National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA s Changing Human Spaceflight Exploration Plans FISO 6-13-2018 John Guidi Deputy Director, Advanced Exploration Systems Division Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate NASA
The US Space Policy Directive-1 Lead an innovative and sustainable program of exploration with commercial and international partners to enable human expansion across the solar system and to bring back to Earth new knowledge and opportunities. Beginning with missions beyond low-earth orbit, the United States will lead the return of humans to the Moon for long-term exploration and utilization, followed by human missions to Mars and other destinations. 2
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EXPANDING HUMAN PRESENCE IN PARTNERSHIP ~2017 CREATING ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ADVANCING TECHNOLOGIES, AND ENABLING DISCOVERY National Aeronautics and Space Administration Now Using the International Space Station 2020s Operating in the Lunar Vicinity (proving ground) After 2030 Leaving the Earth-Moon System and Reaching Mars Orbit Phase 0 Phase 1 Phase 2 Continue research and testing on ISS to solve exploration challenges. Evaluate potential for lunar resources. Develop standards. Begin missions in cislunar space. Initiate next key deep space capability. Complete next deep space capability and checkout. 4
EXPLORATION CAMPAIGN 2018 5
Funding: FY2019 Presidential Budget Request Highlights Provides $19.9B, including $10.5B to lead an innovative and sustainable campaign of exploration and lead the return of humans to the Moon for long-term exploration and utilization followed by human missions to Mars and other destinations. Refocuses existing NASA activities towards exploration, by redirecting funding to innovative new programs and providing additional funding to support new public-private initiatives. Conducts uncrewed SLS/Orion first flight in 2020, leading to Americans around the Moon in 2023. This will be the first human mission to the moon since Apollo 17 in 1972, and will establish U.S. leadership in cislunar space. Serves as a catalyst for growth of a vibrant American commercial space industry expanding commercial partnerships to strengthen U.S. leadership in space. Achieves early Human Exploration milestone by establishing a Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway in cislunar space; launching a power and propulsion space tug in 2022. Develops a series of progressively more capable robotic lunar missions to the surface of the moon using innovative acquisition approaches while meeting national exploration and scientific objectives. Begins transition to commercialization of low Earth orbit and ends direct federal government support of the International Space Station in 2025. Begins a new $150M program to encourage development of new commercial Low Earth orbital platforms and capabilities for use by the private sector and NASA. Focuses and integrates space technology investments to enable new robotic and human exploration capabilities and missions and contribute to economic development and growth by enabling innovative systems and services supporting the emerging space economy. 6
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 7
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Funding: FY2019 Presidential Budget Request Highlights Provides $19.9B, including $10.5B to lead an innovative and sustainable campaign of exploration and lead the return of humans to the Moon for long-term exploration and utilization followed by human missions to Mars and other destinations. Refocuses existing NASA activities towards exploration, by redirecting funding to innovative new programs and providing additional funding to support new public-private initiatives. Conducts uncrewed SLS/Orion first flight in 2020, leading to Americans around the Moon in 2023. This will be the first human mission to the moon since Apollo 17 in 1972, and will establish U.S. leadership in cislunar space. Serves as a catalyst for growth of a vibrant American commercial space industry expanding commercial partnerships to strengthen U.S. leadership in space. Achieves early Human Exploration milestone by establishing a Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway in cislunar space; launching a power and propulsion space tug in 2022. Develops a series of progressively more capable robotic lunar missions to the surface of the moon using innovative acquisition approaches while meeting national exploration and scientific objectives. Begins transition to commercialization of low Earth orbit and ends direct federal government support of the International Space Station in 2025. Begins a new $150M program to encourage development of new commercial Low Earth orbital platforms and capabilities for use by the private sector and NASA. Focuses and integrates space technology investments to enable new robotic and human exploration capabilities and missions and contribute to economic development and growth by enabling innovative systems and services supporting the emerging space economy. 9
