Science, Technology & Innovation Indicators Adnan Badran NASIC Conference cum Workshop on Herbal Drug Development for Socio-economic Uplift in Developing World The University of Jordan, September 6-8, 2015
For Science and technology and Innovation, basic education is prerequisite for a sound higher education and R&D for development, it should achieve Education for All: GOAL 1: Early childhood care & education Improving comprehensive early childhood care & education. GOAL 2: Universal primary education Ensuring that by 2015 all children, have access to and complete free and compulsory primary education of good quality. GOAL 3: Youth & Adult skills Learning needs of all young people and adults are met appropriate learning and life skills programs. GOAL 4: Adult literacy Improvement in levels of adult literacy by 2015, especially for women. GOAL 5: Gender equality Eliminating gender disparities in primary and secondary education by 2005. GOAL 6: Quality of Education Improving all aspects of the quality of education and ensuring excellence. 2
SCIENCE Indicators 3
Expenditure Indicators 4
The United States remains the world s largest R&D investor $465 Billion spending in 2014. This is a globally competitive level of research intensity equal to 2.8% of U.S. GDP Total investment in R&D (as a percentage of GDP) stay relatively steady throughout the world in 2014 2012 2013 2014 AMERICAS 2.5% 2.4% 2.5% ASIA 1.8% 1.9% 1.9% EUROPE 1.9% 1.9% 1.8% REST OF WORLD 0.9% 0.9% 0.9% 5
US $ Billion GDP growth in Asia will continue to drive higher in absolute levels of gross expenditure on R&D. Asia (20 countries) Americas (21) Europe (34) Rest of World (36) Source: Battelle & R&D Magazine 6
Expenditures for R&D in selected countries (as a percentage of GDP) 2005-2012 Israel Finland Japan Germany United States Iceland Australia France Singapore China Canada United Kingdom Italy Brazil Turkey India South Africa 0.86 0.81 0.76 1.27 1.21 2.92 2.79 2.6 2.39 2.26 2.1 1.98 1.73 1.72 3.55 3.39 3.93 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 as a % of GDP Source: 2015 World Development Indicators- World Bank 7
Expenditures for R&D in the Arab World (as a percentage of GDP) 2005-2012 as a % of GDP 1.2 1.1 1 0.8 0.73 0.6 0.4 0.43 0.43 0.49 0.2 0.03 0.07 0.09 0 Iraq Saudi Arabia Kuwait Egypt Jordan United Arab Emirates Morocco Tunisia Source: 2015 World Development Indicators- World Bank 8
Expenditures for R&D: Selected regions (as a percentage of GDP) 2005-2012 Euro Area World East Asia & Pacific 1.98 2.14 2.13 Latin America & Caribbean South Asia Europe & Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 0.87 0.76 0.66 0.58 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Source: 2015 World Development Indicators- World Bank 9
GDP per capita in U.S. dollars Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in selected global regions at current prices in 2014 (in U.S. dollars) 60000 54,198.68 50000 40000 39,567.9 36,317.78 30000 25,592.35 20000 10000 10,125.59 9,463.06 7,574.29 1,795.97 1,541.11 0 North America Euro area EU Europe & Latin America Central Asia & Caribbean East Asia & Pacific Arab World Africa Sub- Sahara South Asia Source: www.statista.com 10
Drug Development Costs Have Increased According to a 2014 study, it costs an average of $2.6 billion to develop one new drug. Less than 12% of the candidate that make it into phase I clinical trials will be approved by the FDA. The average cost to develop one new approved drug- including the cost of failures (Constant 2013 Dollars) Source: Tufts CSDD10 11
U.S U.S U.S U.S Global Global Global Global US $ billion CHEMISTRY AND ADVANCED MATERIALS Factors Driving R&D Investment Like most industries, resources to fund R&D activities are strongly connected to industry bottom lines. As the markets for chemical and advanced materials products have rebounded post-recession, investments in industry R&D also have increased. These investments are directly tied to developing new, market-leading chemicals and materials for which higher margins can be achieved. 50 40 Chemicals & Advanced Mat ls Industry R&D Spending 39.3 43 43.3 45.3 30 20 10 10.7 11.5 11.8 12.2 Source: Battelle/R&D Magazine estimates 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 12
Corporate leaders in ICT R&D investment The U.S. leadership in ICT R&D remains strong, with both Intel and Microsoft exceeding US$10 billion in 2012 R&D investment, and Google s and Intel s R&D investments growing by 40% and 27%, respectively, in each of the last two years. The innovation and R&D intensive nature of the global ICT industry is evident with all of the U.S. and global leasers firms exceeding 5% and Intel reaching 19%. Source: Battelle/R&D Magazine, Schonfeld & Associates, European Commission-JRC/EIRI 13
