TPCT s College of Engineering, Osmanabad Laboratory Manual Engineering Graphics For First Year Students Manual Prepared by B. G. Kadam Author COE, Osmanabad
TPCT s College of Engineering Solapur Road, Osmanabad Department of Electronics &Telecommunication Vision of the Department: To impart strong foundation in Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals, so that students will be competent professionals to meet the global challenges Mission of the Department: To promote scientific & educational activities for facing problems of global competition and prepare engineering students for successful carriers.
College of Engineering Technical Document This technical document is a series of Laboratory manuals of Mechanical Engineering Department and is a certified document of College of engineering, Osmanabad. The care has been taken to make the document error-free. But still if any error is found, kindly bring it to the notice of subject teacher and HOD. Recommended by, HOD Approved by, Principal
FOREWORD It is my great pleasure to present this laboratory manual for First year engineering students for the subject of Engineering Graphics to understand and visualize the basic concepts of drawing and presentation of various engineering component in 2D and 3D Views. This being a basic subject, it becomes very essential to have vision, imagination and presentation skill. This lab manual provides a platform to the students for understanding the basic concepts of points, lines, and projections of plane, solid, orthographic and isometric projections used in engineering graphics. This practical background will help students able to develop vision, imagination, presentation skill required for drawing. H.O.D Mechanical Dept
LABORATORY MANUAL CONTENTS This manual is intended for the First Year students of mechanical engineering branches in the subject of Engineering Graphics. This manual typically contains sheets related to projection of line, projection of plane, projection of solid, section of solid, orthographic and isometric projections covering various aspects related to the subject for enhanced understanding. Students are advised to thoroughly go through this manual rather than only topics mentioned in the syllabus as practical aspects are the key to understanding and conceptual visualization of drawing aspects covered in the books.
SUBJECT INDEX: 1. Do s & Don ts in Laboratory. 2. Lab Exercises 3. Quiz 4. Conduction of viva voce examination 5. Evaluation & marking scheme
Dos and Don ts in Laboratory :- 1. Do not handle any equipment before reading the instructions /Instruction manuals. 2. Student must be in college uniform and necessarily carry their identity card. 3. Student should have a separate note book (40 pages) for practical. 4. Every experiment, reading, viva questions should be written in this note book. After every experiment student should obtain signature of faculty with date. 5. Student should have mini drafter,pencil, eraser, scale, and calculator, sheets along with pen and lab sketch book. 6. Student should re-write all experiment on a standard journal paper provided by the college. 7. Student found absent for a lab will not be allowed to attend next practical without the permission C. C. / H.O.D. 8. Maintain discipline in the lab. 9. Strictly observe the instructions given by the Teacher/ Lab Instructor. Instruction for Laboratory Teachers:- 1. Submission related to whatever lab work has been completed should be done during the next lab session. 2. Students should be instructed to switch on the power supply after getting the checked by the lab assistant / teacher. After the experiment is over, the students must hand over the model, equipments to the lab assistant/teacher. 3. The promptness of submission should be encouraged by way of marking and evaluation patterns that will benefit the sincere students.
2. Lab Exercises: i. Sheet 1: To draw 4 problems Projections of Line ii. iii. iv. Sheet 2: To draw 4 problems Projections of plane Sheet 3: To draw 4 problems Projections of solid Sheet 4: To draw 4 problems Section of slid v. Sheet5: To draw 4 problems on Orthographic projections vi. Sheet6: To draw 4 problems on Isometric projections
Projector of B Sheet No.1 Projections of lines Aim:- To draw at least 4 problems on projections of line Objective: To understand the Projection of line inclined to both the reference plane Apparatus:- sheet, mini drafter, drawing instruments Theory: 1. Line AB is in 1st quadrant and its F.V. is 30O inclined to x-y line. Point A is 20 mm above H.P. an0 mm in front of V.P. Distance between projector of A and B is 60 mm. H.T. is 25 mm behind V.P. Draw the projections of line AB and locate the traces. Also find its true length and true inclination with H.P. and V.P. Solution: Refer fig. 1. b Locus of b H.T. V.T. a b 2 h v a Ans : T.L. = 92 mm = 22 O = 41 O b b 2 Locus of b Fig. 1 2. A line AB of 70 mm length has its end A, 15 mm from both H.P. and V.P. The other end B is 40 mm above H.P. and 60 mm in front of V.P. Draw the projections of the line and determine the inclination of the line with H.P. and V.P. Also locate traces. Line is in first quadrant.
