SPICE for Power Electronics and Electric Power Third Edition Muhammad H. Rashid Life Fellow IEEE /^0\ \Cf*' CRC Press I Taylor & Francis eis Crou Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Preface Acknowledgments Author PSpice Software and Program Files xiii xvii xix xxi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Descriptions of SPICE 2 1.3 Types of SPICE 2 1.4 Types of Analysis 3 1.5 Limitations of PSpice 4 1.6 Descriptions of Simulation Software Tools 6 1.7 PSpice Platform 7 1.7.1 PSpice A/D 7 1.7.2 PSpice Schematics 7 1.7.3 OrCAD Capture 8 1.8 PSpice Schematics versus OrCAD Capture 8 1.9 SPICE Resources 9 1.9.1 Websites with Free SPICE Models 9 1.9.2 Websites with SPICE Models 11 1.9.3 SPICE and Circuit Simulation Information Sites 12 1.9.4 Engineering Magazines with SPICE Articles 12 Suggested Reading 13 Chapter 2 Circuit Descriptions 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Input Files 16 2.3 Nodes 17 2.4 Element Values 17 2.5 Circuit Elements 18 2.6 Element Models 21 2.7 Sources 21 2.8 Output Variables 22 2.9 Types of Analysis 23 2.10 PSpice Output Commands 24 2.11 Format of Circuit Files 28 2.12 Format of Output Files 29 2.13 Examples of PSpice Simulations 30 2.13.1 Pulse and Step Responses of RLС Circuits 30 v
2.13.2 Sinusoidal and Frequency Responses of RLC Circuits 37 2.14 PSpice Schematics 43 2.14.1 PSpice Schematics Layout 43 2.14.2 PSpice A/D 44 2.14.3 Probe 44 2.14.4 OrCAD Capture 44 2.15 Importing Microsim Schematics in OrCAD Capture 48 Problems 52 Suggested Reading 55 Chapter 3 Defining Output Variables 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 DC Sweep and Transient Analysis 57 3.2.1 Voltage Output 57 3.2.2 Current Output 59 3.2.3 Power Output 60 3.3 AC Analysis 62 3.3.1 Voltage Output 62 3.3.2 Current Output 63 3.4 Output Markers 64 3.5 Noise Analysis 66 Summary 66 Chapter 4 Voltage and Current Sources 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Sources Modeling 67 4.2.1 Pulse Source 68 4.2.2 Piecewise Linear Source 69 4.2.3 Sinusoidal Source 70 4.2.4 Exponential Source 71 4.2.5 Single-Frequency Frequency Modulation Source 73 4.2.6 AC Sources 74 4.3 Independent Sources 75 4.3.1 Independent Voltage Source 75 4.3.2 Independent Current Source 77 4.3.3 Schematic Independent Sources 77 4.4 Dependent Sources 77 4.4.1 Polynomial Source 79 4.4.2 Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source 81 4.4.3 Current-Controlled Current Source 82 4.4.4 Voltage-Controlled Current Source 82 4.4.5 Current-Controlled Voltage Source 84 4.4.6 Schematic-Dependent Sources 85
vii 4.5 Behavioral Device Modeling 85 4.5.1 VALUE 87 4.5.2 TABLE 89 4.5.3 LAPLACE 91 4.5.4 FREQ 94 Summary 96 Problems 97 Suggested Reading 100 Chapter 5 Passive Elements 101 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 Modeling of Elements 101 5.2.1 Some Model Statements 103 5.3 Operating Temperature 104 5.3.1 Some Temperature Statements 104 5.4 RLC Elements 104 5.4.1 Resistor 105 5.4.2 Capacitor 106 5.4.3 Inductor 108 5.5 Magnetic Elements and Transformers 112 5.5.1 Linear Magnetic Circuits 112 5.5.2 Nonlinear Magnetic Circuits 117 5.6 Lossless Transmission Lines 123 5.7 Switches 124 5.7.1 Voltage-Controlled