Corporate leaders in Chemical and materials R&D The diverse nature of the global chemicals and advanced materials R&D is reflected in the chart. The largest U.S. firm, DuPont, though currently smaller than both Bayer and BASF, has been growing at an annual average rate nearing 15% over the past two years. Beyond DuPont, the remaining Top 5 U.S. firms all have experienced growth over the last two years. At around 8% of sales, Bayer has the highest R&D intensity among large chemical companies. Source: Battelle/R&D Magazine, Schonfeld & Associates, European Commission-JRC/EIRI 14
Research Indicators 15
RESEARCHERS IN R&D (per million people) Researchers in R&D are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, or systems and in the management of the projects concerned. Postgraduate PhD students engaged in R&D are included. TECHNICIANS IN R&D (per million people) Technicians in R&D and equivalent staff are people whose main tasks require technical knowledge and experience in engineering, physical and life sciences (technicians), or social sciences and humanities (equivalent staff). They participate in R&D by performing scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts and operational methods, normally under the supervision of researchers. Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics. 16
Research and Development (R&D) in selected countries Researchers &Technicians (full-time equivalent per million people (2005-2012) US united kingdom Turkey South Africa Singapore Japan Italy Israel India Iceland Germany France Finland China Canada Brazil Australia 1,169 173 987 105 364 462 564 0 1,820 1,737 103 160 1,876 1,683 1,868 0 0 1,020 1,481 656 710 1,120 3,979 4,024 4,139 3,918 4,563 4,280 5,158 6,438 6,602 7,012 7,482 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 Technicians full-time equivalent per million people Researchers full-time equivalent per million people Source: 2015 World Development Indicators- World Bank 17
Research and Development (R&D) in the Arab World Researchers &Technicians (full-time equivalent per million people (2005-2012) 2,000 1,800 1,837 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 864 524 426 277 61 132 26 53 43 Egypt Iraq Kuwait Morocco Tunisia Researchers full-time equivalent per million people Technicians full-time equivalent per million people Source: 2015 World Development Indicators- World Bank 18
Research and Development (R&D) in selected regions Researchers &Technicians (full-time equivalent per million people (2005-2012) 3,500 3,277 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,510 1,285 Researchers 1,000 500 0 1,020 956 East Asia & Pacific 183 Europe & Central Asia 507 443 Latin America & Caribbean 631 Middle East &North Africa 159 103 South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Euro area World Researchers full-time equivalent per million people Technicians full-time equivalent per million people Source: 2015 World Development Indicators- World Bank 19
Percentage of R&D spending Percentage of global research and development spending in 2014, by industry 30 25 20 15 10 5 25.9 21.1 16.2 10.7 9.2 6.5 5.0 3.3 2.1 0 Computing & Eectronics Healthcare Auto Industrials Software & Internet Chemicals & Energy Other Aerospace & Defense Telecom Source: www.statista.com 20
as a share of GDP Government-funded research performed in the higher education sector 2008 by selected countries worldwide (as a share of GDP) 0.7 0.6 0.61 0.58 0.5 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.39 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.32 0.29 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.12 0.07 0.04 0 Source: www.statista.com 21
Percentage change in business-funded research for the higher education sector by selected countries from 2000 to 2008 Percentage change 0.0% 50.0% 100.0% 150.0% 200.0% 250.0% 300.0% 350.0% Hungary China Iceland Taiwan Israel Austria Russia Spain Australia Switzerland Portugal Slovenia Finland Estonia Netherlands 119% 110% 96% 91% 80% 75% 74% 70% 157% 156% 151% 180% 210% 283% 296% Source: www.statista.com 22
Percentage of researchers Percentage of researchers with dual relationships at selected pharmaceutical companies as of 2014 18.0% 16.0% 15.7% 15.1% 14.9% 14.0% 12.0% 10.0% 12.7% 10.2% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% 7.9% 7.7% 7.6% 6.7% Source: www.statista.com 23
Global Researcher Survey Demographics Basic Research Applied research Development Consulting & Other Total Academia/University 29% 25% 1% 1% 56% Research Institute 9% 8% 1% 1% 19% Government 1% 3% 0% 0% 4% Domestic Corp. 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% Multinational Corp. 1% 7% 3% 1% 12% Other Organizations 1% 2% 0% 0% 3% Total 41% 47% 7% 5% 100% Source: Battelle, R&D Magazine 24
Global Research Future Sustainable Funding Source: Battelle, R&D Magazine 25
BROAD FACTORS INFLUENCING RESEARCH % of Total respondents Government s understanding of Science & technology issues 38% Sustainable development 32% Demand for renewable /sustainable energy 31% Climate change/global warming 30% Healthcare for the aging 27% Citizens understanding of science & technology issues 24% Constrained national budgets 21% Environmental clean-up/remediation 21% Global population growth 18% Global food supply 16% Source: Battelle, R&D Magazine 26