Projector of B Solution: Refer fig. 2. b Locus of b H.T. V.T. a b 2 a b h v a a b Ans : = 21 O = 40 O Fig. 2 b b 2 Locus of b 3. The line AB is in third quadrant. It is inclined at 30O to F.R.P. (i.e. V.P.). The end A is in H.P. It has its F.V. length of 70 mm and T.V. length of 60 mm. The H.T. is 25 mm behind V.P. Draw the projections and find : i) True length of the line; ii) Inclination of line with H.P.; iii) Locate V.T. Solution: Refer fig. 3. b b 2 Locus of b V.T. Projector of B2 a H.T. v a h Projector of B1 b 2 Ans : T.L. = 80.8 mm = 42 O Fig. 3 b Locus of b
4. A line PQ, 80 mm long is inclined at 30O to H.P. Its one end P is in second quadrant and 30 mm from both H.P. and V.P. The end Q lies in fourth quadrant. The distance between the projector of point P and H.T. is 30 mm. Draw the projections of the line PQ and find out its traces. Solution: Refer fig. 4. Projector of H.T. p p q 1 p, p V.T. v h H.T. Locus of q q q 1 q, q q Projector of Q Fig. 4 Conclusion: Different problems on projections of line have been studied
Sheet No.2 Projections of Plane Aim:- To draw at least 4 problems on projections of line Objective: To understand the Projection of plane at different positions Apparatus:- Drawing Instruments Theory: 1. Draw the projections of a rhombus having diagonals 32 mm and 80 mm long, the smaller diagonal of which is parallel to both the principal planes, while the other is inclined at 30O to H.P. Solution: Refer fig. 1. c b,d a b,d c a d a c T.S. R.S. R.S. b Fig. 1 2. A regular pentagon ABCDE of side 40 mm has corner A in the H.P. and opposite side CD parallel to both the H.P. and V.P. Draw its projections when plan of sides AB and AE measures 35 mm each and the corner A is 50 mm in front of V.P. Solution: Refer fig. 2.
c,d H.P. x H.P. a b,e c,d a b,e =? e 1 y e e 1 m 1 d R.S. e 1 a T.S. R.S. m 1 c b Fig. 2 3. A rhombus ABCD has diagonals AC and BD 60 mm and 40 mm in length respectively. The longer diagonal makes an angle of 30O with the V.P. The smaller diagonal is inclined at 45O with the H.P. Draw the projections. Assume that smaller diagonal is parallel to the V.P. Solution : Refer fig. 3.
d a c b V.P. x H.P. y a b,d c a b,d c Fig. 3 4. A regular hexagon ABCDEF of 40 mm side has its corner A in the H.P. The diagonal AD is inclined at 40O with the H.P. and 30O with the V.P. Draw its projections. Solution : Refer fig. 4. c,e d e 1 b,f c,e b,f a f 1 f e f 1 e 1 f 1 e 1 a d Locus of d d 2 b c -d 2 = a-d Fig. 4 Conclusion: Different problems on projections of plane have been studied
Longer Edge Sheet No.3 Projections of solid Aim:- To draw at least 4 problems on projections of solid Objective: To understand the Projection of solid at different positions Apparatus:- Drawing Instruments Theory: 1. A pentagonal prism is resting on a corner of its base on the H.P. with a longer edge containing that corner inclined at 45O to the H.P. and the vertical plane containing that edge and the axis inclined at 30O to the V.P. Draw its projections. Base side = 40 mm; height = 65 mm. Solution : Refer fig. 1. Step (i) 2 Step (ii) Step (iii) a,b a,b o c,e d o c,e 3B o 1 e 1 a,b a,b p 2 3 c,e p c,e d d e e 1 e 1 d p 1 6 e 1 e 1 a o d p 1 o 1 Longer Edge p 1 e 1 o 1 b Draw T.V. First 1 c 1 Fig. 1 4 5 3A Vertical plane containing longer edge and axis
