Chapter 18 The Age of Faith Just after the spread of Christianity By the year 250, 60 percent of Asia Minor had converted to Christianity In 313, the Roman Emperor Constantine legalized the practice of Christianity In 330 moved the capital of the Roman Empire, to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople
Middle Ages Between the Fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance Art is characterized by a greater concern for spiritual symbolism and use of religious iconography Naturalistic depictions of figures diminished The church becomes the primary patron of the arts
Title: San Vitale, Exterior view Artist: n/a Date: 526-547 CE Source/Museum: Ravenna, Alinari/Art Resource, New York. Medium: n/a Size: n/a
Mosaic Title: Theodora and Her Attendants Artist: n/a Date: c. 547 Source/Museum: Sidewall of the apse, San Vitale. Scala/Art Resource, New York. Medium: n/a Size: n/a
Title: San Vitale, Interior view, looking into the apse at Justinian and His Attendants Artist: n/a Date: c. 547 Source/Museum: Canali Photobank. Medium: n/a Size: n/a
Chapter 19 Renaissance through Baroque Occurred after the Middle Ages (period of religious fervor) Born out of a movement called Humanism Divided into three periods: Early Renaissance: 14 th -15 th century High Renaissance: 15 th -16 th century Late Renaissance (Mannerism): 16 th early 17 th century
Major characteristics of Renaissance Patronage of art by the wealthy class increases, especially the Medici family Embraced theology but supported secular aspects of life Greater pursuit of intellectual and scientific inquiry Rediscovered Classical Greek and Roman art
The Major Italian City-States during the Renaissance.
EARLY RENAISSANCE Giotto di Bondone abandoned the abstract Byzantine style He depicts physical as well as spiritual reality Title: Lamentation Artist: Giotto Date: c. 1305 Source/Museum: Arena Chapel, Padua, Italy. Scala/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Fresco Size: Approx. 70 x 78 in.
Giotto introduces a more secular depiction of a religious subject matter Buon fresco Title: Lamentation Artist: Giotto Date: c. 1305 Source/Museum: Arena Chapel, Padua, Italy. Scala/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Fresco Size: Approx. 70 x 78 in.
Highly influential artist Studied Greek and Roman statues Title: David Artist: Donatello Date: 1425-1430 Source/Museum: Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence. Alinari/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Bronze Size: Height 62 ¼ in.
Donatello was the first major sculptor of the Renaissance His statue of David is nude & in a contrapposto stance (an influence of Greek & Roman art) David is less idealized, portrayed as an adolescent youth Title: David Artist: Donatello Date: 1425-1430 Source/Museum: Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence. Alinari/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Bronze Size: Height 62 ¼ in.
High Renaissance Neoplatonism Revival of Plato s philosophy with some variation Believed that all sources of inspiration are a means of ascending from an earthly existence to a mystical union with The One Creative genius was the result of subjective and personal intuition- divine frenzy The true genius artist transcended daily life and was guided by a divine insight
Commissioned by the Medicis Title: The Birth of Venus Artist: Sandro Botticelli Date: c. 1482 Source/Museum: Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Scala/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Tempera on canvas Size: 5 ft. 8 ⅞ in. x 9 ft. 1 ⅞ in.
High Renaissance (1490-1530) Three major artists were Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, and Raphael Sanzio Neoplatonic and humanist ideas peaked within cities of Florence, Rome and Venice Reconciled Christian beliefs with Greek philosophy and current scientific studies
Apprenticed with Botticelli under Verrochio in Florence Served the Duke of Milan as painter, sculptor and military engineer from age 30 to 47 He fled to Venice in 1499 when Milan was taken by France Self portrait, Leonardo da Vinci c. 1512 chalk on paper
He kept numerous notebooks filled with drawings and writings relating to his studies as an artist, inventor and observer of the physical world Leonardo was the first to have an understanding of the camera obscura
The role of art changes as patronage shifts away from the church Title: A Scythed Chariot, Armored Car, and Pike Artist: Leonardo da Vinci Date: c. 1487 Source/Museum: The British Museum, London Medium: Pen and ink and wash Size: 6 3/8 x 9 ¾ in.
The perfect marriage of form & content 1 pt linear perspective places the vanishing point behind the head of Christ, placing him at the point of greatest implied depth (the point of infinity) Title: The Last Supper Artist: Leonardo da Vinci Date: c. 1495-1498 Source/Museum: Refectory, Monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan. A.K.G., Berlin/SuperStock. Medium: Mural (oil and tempera on plaster) Size: 15 ft. 1 1/8 in. x 28 ft. 10 ½ in.
Leonardo developed a technique he called sfumato (in the manner of smoke)
The Mona Lisa was a commissioned portrait by a wealthy merchant Leonardo used the technique of glazing and sfumato Title: Mona Lisa Artist: Leonardo da Vinci Date: c. 1503-1505 Source/Museum: Musée du Louvre, Paris. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Oil on wood Size: 30 ¼ x 21 in.
