Introductory Electronics for Scientists and Engineers Second Edition ROBERT E. SIMPSON University of New Hampshire Allyn and Bacon, Inc. Boston London Sydney Toronto
Contents Preface xiü 1 Direct Current Circuits 1 1.1 Electric Charge and Current, 1 1.2 Voltage, 3 1.3 Resistance, 4 1.4 Ohm's Law, 8 1.5 Batteries, 13 1.6 Power, 16 1.7 Temperature Variations of Resistivity and Resistance, 20 1.8 Kirchhoff's Laws and Network Analysis, 22 1.9 Voltage Dividers, 30 1.10 Ideal Voltage and Current Sources, 32 1.11 The Superposition Theorem, 34 1.12 Thevenin's Theorem, 35 1.13 Norton's Theorem, 42 1.14 The Wheatstone Bridge, 44 2 Alternating Current Circuits 54 2.1 Periodic Waveforms, 54 2.2 Ac Power, 58 2.3 Capacitance, 60 2.4 Capacitive Reactance, 65 2.5 Inductance, 68 2.6 Mutual Inductance, 72 2.7 Inductance Reactance, 74 2.8 The Complex Voltage Plane, 76 2.9 RC High-Pass Filter, 79 2.10 RC Low-Pass Filter, 83 2.11 RLC Circuits, 86 Щ 2.12 Series and Parallel Resonance, 93 2.13 Q (Quality Factor), 98
viii 3 Fourier Analysis and Pulses 107 3.1 Introduction, 107 3.2 Description of a Pulse, 107 3.3 Fourier Analysis, 108 3.4 Integrating Circuit (Low-Pass Filter), 129 3.5 Differentiating Circuit (High-Pass Filter), 132 3.6 Pulse Sharpening Circuit, 138 3.7 Compensated Voltage Divider, 142 Contents 4 Semiconductor Physics 151 4.1 Introduction, 151 4.2 Energy Levels, 151 4.3 Crystals, 152 4.4 Energy Levels in a Crystal Lattice, 154 4.5 Pauli Exclusion Principle, 156 4.6 Fermi-Dirac Statistics, 157 4.7 Electron Energy Distribution, 160 4.8 Conduction in Semiconductors, 162 4.9 p-n Junctions, 168 4.10 The Photovoltaic Diode, 185 4.11 Diode Applications, 187 5 The Bipolar Transistor 199 5.1 Introduction, 199 5.2 Transistor Construction, 199 5.3 Biasing and Current Flow Inside a Transistor, 202 5.4 Amplification, 207 5.5 Biasing and Graphical Treatment, 208 5.6 Temperature Stability, 218 5.7 Common Emitter Amplifier Design, 221 5.8 Common Collector Amplifier Design, 230 5.9 Common Base Amplifier Design, 236 5.10 Transistor Equivalent Circuits, 240 5.11 Transistor Switches, 246 6 The Field-Effect Transistor (FET) 258 6.1 Introduction, 258 6.2 JFET Construction, 258 6.3 FET у Parameter Equivalent Circuit, 264
Contents 6.4 The Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET), 267 6.5 Sample FET Circuits, 273 6.6 Power MOSFET, 280 6.7 The FET Versus the Bipolar Transistor, 284 7 Feedback 287 7.1 Introduction, 287 7.2 Negative Voltage Feedback, 288 7.3 Examples of Negative-Feedback Amplifier Circuits, 295 7.4 Negative Current Feedback, 298 7.5 Positive Feedback, 299 7.6 Practical Comments and Neutralization, 309 7.7 The Miller Effect, 311 7.8 The Cascode Amplifier, 314 7.9 The Gain-Bandwidth Product, 315 8 Noise 323 8.1 Introduction, 323 8.2 Interference, 32* 8.3 Thermal Noise or Johnson Noise, 325 8.4 Shot Noise, 330 8.5 Calculating Amplifier Noise, 334 8.6 Flicker Noise, 341 8.7 Noise Temperature, 343 8.8 Lock-In Detection, 344 8.9 The Phase-Locked Loop, 355 8.10 Signal Averaging Techniques, 356 9 Operational Amplifiers 361 9.1 Introduction, 361 9.2 Integrated Circuit Construction, 362 9.3 1С Heat Dissipation, 366 9.4 The Ideal Versus the Actual Op Amp, 367 9.5 Op Amp Circuitry, 369 9.6 Two Simple Op Amp Amplifiers, 374 9.7 Two Simple Rules for Analyzing Op Amp Circuits, 380 9.8 Op Amp Parameters, 381