2. A hexagonal pyramid has one of its base sides inclined at 45O to H.P. Draw its projections when triangular face containing that side is parallel to V.P. and the apex is near to H.P. Take side of base 30 mm and axis 70 mm. Solution : Refer fig. 2. Draw F.V. First a b o f 1 3A e d e 1 p 1 f 1 o 1 p 1 e 1 f 1 c o 1 a,b c,f d,e d,e o e 1 o 1 3B c,f p 1 f 1 a,b o 2 Fig. 2 3. A hexagonal pyramid, side of base 25 mm long and axis height 70 mm, has one of its triangular faces perpendicular to H.P. and inclined to 45O to the V.P. The side of base contained by this triangular face is parallel to the H.P. Draw its projections. Solution : Refer fig. 3. o o o 1 a,b a,b c,f d,e c,f d,e f 1 e 1 f f 1 e 1 a e e 1 f 1 o 1 o o 1 b d c Fig. 3
4. A pentagonal pyramid with side of the base 30 mm and axis 80 mm long, is resting on one of the edges on H.P. which is 30O inclined to V.P., while the triangular face containing that edge makes an angle of 45O with H.P. Draw projections of the pyramid. (Assume apex of pyramid is towards the V.P.) Solution : Refer fig. 4. o 2 o o 1 a a b,e p c,d 3B b,e p c,d e 1 p 1 o 1 e e 1 d Draw T.V. First a b 1 o o 1 c p 1 Fig. 4 e 1 p 1 3A Conclusion: Different problems on projections of solid have been studied.
Sheet No.4 Section of solid Aim:- To draw at least 4 problems on projections of solid Objective: To understand the section of solid at different positions Apparatus:- Drawing Instruments Theory: 1. A triangular pyramid, having base 40 mm side and axis 50 mm long, is lying on the H.P. on one of its faces, with the axis parallel to the V.P. A section plane, parallel to V.P. cuts the pyramid at a distance of 6 mm from the axis. Draw its sectional front view and the top view. Solution : Refer fig. 1. o 2 a Sectional F.V. True Shape of Section p a p b c b c 1 3 o c a o H p 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 T o 1 b T.V. Fig. 1 2. A cone of diameter of base circle 60 mm and axis 80 mm long is resting on its base in H.P. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to V.P. and inclined at 45O with H.P. so that the true shape of the section is an ellipse of maximum size. Draw the front view, sectional top view and true shape of the section. Solution : Refer fig. 2.
o e d c f g T s Front View V a 1 b h 2,8 p 3,7 4,6 5 7 8 h g 6 m 1 a o f e s 5 n g 1 f 1 e 1 n 1 d 2 b c 4 h 1 3 Sectional Top View True Shape (Ellipse of Maximum Size) Fig. 2 3. A hexagonal prism has a rectangular face on the ground and the axis parallel to V.P. It is cut by a vertical section plane, the H.T. of which makes an angle of 45O with XY and which cuts the axis at a point 20 mm from one of its ends. Draw its sectional front view and the true shape of the section, side of base 25 mm long, height 70 mm. Solution : Refer fig. 3. m 1 m 1 1 2 1 a,b c,f d,e a,b 2 Sectional F.V. 3 7 1 6 1 a,b 3 1 True Shape of Section m 1 c,f 4 c,f n 5 1 4 1 n 1 a,b a 1 1 c,f f o 7 7 d,e e H 7 d,e 6 f 1 1 1 7 1 6 1 2 1,e 1 5 d,e y f 1,e 1 b d, 5 1 3 1, c Top View 4 1 T
Fig. 3 4. A cone of base 50 mm diameter and axis 60 mm long, lies on H.P. with its axis inclined at 45 O to H.P. and parallel to V.P. A section plane perpendicular to H.P. and V.P. passes through axis of the solid at 20 mm from the center of the base. Draw three views of the solid including sectional side view. Solution : Refer fig. 4. x 1 o V o o 1 2,8 3,7 4,6 5 1 2,8 3,7 a b c T i h d g e f 5 Front View 7 a i b 1 h c True Shape g d f e 5 Sectional Side View 3 7 7 1 H 8 6 8 1 h 1 g 1 f 1 i 1 1 o 5 1 1 5 1 o 1 2 4 2 1 e 1 3 3 1 T Top View y 1 Fig. 4 Conclusion: Different problems on section of solid have been studied.