Michelangelo He was 23 years younger than da Vinci and highly competitive He was raised by his wet nurse and her stonecutter husband He attended school in the Medici Gardens and studied Greek and Roman sculpture He lived in Florence and Rome during his lifetime
Created at the age of 24 It earned him the commission of his statue of David Title: Pietà Artist: Michelangelo Date: 1501 Source/Museum: Vatican, Rome. Alinari/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Marble Size: Height 6 ft. 8 ½ in.
Commissioned by the city of Florence to commemorate its independence from France Michelangelo humanizes the hero of David more than Donatello David was carved from a flawed 18 ft block of marble Influence of Greek art seen in the contrapposto stance
The Sistine Ceiling Commissioned by the Pope Julius II Began work in 1508 and completed it in 1512 Three Zones: Highest contains 9 scenes from Genesis, below are prophets and within the lowest level are Christ s ancestors
Highest Zone
Central Panel, The Creation of Adam
Study for a Libyan Sibyl
Raphael Sanzio 1504-arrived in Florence Images were characterized by a warmth, clarity, and balance Spent most of his life as the official painter for the Vatican Madonna of the Rocks c. 1510
Title: The School of Athens Artist: Raphael Date: 1510-1511 Source/Museum: Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican Palace, Rome. Scala/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Fresco Size: n/a
School of Athens, 1510-1511 Fresco, Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican Palace (Vatican apartments) Raphael competed with Leonardo & Michelangelo for this commission Subject matter consists of Greek Classical figures (Plato & Aristotle in center)
Late Renaissance: Mannerism Early 16 th c. Protestant Reformation occurs & divides Protestant and Catholic church By mid 16 th c.- Mannerism dominates Southern European painting Artists find it difficult to top Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael
Characteristics of Mannerism Artists individualize styles with greater technical invention and imagination Often includes distortions of perspective, scale and proportion, and color; greater contrasts of light and dark The objective was to achieve a greater sense of mystery and heightened emotion, a level of virtuousity that surpassed the High Renaissnce
Title: The Last Judgment, Guidizio Universale (detail) Artist: Michelangelo Buonarroti Date: 1534-1541 Source/Museum: On altar wall of Sistine Chapel. Photo: A. Bracchetti/P. Zigrossi. The Vatican Museums, Rome. Medium: Fresco Size: n/a
Michelangelo s figures are chaotic and their proportions are distorted Space is ambiguous and not relying as heavily on a use of linear perspective
Title: The Miracle of the Slave Artist: Tintoretto Date: 1548 Source/Museum: Galleria dell' Academia, Venice. Scala/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Fresco Size: n/a
A comparison of Tintoretto s version of the Last Supper, below, reveals the difference between Mannerism and High Renaissance styles of art
Title: The Last Supper Artist: Leonardo da Vinci Date: c. 1495-1498 Source/Museum: Refectory, Monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan. A.K.G., Berlin/SuperStock. Medium: Mural (oil and tempera on plaster) Size: 15 ft. 1 1/8 in. x 28 ft. 10 ½ in.
Baroque Art 17 th & 18 th c. Created by the Catholic Church to reestablish their power against the rise of the Protestant church (The Counter Reformation) No single style of art dominated the period; continuation of drama seen within Mannerism Gianlorenzo Bernini, Caravaggio, Rembrandt, and Vermeer are major artists from this period
Baroque images typically depicted a dramatic use of light, scale and balance Figures are often foreshortened and cast in dark shadow, a technique known as tenebrism The Catholic promoted this dramatic style of painting with the Counter Reformation The images are intense emotional expressions of biblical narratives Caravaggio The Conversion of St. Paul 1600-1601
Title: The Calling of St. Matthew Artist: Caravaggio Date: c. 1599-1602 Source/Museum: Contarelli Chapel, San Luigi dei Francesci, Rome. Scala/Art Resource, New York Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 11 ft. 1 in. x 11 ft. 5 in.
Artemisia Gentileschi Judith and the Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes c. 1625 Baroque use of dramatic light to heighten emotional expression of the image
Title: David Artist: Gianlorenzo Bernini Date: 1623 Source/Museum: Galleria Borghese, Rome/Canali PhotoBank, Milan/SuperStock. Medium: Marble Size: lifesize
Gialonrenzo Bernini Chose to depict the figure of David as lifesize and in the midst of intense motion
Rembrandt van Rijn Return of the Prodigal Son 1668-69 Was influenced by the work of Caravaggio and uses the imbalance of light and dark One of the most successful Dutch painters
REMBRANDT VAN RIJN Portrait of a Young Woman 1633 Oil on wood 25 11/16 x 19 3/16 inches Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
Rembrandt developed a personal technique of painting that expressed the content of the image Self Portrait 1658 Self Portrait c. 1648
Dutch Genre Painting Jan Vermeer Toward the end of the 17 th century, Holland saw a rising middle class The wealthy class of merchants collected works known as genre paintings The subjects included moments of daily life, portraits and still life paintings
Vermeer balanced warm and cool colors as well as areas or light and shadow He was able to achieve a high degree of realism by using a table top camera obscura Girl With a Pearl Earring c. 1665