Quality of supply regulation in Norway c Kjell Sand, Gerd H. Kjølle SINTEF Energy Research Oct. 2005/ Aug. 2006 updated April 2009 SINTEF Energy Research 1
Electrical energy consumption per capita x 1 000 kwh ( 2000) 5.1 6.0 25.3 6.1 14.9 2.7 2.9 14.3 4.5 2.1 4.9 6.6 6.8 5.9 5.1 6.2 4.4 4.6 Year: 1998 Source: UNIPEDE Electricity Outlook 1999, IEA 2000 SINTEF Energy Research 2
2000 km SINTEF Energy Research 3
Grid figures Overall line length: 300.000 km Distribution substations: 110.000 Asset value: Annual turnover 20 bill. euros 2 bill. euros SINTEF Energy Research 4
Background Performance-Based-Regulation regimes pose a challenge to assure efficient provision of quality of supply Absence of explicit regulatory framework for assuring quality of supply might give incentives to reduce quality. Short-term economical focus versus long-term power quality management Normbased regimes with stronger decoupling between costs and income might increase the problem Power quality competence within the utilities declines Over time a decline in power quality can be expected. SINTEF Energy Research 5
Quality of supply Continuity of supply (Reliability) Number and duration of interruptions Energy not supplied (ENS) Voltage quality Frequency Magnitude Waveform SINTEF Energy Research 6
2003 CIRED CEER Working group: SINTEF Energy Research 7
There is an increasing attention drawn to this field of work due to: Driving the power system harder gives increased probability for (wide-spread) interruptions End-users have increased their dependency on electricity supply Development and introduction of various types of performance-based regulation New initiatives taken within IEC and CENELEC Increasing amount of distributed generation being installed SINTEF Energy Research 8
Quality of supply regulation in Norway (I) 1991 1995 1997 2000/2001- Energy Act Mandatory information of quality Long term power system planning Results from 1st customer survey Mandatory reporting of interruptions > 3 minutes Interruption costs in power system planning FASIT 1) introduced Mandatory reporting of faults and forced outages 33-420 kv Revenue regulation 2) of network owners Standardized method for estimation of ENS Mandatory reporting of ENS per customer category CENS 1) FASIT - standardized system for reporting of faults and interruptions 2) Annual cost reductions 1997-2001: 1,5-4,5 %, 2002-2006: 1,5 5,3 %. SINTEF Energy Research 9
Quality of supply regulation in Norway (II) 2002 2003 2005/2006 2007 2009 2 nd regulation period starts CENS 1) Results from 2nd customer survey New CENS cost rates Quality of supply directive Mandatory reporting of interruptions 3 min. 3 rd regulation period starts 2007 Compensation for interruptions > 12 hrs (2007) Short interruptions 3 min. incl. in CENS (2009) 1) CENS Cost of energy not supplied. Quality dependent revenue caps. SINTEF Energy Research 10
Overview Income cap Benchmarking DEA Costs Products Environment Resources Other utilities SINTEF Energy Research 11
Including interruption costs Actual interruption cost Expected interruption costs Income cap Profit Costs Costs SINTEF Energy Research 12
Total costs of interruptions and voltage dips in Norway (cost level 2002) 500 450 400 Average 2001-2006 Estimated Million NOK per year 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Estimated Long interruptions (> 3 min.) Short interruptions ( 3 min.) Voltage dips (50 %, 1 s) SINTEF Energy Research 13
The quality of supply directive from 2005 Covers voltage quality and interruptions i.e. the characteristics in EN 50160 General provisions Mitigation, procedures in the event of dissatisfaction regarding the quality of supply, recording and reporting of reliability of supply and voltage quality Requirements regarding reliability of supply and voltage quality Based on EN 50160, but some limits are stricter based on experience, complaints, problems with equipment Information regarding reliability of supply and voltage quality SINTEF Energy Research 14
The QoS directive covers DNOs TSOs Producers End users industry... All parties might be in position to cover the mitigation costs The network user is allowed to disturb himself: The duty to rectify such a situation does not apply to network customers if the limit values are only exceeded in their own point of connection and the network company to which they are connected, does not experience problems due to this. SINTEF Energy Research 15