Switch 124 5.7.2 Current-Controlled Switch 128 5.7.3 Time-Dependent Switches 131 Summary 134 Problems 135 Suggested Reading 139 Chapter 6 Dot Commands 141 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 Models 141 6.2.1.MODEL (Model) 142 6.2.2.SUBCKT (Subcircuit) 142 6.2.3.ENDS (End of Subcircuit) 143 6.2.4.FUNC (Function) 144 6.2.5.GLOBAL (Global) 145 6.2.6.LIB (Library File) 145 6.2.7.INC (Include File) 146 6.2.8.PARAM (Parameter) 147 6.2.9.STEP (Parametric Analysis) 149
viii Contents 6.3 Types of Output 151 6.3.1.PRINT (Print) 151 6.3.2.PLOT (Plot) 152 6.3.3.PROBE (Probe) 153 6.3.4 Probe Output 153 6.3.5.WIDTH (Width) 157 6.4 Operating Temperature and End of Circuit 158 6.5 Options 158 6.6 DC Analysis 161 6.6.1.OP (Operating Point) 161 6.6.2.NODESET (Nodeset) 162 6.6.3.SENS (Sensitivity Analysis) 162 6.6.4.TF (Small-Signal Transfer Function) 165 6.6.5.DC (DC Sweep) 168 6.7 AC Analysis 173 6.8 Noise Analysis 177 6.9 Transient Analysis 180 6.9.1.1С (Initial Transient Conditions) 181 6.9.2.TRAN (Transient Analysis) 181 6.10 Fourier Analysis 185 6.11 Monte Carlo Analysis 189 6.12 Sensitivity and Worst-Case Analysis 193 Summary 196 Problems 197 Suggested Reading 200 Chapter 7 Diode Rectifiers 201 7.1 Introduction 201 7.2 Diode Model 201 7.3 Diode Statement 203 7.4 Diode Characteristics 204 7.5 Diode Parameters 206 7.5.1 Modeling Zener Diodes 208 7.5.2 Tabular Data 208 7.6 Diode Rectifiers 212 7.6.1 Examples of Single-Phase Diode Rectifiers 212 7.6.2 Examples of Three-Phase Diode Rectifiers 224 7.7 Laboratory Experiments 231 7.7.1 Experiment DR.l 232 7.7.2 Experiment DR.2 233 7.7.3 Experiment DR.3 233 Summary 234 Design Problems 234 Suggested Reading 237
ix Chapter 8 DC-DC Converters 239 8.1 Introduction 239 8.2 DC Switch Chopper 239 8.3 BJT SPICE Model 243 8.4 BJT Parameters 247 8.5 Examples of BJT DC-DC Converters 251 8.6 MOSFET Choppers 260 8.7 MOSFET Parameters 265 8.8 Examples of MOSFET DC-DC Converters 272 8.9 IGBT Model 275 8.10 Examples of IGBT DC-DC Converters 276 8.11 Laboratory Experiment 278 8.11.1 Experiment TRI 279 8.11.2 Experiment TP.2 279 Summary 281 Design Problems 281 Suggested Reading 283 Chapter 9 Pulse Width-Modulated Inverters 285 9.1 Introduction 285 9.2 Voltage-Source Inverters 285 9.2.1 Examples of Single-Phase PWM Inverters 289 9.2.2 Examples of Single-Phase SPWM Inverters 297 9.2.3 Examples of Three-Phase PWM Inverters 299 9.2.4 Examples of Three-Phase SPWM Inverters 305 9.3 Current-Source Inverters 309 9.3.1 Example of Current-Source Inverter 310 9.4 DC Link Inverters 314 9.4.1 Example of DC Link Three-Phase Inverter 314 9.5 Laboratory Experiments 319 9.5.1 Experiment PW.l 320 9.5.2 Experiment PW.2 321 9.5.3 Experiment PW.3 321 9.5.4 Experiment PW.4 322 9.5.5 Experiment PW.5 322 9.5.6 Experiment PW.6 323 9.5.7 Experiment PW7 324 Summary 326 Design Problems 326 Suggested Reading 329 Chapter 10 Resonant-Pulse Inverters 331 10.1 Introduction 331 10.2 Resonant-Pulse Inverters 331