Challenges Identifies by Researchers % of Total respondents U.S Non-US Limited External Funding 36% 29% Limited Internal Budget 26% 25% Lack of Time to be creative/innovative 26% 24% Lack of long Term Budget/Perspective 25% 24% Travel Restrictions/Lack of Funding 21% 16% Prioritizing Research Efforts 15% Assembling a Strong Research Team 14% 20% Competition 14% Translating Research into Products 10% 15% Finding New Collaborators 17% Skilled Worker Shortages 16% Source: Battelle, R&D Magazine 27
Non-U.S U.S. Collaboration Patterns Among Companies & Institutions Collaboration Partner Academia Research institute Government Domestic corporation Multinational Corp None Academia 91% 40% 42% 23% 25% 4% Domestic Corp. 56% 28% 32% 44% 36% 8% Multinational Corp. 71% 31% 33% 35% 56% 13% Government 87% 53% 67% 53% 33% 0% Research Institute 96% 61% 48% 30% 26% 0% U.S. Total 86% 39% 41% 28% 30% 5% Academia 87% 55% 21% 32% 30% 3% Domestic Corp. 67% 48% 38% 52% 38% 0% Multinational Corp. 73% 47% 19% 29% 56% 10% Government 77% 55% 55% 32% 14% 9% Research Institute 74% 60% 25% 32% 30% 6% Non- U.S. Total 80% 55% 25% 32% 33% 5% All respondents total 82% 48% 32% 30% 32% 5% Source: Battelle, R&D Magazine 28
Expenditure (in billion U.S. dollars) Ranking of the 20 companies with the highest spending on research and development in 2014 (in billion U.S. dollars) 16 14 13.5 13.4 12 10.6 10.4 10 9.9 10 8 9.1 8.2 8 7.5 7.2 7 6.7 6.6 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.1 5.9 6 4 2 0 Source: www.statista.com 29
Nobel Prizes in Science & Medicine European and U.S. shares accommodating emerging regions Source: Battelle & R&D Magazine 30
Scientific Publications Indicators 31
SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL JOURNAL ARTICLES Scientific and technical journal articles refer to the number of scientific and engineering articles published in the following fields: physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research, engineering and technology, and earth and space sciences. Source: National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators 32
US China Japan Germany united kingdom France Canada Italy India Australia Brazil Turkey Israel Finland Singapore South Africa Iceland Number of Scientific & Technical Journal articles in selected countries 2011 3125 258 8328 6,096 4,878 4,543 13148 26,503 22481 20,603 31,686 29,017 47,106 46,259 46,035 89,894 208,601 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 Source: 2015 World Development Indicators- World Bank 33
Number of Scientific & Technical Journal articles in the Arab World 2011 3000 2500 2515 2000 1500 1000 1016 1491 500 0 18 33 69 96 110 111 202 251 324 342 386 Libya Yemen Sudan Iraq Syria Qatar Kuwait Lebanon United Arab Emirates Jordan Morocco Tunisia Saudi Arabia Egypt Source: 2015 World Development Indicators- World Bank 34
Number of Scientific & Technical Journal articles 2011 in selected regions 900000 842,756 800000 700000 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 176646 100000 0 5475 13691 15022 19129 24249 Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East &North Africa Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean South Asia 95437 East Asia & Pacific Euro area World Source: 2015 World Development Indicators- World Bank 35
Percentage of worldwide scientific publications by country 2004-2008 Percentage of scientific publications 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0% 40.0% USA 21% Japan Great Britain Germany 6% 6% 7% France 4% China 10% Italy Canada 3% 4% Russia % Spain India 2% 3% Other 34% Source: www.statista.com 36
Share of publications Distribution of biomedical science publications worldwide in 2011, by region 40.0% 35.0% 36.6% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 28.7% 10.0% 7.9% 8% 7% 8.8% 5.0% 0.0% 2.4% 0.6% Brazil China Germany Japan Singapore United Kingdom United States Rest of world Source: www.statista.com 37
TECHNOLOGY INDICATORS 38
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US $ million High technology exports in selected countries (US $ million 2013) High technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery. Data are in current U.S. dollars 600000 560058 500000 400000 300000 200000 193088 100000 105076 113000 135602 147833 0 93 2177 2217 3725 4565 8392 9635 16693 24216 29137 29752 Source: 2015 World Development Indicators- World Bank 40
High technology exports in the Arab World US $ million 2013 High technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery. Data are in current U.S. dollars Morocco Tunisia Saudi Arabia Kuwait Jordan Egypt United Arab Emirates Lebanon Syria Qatar Yemen 4 3 84 78 70 67 41 38 288 616 950 0 200 400 600 800 1000 US $ million Source: 2015 World Development Indicators- World Bank 41