Sheet No.5 Orthographic projections Aim:- To draw at least 4 problems on orthographic projections Objective: To understand the conversion of 3 dimensional views into 2 dimensional views Apparatus:- Drawing Instruments Theory: 1. Fig. 1(a) shows an isometric view of an object. Draw: a) Front view from X ; b) Side view from left; c) Top view. Solution: Refer fig. 1(b) Fig. 1(a) X
F.V. L.H.S.V. T.V. Fig. 1(b) 2. Fig. 2(a) shows an isometric view of an object. Draw: a) Front view from X ; b) Side view from right ; c) Top view. X Solution: Refer fig. 2(b) Fig. 2(a)
R.H.S.V. F.V. T.V. Fig. 2(b) 3. Fig. 3(a) shows an isometric view of an object. Draw: a) Sectional Front view from X (Section A A) b) Side view from left; c) Top view. X Fig. 3(a)
Solution : Refer fig. 3(b) Sectional F.V. L.H.S.V. T.V. Fig. 3(b) 4. Fig.4(a) shows an isometric view of an object. Draw: a) Sectional Front view from X (Section A A) b) Side view from right; c) Top view. Fig. 4(a)
Solution: Refer fig. 4(b) F.V. Sectional L.H.S.V. T.V. Fig. 4(b) Conclusion: Different problems on orthographic projections have been studied.
Sheet No.6 Isometric projections Aim:- To draw at least 4 problems on Isometric projections Objective: To understand the conversion of 2 dimensional views into 3 dimensional views Apparatus:- Drawing Instruments Theory: 1. Fig. 1(a) shows two views of an object. Draw its isometric view. Fig. 1(a) Solution: Refer fig. 1(b) F.V.
Fig. 1 2. Fig. 2(a) shows two views of an object. Draw its isometric view. Fig. 2(a) Solution : Refer fig. 2(b) 3. Fig. 3(a) shows two views of an object. Draw its isometric view. O F.V.
Fig. 3(a) Solution: Refer fig. 3(b) F.V. Fig. 3(b) 4. Fig. 4(a) shows two views of an object. Draw its isometric view. O O Fig. 4(a)
Solution: Refer fig. 4(b) F.V. Fig. 4 (b) Conclusion: Different problems on isometric projections have been studied.
Quiz on the subject:- 1. What is projection, projector and plane of projection? 2. Differentiate first angle and third angle projection methods. 3. Define point and line. 4. What are the types of lines? 5. Explain the term horizontal and vertical trace. 6. What is mean by trace of plane? 7. What are the different types of planes? 8. Explain method of determining a trace of plane with simple sketches. 9. What do you mean by auxiliary plane? 10. Define composite plane. 11. What are the different types of solid? 12. Differentiate between prism and pyramid. 13. What do you mean by slant edge? 14. What are the different types of section planes? 15. In what inclinations section lines are drawn. 16. do you mean by true shape of section. 17. What are the different methods of orthographic projection? 18. What is the position of Fv, Tv and Sv in first angle projection method. 19. Sectional orthographic projections mean what? 20. What are the different types of sections? 21. Define the terms isometric view and isometric projection. 22. What do you mean by 4 centre method? 23. How to differentiate in between isometric and orthographic projection. 24. Isometric scale is drawn at what angle. 25. What is mean by 2D drawing?
Conduction of Viva-Voce Examinations: Teacher should conduct oral exams of the students with full preparation. Normally, the objective questions with guess are to be avoided. To make it meaningful, the questions should be such that depth of the students in the subject is tested. Oral examinations are to be conducted in cordial environment amongst the teachers taking the examination. Teachers taking such examinations should not have ill thoughts about each other and courtesies should be offered to each other in case of difference of opinion, which should be critically suppressed in front of the students. Evaluation and marking system: Basic honesty in the evaluation and marking system is absolutely essential and in the process impartial nature of the evaluator is required in the examination system to become. It is a primary responsibility of the teacher to see that right students who are really putting up lot of hard work with right kind of intelligence are correctly awarded. The marking patterns should be justifiable to the students without any ambiguity and teacher should see that students are faced with just circumstances.