X Contents 10 Operational Amplifier Circuits, 412 10.1 Introduction, 412 10.2 The Inverting Amplifier, 412 10.3 The Noninverting Amplifier, 414 10.4 The Differential Amplifier, 417 10.5 The Op Amp Power Booster, 421 10.6 Compensation or Equalization Amplifiers, 423 10.7 The Summing Amplifier, 426 10.8 The Current-to-Voltage Converter (The Transconductance Amplifier), 427 10.9 The Voltage-to-Current Converter, 429 10.10 The Current-to-Current Converter, 430 10.11 The Logarithmic Converter, 431 10.12 The Ideal Diode, 433 10.13 The Peak Detector, 435 10.14 The Sample-and-Hold Circuit, 437 10.15 The Op Amp Differentiator, 438 10.16 The Op Amp Integrator, 439 10.17 The Charge-Sensitive Amplifier, 441 10.18 Op Amp Comparators, 444 10.19 The Schmitt Trigger, 448 10.20 The Square-Wave Generator or Astable Multivibrator, 451 10.21 The Triangle-Wave Generator or Ramp Generator, 453 10.22 The Monostable Multivibrator or One Shot, 455 10.23 The Voltage-Controlled Oscillator, 458 10.24 Sine-Wave Oscillators, 460 11 Active Filters and Regulators 469 11.1 Introduction to Filters, 469 11.2 The Damped Driven Mechanical Oscillator, 474 11.3 The Negative-Impedance Converter and Gyrator, 479 11.4 The Sallen Key Active Filter, 482 11.5 Filter Behavior in the Time and Frequency Domains, 488 11.6 The Bandpass Filter, 497 11.7 The Bandstop Filter, 510 11.8 Regulated Power Supplies, 511
Contents xi 12 Basic Digital Concepts 528 12.1 Introduction, 528 12.2 Number Systems, 530 12.3 Number Codes, 533 12.4 Boolean Algebra, 537 12.5 Binary Gates, 541 12.6 Positive Logic and Negative Logic, 554 12.7 Logic Families, 558 12.8 Interfacing, 582 13 Basic Digital Circuits 597 13.1 Introduction, 597 13.2 Hip-Flops, 597 13.3 Ripple or Asynchronous Counters, 619 13.4 Synchronous Counters, 623 13.5 Serial/Parallel Data Conversion, 627 13.6 Digital Clocks and Monostable Multivibrators (One-Shots), 648 14 Binary Arithmetic, Logic, and Memory 670 14.1 Introduction, 670 14.2 Binary Addition, 670 14.3 Binary Subtraction, 675 14.4 Binary Multiplication, 681 14.5 Binary Division, 682 14.6 Memory, 683 14.7 The Lookup Table Technique, 691 14.8 Read-Only Memories (ROMs), 693 14.9 Magnetic Disk Memory, 694 14.10 Magnetic Tape Memory, 696 14.11 Magnetic Tape Recording Techniques, 696 14.12 Future Storage Techniques, 697 : 15 Analog/Digital Conversion 700 15.1 Introduction, 700 15.2 The Digital-to-Analog Converter, 701 15.3 The Sampling Theorem, 715
xii Contents 15.4 A/D Converter Circuits, 725 15.5 Serial and Parallel Interfacing, 746 16 Microprocessors and Microcomputers 758 16.1 Introduction, 758 16.2 The Microprocessor Versus the Microcomputer, 758 16.3 Microprocessor Instructions and Programming, 766 16.4 The 8085 Microprocessor Instruction Set, 774 16.5 Waveform Generation, 775 16.6 Digital Filtering, 784 16.7 Microprocessor-Controlled Measurement, 800 16.8 Microprocessor Control of Experimental Variables, 806 16.9 Microprocessor Buses, 811 Appendix A: Components: Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, and Transformers 816 Appendix B: Batteries 821 Appendix C: Measuring Instruments 824 Appendix D: Cables and Connectors 831 Appendix E: Complex Numbers 835 Appendix F: Transistors and Op Amps 838 Appendix G: The 8085 Instruction Set 840 Appendix H: Suggested Laboratory Experiments 843 Appendix I: References 926 Index 930