C1496; ex Loch Doon hoard, 1966; Woodhead et al. 1969, 48, no. 1842 and Pl. I, no. 25 114 S; ex Dakers 330 115 BM, 1936.1.9; ex Boyton hoard, 1935, 151 116 RK 117 20/az S; ex Alex Hannah sale, CNG/Seaby 11 June 1994, lot 557 Group Ca 118 21/ba S 119 BM, 1936.1.9; ex Boyton hoard, 1935, 150 120 21/bb NMS, H.C1488 121 NMS, H.C4138 122 S 123 S 124 AM; ex Stewart; SCBI 35, no. 302 125 BM, 1926.1.13.118; ex Newminster hoard, 1925 126 RK 127 RK 128 22/bb BM, 1936.1.9; ex Boyton hoard, 1935,149 129 23/bc NMS, H.C1486; ex Craigengillan (Carsphairn) hoard, 1913 130 S 131 24/bc NMS, H.C1490; Richardson 5 132 S 133 RK 134 24/bd NMS, H.C16727; Burns 4, not illus. 135 NMS, K.1997.323; ex Ednam hoard, 1995; Holmes 1996, 58 and Pl. 6, no. 1411 136 S; ex J.J. North 137 25/am S; ex W. Elliott; ex Lockett; ex Murdoch 138 25/bc S; ex W. Elliott 139 RK 140 RK 141 25/bd S; ex Weber de Vore 142 26/am NMS, H.C16730; Burns 7, not illus. Group Cb 143 27/ba S; ex Drabble 1184 144 27/bb S 145 27/be NMS, H.C16731; Burns 8, fig. 213 146 NMS, H.C4139 147 S 148 28/bf S; ex Ednam hoard 1995; Holmes 1996, 58, no. 1415