Characteristic LV EN 50160 New regulation Proposal Power frequency 50 Hz + 1% 50 Hz + 2% (95% week) 50Hz + 0.2% (NORDEL) Isolated systemes : 50 Hz + 2% (normally) 50 Hz + 0,2% 50 Hz + 2% (10 sec average) Supply voltage variations 230V + 10% - (95% week) 230V+10/-15% 230V + 10% - (1 min ) 230V + 10% - (10 min) 230V + 6% - (week av.) Magnitude of rapid voltage changes Generally < 5% Up to 10% n 1 (per day): 10% n <24 (per day ): 5% n 1 (1/h): 4% 1 < n 10 (1/h): 3% n > 24 (per day ): 3% 10 < n 100 (1/h): 2% 100 < n 1000 (1/h): 1,25% Flicker severity Plt < 1 (95% week) Pst< 1,2 (95% week) Plt < 1 (100% week) Pst< 1,0 Supply voltage dips Few tens up to one thousand No limit No limit Short interruptions Few tens up to several hundreds No limit No limit Long interruptions Less than 10 up to 50 No limit No limit Temporary overvoltages live/earth Indicative < 1.5 kv No limit No limit Transient overvoltages Generally less 6kV peak No limit No limit Supply voltage unbalance < 2% (95% week) < 3% occur in some areas < 2% (all 10 min values) < 2% SINTEF Energy Research 16
Comparison LV (cont.) Characteristic LV EN 50160 New regulation Proposal Harmonic voltage THD < 8% (95% week?) THD < 8% (10 min average) THD < 5% (average over a week) THD < 8% (10 min average) THD < 5% (average over a week) Table 2 (95% week) Same table as EN 50160, but with repect to all 10 min. values. Same table as EN 50160, but with repect to all 10 min. values. And including higher order limits 1,5% Un>25 (non mult.3) 0,5% Un>15 (mult. 3) 0,5% Un> 6 (even) And including higher order limits 1,5% Un>25 (non mult.3) 0,5% Un>15 (mult. 3) 0,5% Un> 6 (even) Interharmonic voltage No limit No limit, but NVE might give limits (Covered by flicker limit) Mains signalling voltage on the supply voltage Limits in figure 1 (99% of the day) No limit, but NVE might give limits No limit as no problems reported such equipment not much used SINTEF Energy Research 17
Characteristic MV EN 50160 New regulation Proposal Power frequency 50 Hz + 1% (99,5% year) 50Hz + 0.2% (NORDEL) 50 Hz + 0,2% 50 Hz + 2% (95% week) Isolated systemes : 50 Hz + 2% (normally) 50 Hz + 2% (10 sec average) Supply voltage variations Uc + 10% - (95% week) No limit No limit Magnitude of rapid voltage changes Generally < 4% Up to 6% n 1 (per day): 6% n <24 (per day ): 4% n 1 (1/h): 4 1 < n 10 (1/h): 3 n > 24 (per day ): 3% 10 < n 100 (1/h): 2 100 < n 1000 (1/h): 1,25 Measurement requirement Measurement requirement Flicker severity Plt < 1 (95% week) Pst< 1,2 (95% week) Plt < 1 (100% week) Pst< 1,0 Supply voltage dips Few tens up to one thousand Measurement requirement Measurement requirement Short interruptions Few tens up to several hundreds To be recorded To be recorded Long interruptions Less than 10 up to 50 To be recorded economical penalties - covered by CENS To be recorded economical penalties - covered by CENS Temporary overvoltages live/earth Generally < 1.7 x Uc (earthed) Generally < 2.0 x Uc (isol./ resonant.) No limit Measurement requirement No limit Measurement requirement Transient overvoltages No values No limit No limit Supply voltage < 2% (95% week) < 2% (all 10 min values) < 2% SINTEF Energy Research 18
Comparison MV (cont.) Characteristic EN 50160 New regulation Proposal Harmonic voltage THD < 8% (95% week?) Table 2 (95% week) THD < 8% (10 min average) THD < 5% (average over a week) Same table as EN 50160, but with repect to all 10 min. values. THD < 8% (10 min average) THD < 5% (average over a week) Same table as EN 50160, but with repect to all 10 min. values. And including higher order limits 1,0% Un>25 (non mult.3) 0,5% Un>15 (mult. 3) 0,5% Un> 6 (even) And including higher order limits 1,0% Un>25 (non mult.3) 0,5% Un>15 (mult. 3) 0,5% Un> 6 (even) Interharmonic voltage No limit No limit, but NVE might give limits (Covered by flicker limit) Mains signalling voltage on the supply voltage Limits in figure 2 (99% of the day) No limit, but NVE might give limits No limit as no problems reported such equipment not much used SINTEF Energy Research 19
Comparison HV - EHV No values in EN 50160 New proposal includes values for Magnitude of rapid voltage changes Flicker severity Supply voltage unbalance Harmonic voltages SINTEF Energy Research 20