10.2.1 Examples of Resonant-Pulse Inverters 331 10.3 Zero-Current Switching Converters 338 10.3.1 Examples of Zero-Current Switching Resonant Inverters 339 10.4 Zero-Voltage Switching Converter 344 10.4.1 Examples of Zero-Voltage Switching Converters 344 10.5 Laboratory Experiments 346 10.5.1 Experiment RI.l 346 10.5.2 Experiment RI.2 348 10.5.3 Experiment RI.3 348 10.5.4 Experiment RI.4 349 10.5.5 Experiment RI.5 350 10.5.6 Experiment RI.6 351 Summary 351 Design Problems 352 Suggested Reading 354 Chapter 11 Controlled Rectifiers 355 11.1 Introduction 355 11.2 AC Thyristor Model 355 11.3 Controlled Rectifiers 362 11.4 Examples of Controlled Rectifiers 363 11.4.1 Examples of Single-Phase Controlled Rectifiers 363 11.4.2 Examples of Three-Phase Controlled Rectifiers 373 11.5 Switched Thyristor DC Model 385 11.6 GTO Thyristor Model...386 11.7 Example of Forced-Commutated Rectifiers 386 11.8 Laboratory Experiments 399 11.8.1 Experiment TCI 399 11.8.2 Experiment TC.2 401 11.8.3 Experiment TC.3 401 Summary 402 Design Problems 403 Suggested Reading 405 Chapter 12 AC Voltage Controllers 407 12.1 Introduction 407 12.2 AC Thyristor Model 407 12.3 Phase-Controlled AC Voltage Controllers 408 12.4 Examples of Phase-Controlled AC Voltage Controllers 408 12.4.1 Examples of Single-Phase AC Voltage Controllers. 408 12.4.2 Examples of Three-Phase AC Voltage Controllers.. 412 12.4.3 Examples of Single-Phase AC Voltage Controllers with an Output Filter 429
xi 12.5 AC Voltage Controllers with PWM Control 432 12.5.1 Example of Single-Phase AC Voltage Controller with PWM Control 433 12.6 Cycloconverters 437 12.6.1 Example of Single-Phase Cycloconverter 439 12.7 Laboratory Experiments 444 12.7.1 Experiment AC.l 444 12.7.2 Experiment AC.2 445 Summary 446 Design Problems 446 Suggested Reading 447 Chapter 13 Control Applications 449 13.1 Introduction 449 13.2 Op-Amp Circuits 449 13.2.1 DC Linear Models 450 13.2.2 AC Linear Models 450 13.2.3 Nonlinear Macromodels 451 13.2.4 Examples of Op-Amp Circuits 453 13.3 Control Systems 461 13.3.1 Examples of Control Circuits 461 13.4 Signal Conditioning Circuits 467 13.4.1 Examples of Signal Conditioning Circuits 468 13.5 Closed-Loop Current Control 476 13.5.1 Examples of Closed-Loop Control 476 Problems 483 Suggested Reading 485 Chapter 14 Characteristics of Electrical Motors 487 14.1 Introduction 487 14.2 DC Motor Characteristics 487 14.2.1 Examples of DC Motor Controlled by DC-DC Converter 488 14.3 Induction Motor Characteristics 493 14.3.1 Examples of Induction Motor Characteristics 494 Problems 498 Suggested Reading 499 Chapter 15 Simulation Errors, Convergence Problems, and Other Difficulties 501 15.1 Introduction 501 15.2 Large Circuits 501 15.3 Running Multiple Circuits 502 15.4 Large Outputs 502
15.5 Long Transient Runs 503 15.6 Convergence 503 15.6.1 DC Sweep 503 15.6.2 Bias-Point Calculation 507 15.6.3 Transient Analysis 508 15.7 Analysis Accuracy 508 15.8 Negative Component Values 509 15.9 Power-Switching Circuits 510 15.9.1 Model Parameters of Diodes and Transistors 510 15.9.2 Error Tolerances 510 15.9.3 Snubbing Resistor 511 15.9.4 Quasi-Steady-State Condition 512 15.10 Floating Nodes 515 15.11 Nodes with Fewer than Two Connections 518 15.12 Voltage Source and Inductor Loops 519 15.13 Running PSpice Files on SPICE 520 15.14 Running SPICE Files on PSpice 520 15.15 Using Earlier Version of Schematics 521 Problems 522 Suggested Reading 523