World High technology exports in selected regions US $ million 2013 High technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery. Data are in current U.S. dollars 2000000 1800000 1600000 1400000 1200000 1000000 1989837 800000 600000 482,167 400000 200000 2543 12869 13299 56951 0 Middle East & North America Europe & Central Asia South Asia Latin America & Caribbean Euro Area World Source: 2015 World Development Indicators- World Bank 42
% of manufactured exports 50 45 High technology exports in selected countries (% of manufactured exports) 2013 High technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinists, and electrical machinery. 47 40 35 30 25 25.8 27 20 15 12.9 14.1 15.5 15.6 16.1 16.8 17.8 10 5 1.9 5.5 7.2 7.3 7.6 8.1 9.6 0 Source: 2015 World Development Indicators- World Bank 43
High technology exports in the Arab World (% of manufactured exports) 2013 High technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinists, and electrical machinery. Morocco Tunisia Lebanon Jordan Kuwait Syria Sudan Saudi Arabia Egypt Yemen Qatar 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.1 1.4 1.3 1.6 2.2 4.9 6.6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Source: 2015 World Development Indicators- World Bank 44
% of manufactured exports High technology exports 2013 In selected regions (% of manufactured exports) High technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinists, and electrical machinery. 30 26.7 25 20 15.8 17 15 10 5 2.2 4.1 7.5 9.3 12.2 0 Middle East & North America Sub -Saharan Africa South Asia Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean Euro Area World East Asia & Pacific Source: 2015 World Development Indicators- World Bank 45
INNOVATION INDICATORS 46
Sources of Innovation Source: Battelle/R&D Magazine survey 47
Leading indicators of Innovation China is rapidly gaining in patent applications and scientific publications Source: WIPO; Nature Publishing Index 48
PATENT INDICATORS 49
Domestic and foreign patent applications filed in selected countries India Brazil Russia China Canada United States Germany Japan South korea Patent applications filed per one million people 17 34 237 541 748 910 2288 3716 4451 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 Source: Compiled by the Nature magazine, May 2015 50
Distribution of biotechnology patents filed between 2010 &2012, by selected countries Share of countries in patents 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0% 40.0% 45.0% United States 40.94% EU28 26.05% Japan 11.45% BRIICS** Germany Korea France China United Kingdom Canada Netherlands Switzerland Spain Denmark Australia 6.58% 6.25% 4.86% 4.74% 4.4% 3.81% 2.39% 2% 1.78% 1.64% 1.63% 1.54% Source: www.statista.com 51
Patent Applications filed PATENT APPLICATIONS, RESIDENTS Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office for exclusive rights for an invention product or process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of the patent for a limited period, generally 20 years. PATENT APPLICATIONS, NONRESIDENTS Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office for exclusive rights for an invention product or process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of the patent for a limited period, generally 20 years. Source: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), WIPO Patent Report: Statistics on Worldwide Patent Activity. The International Bureau of WIPO assumes no responsibility with respect to the transformation of these data. 52
Patent Applications filed in selected countries 2013 Residents Non-Residents Residents Non-Residents Australia 3,061 20,656 India 10,669 32,362 Brazil 4,959 25,925 Israel 1,201 4,984 Canada 4,567 30,174 Italy 8,307 905 China 704,936 120,200 Japan 271,731 56,705 Finland 1,596 141 Singapore 1,143 8,579 France 14,690 2,196 South Africa 638 6,657 Germany 47,353 15,814 Turkey 4,392 269 Iceland 33 13 United kingdom 14,972 7,966 United States 287,831 283,781 Source: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), WIPO Patent Report: Statistics on Worldwide Patent Activity. The International Bureau of WIPO assumes no responsibility with respect to the transformation of these data. 53
Patent Applications filed in the Arab World 2013 Residents Non-Residents Egypt 641 1,416 Jordan 35 357 Morocco 316 828 Qatar 9 323 Saudi Arabia 491 440 Tunisia 112 437 United Arab Emirates 18 1,408 Yemen 43 37 Source: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), WIPO Patent Report: Statistics on Worldwide Patent Activity. The International Bureau of WIPO assumes no responsibility with respect to the transformation of these data. 54
Patent Applications filed in 2013: in selected regions Residents Non-Residents East Asia & Pacific 709,185 145,727 Europe & Central Asia 12,983 3,983 Latin America & Caribbean 6,596 44,983 Middle East & North Africa 12,571 4,137 South Asia 11,229 33,592 Sub-Saharan Africa.... Euro area 82,521 20,358 World 1,624,969 770,304 Source: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), WIPO Patent Report: Statistics on Worldwide Patent Activity. The International Bureau of WIPO assumes no responsibility with respect to the transformation of these data. 55
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