Angel Lozano! Post-Cellular Wireless Networks
Outline 1 2 3 Flashback Coming Up: 5G A World Without Cells?
1 Flashback
1 st Breakthrough James C.! Maxwell! I do not think that the wireless waves I have discovered will have any practical applications Heinrich! Hertz!
2 nd Breakthrough Nikola! Tesla! Guglielmo! Marconi!
4 th Breakthrough Claude Shannon!
5 th Breakthrough There s plenty of room at the bottom R. Feynman
HISTORY OF COMMUNICATIONS ① Flashback Cellular Service Trial Chicago Cellular testbed Newark Figure 3. Coverage maps for the Chicago and Newark trials. (Continued from page 20) Dozens of new base stations would have to be installed and cut into service at the same moment. Hundreds of radios Martin! ting and reduced the number of cells Cooper! points in that were needed at most growth rather dramatically. Simulations using Jim O Brien s MultiCell simulation showed that the average number of would simulate operation in a few 1-mi cells, surrounded by six interfering cells several miles away. The coverage maps for the Chicago and Newark trials are shown in Fig. 3.
1 Flashback
1G (1983) 2G (1992) 3G (2002) 4G (2011)!"#$%&'"()*+,%&+-(+.(/"01-+#+2&"3( Relative Subscriptions 2G 3G GSM/EDGE UMTS/HSPA LTE 4G 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
1 Flashback Area Capacity apple bits/s Km 2 = apple bits/s/hz cell apple cell Km 2 [Hz] Spectral Efficiency Cell Density Bandwidth
1 Flashback Cell Density 1600 10 6 Compounded Gain in Wireless Area Capacity More Bandwidth 25 Martin Cooper! Spectral Efficiency 10 Other 2.5
1 Flashback Area Capacity apple bits/s Km 2 = Spectral Efficiency apple bits/s/hz cell 1 b/s/hz cell = 500 Kb/s user Cell Density apple cell Km 2 cell 1000 users [Hz] 500 MHz Bandwidth
MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) Coding + Modulation Radio Radio Input Bits DeMUX Coding + Modulation Radio Radio Receiver Coding + Modulation Radio y = Hx + n Radio
2 Coming Up: 5G
4 Coming Up: 5G
4 Coming Up: 5G IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 32, NO. 6, JUNE 2014 1065 What Will 5G Be? Jeffrey G. Andrews, Fellow, IEEE, Stefano Buzzi, Senior Member, IEEE, WanChoi,Senior Member, IEEE, Stephen V. Hanly, Member, IEEE, Angel Lozano, Fellow, IEEE, Anthony C. K. Soong, Fellow, IEEE,and Jianzhong Charlie Zhang, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract What will 5G be? What it will not be is an incremental advance on 4G. The previous four generations of cellular technology have each been a major paradigm shift that has broken backward compatibility. Indeed, 5G will need to be a paradigm shift that includes very high carrier frequencies with massive bandwidths, extreme base station and device densities, and unprecedented numbers of antennas. However, unlike the previous four generations, it will also be highly integrative: tying any new 5G air interface and spectrum together with LTE and WiFi to provide universal high-rate coverage and a seamless user experience. To support this, the core network will also have to reach unprecedented levels of flexibility and intelligence, spectrum regulation will need to be rethought and improved, and energy and cost efficiencies will become even more critical considerations. This paper discusses all of these topics, identifying key challenges for future research and preliminary 5G standardization activities, while providing a comprehensive overview of the current literature, and in particular of the papers appearing in this special issue. Index Terms Cellular systems, energy efficiency, HetNets, massive MIMO, millimeter wave, small cells. I. INTRODUCTION A. The Road to 5G I Njustthepastyear,preliminaryinterestanddiscussions about a possible 5G standard have evolved into a fullreleased by Cisco, we have quantitative evidence that the wireless data explosion is real and will continue. Driven largely by smartphones, tablets, and video streaming, the most recent (Feb. 2014) VNI report [2] and forecast makes plain that an incremental approach will not come close to meeting the demands that networks will face by 2020. In just a decade, the amount of IP data handled by wireless networks will have increased by well over a factor of 100: from under 3 exabytes in 2010 to over 190 exabytes by 2018, on pace to exceed 500 exabytes by 2020. This deluge of data has been driven chiefly by video thus far, but new unforeseen applications can reasonably be expected to materialize by 2020. In addition to the sheer volume of data, the number of devices and the data rates will continue to grow exponentially. The number of devices could reach the tens or even hundreds of billions by the time 5G comes to fruition, due to many new applications beyond personal communications [3] [5]. It is our duty as engineers to meet these intense demands via innovative new technologies that are smart and efficient yet grounded in reality. Academia is engaging in collaborative projects such as METIS [6] and 5GNOW [7], while industry is driving preliminary 5G standardization activities (cf. Section IV-B). To further strengthen these activities, the public-private partnership
4 Coming Up: 5G apple bits/s Km 2 = apple bits/s/hz cell apple cell Km 2 [Hz] Spectral Efficiency Densification Bandwidth Massive MIMO Ultra Densification New Spectrum
4 Coming Up: 5G
4 Coming Up: 5G 0.03 0.3 3 30 300 3000 Frequency (GHz) New spectrum enabled by ultradensification
3 A World Without Cells?
5 A World Without Cells?
5 A World Without Cells?
5 A World Without Cells? Conventional Cellular! Network NetMIMO No cells! Cell Site Interference Interference Cell Site Signal Signal Cell Site Signal Signal Signal Signal Signal Signal Signal Signal User User User User
5 A World Without Cells?
5 A World Without Cells? Antennas Cloud RAN DSP Amplifiers
5 A World Without Cells? Cloud RAN Cloud RAN
It s dangerous to put limits on wireless Guglielmo Marconi, 1932