ISS Utilization and LEO Transition 10
NASA s and US goals onboard the ISS Enable long duration human spaceflight beyond LEO Enable a commercial market in LEO Advance benefits to humanity through research Basis for international and commercial partnerships 11
Developing the Domestic LEO Space Economy ISS Assembly 1998-2011 ISS Utilization 2012-2024 Commercial LEO Beyond 2024 Exploration technology demonstrations, Research on human effects of spaceflight, Astronaut training (NASA) Demand Fundamental and Applied Microgravity Research (NASA and OGA s) Manufacturing, Pharma, Materials, Earth observation products Marketing, Advertising, Tourism Cargo Services Supply Crew Transportation Services Microgravity National Laboratory Management and Operations (includes maintenance and integration) Today Key: US Government Private Industry 12
ISS Supply Fleet INTERNATIONAL Retired COMMERCIAL Progress (Roscosmos) H-II Transfer Vehicle (JAXA) Automated Transfer Vehicle (ESA) Coming Soon Cygnus (Orbital ATK) Dragon (SpaceX) Dream Chaser (SNC) 13
DEEP SPACE TRANSPORTATION & GATEWAY 14 14
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 15
EM-1 Secondary Payloads INTERIM CRYOGENIC PROPULSION STAGE 13 CUBESATS SELECTED TO FLY ON EM-1 (2020) Lunar Flashlight Near Earth Asteroid Scout Bio Sentinel LunaH-MAP CuSPP Lunar IceCube LunIR EQUULEUS (JAXA) OMOTENASHI (JAXA) ArgoMoon (ESA) STMD Centennial Challenge Winners Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage - ICPS 16 16
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 20 17
GATEWAY Lunar Orbital Platform - Gateway Orion 18 18
Robotic arm EVA/science airlock elements, logistic element, more docking Habitation element, docking Power Propulsion Element (PPE) Artist depiction of gateway 19 19
Gateway Functionality Habitation Provides habitable volume and short-duration life support functions for crew in cislunar space Docked to Orion: 30 60+ days Docking ports allow for attachment to the PPE, other Gateway elements and visiting vehicles Offers attach points for external robotics, external science and technology payloads or rendezvous sensors Provide accommodations for crew exercise, science/utilization and stowage Airlock Provides capability to enable astronaut EVAs as well as the potential to accommodate docking of additional elements, observation ports, or a science utilization airlock Logistics Deliver cargo to enable extended crew mission durations, science utilization, exploration technology demonstrations, potential commercial utilization, and other supplies Power and Propulsion Station keeping, power systems, SEP transfers to different orbits, propulsion system refueling and transfer. Small lunar landers may obtain refueling for reuse 20 20
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Gateway Concept Investigations U.S. Industry: Five full-scale prototypes in development for ground testing across the U.S. Bigelow: Expandable Boeing: Leverages Existing Technologies One feasibility study on converting a spent rocket stage. Lockheed: Refurbishes Heritage Hardware Sierra Nevada: Modular Buildup Orbital ATK: Builds on proven cargo spacecraft development International Partners: Concepts for contributions and utilization for gateway buildup in cislunar space 22
NextSTEP-2: Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) Studies U.S. industry-led studies for an advanced solar electric propulsion (SEP) vehicle capability. Four-month studies completed March 2018. Lockheed Martin Denver, CO Orbital ATK Dulles, VA Space Systems/Loral Palo Alto, CA Boeing Pasadena, TX Sierra Nevada Louisville, CO Partnered with DSS, Draper, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign NASA expects to release a draft solicitation to U.S. industry for the power and propulsion element in spring 2018 Partnered with Aerojet Rocketdyne, Draper 23
GATEWAY UTILIZATION 24 24
Gateway Utilization Need to design to meet the needs of NASA and stakeholders longterm Support NASA lunar and Mars mission plans AND support plans of partners and commercial endeavors for cislunar space New development programs balance near term technical and resource challenges with long term goals and system performance Successfully building the gateway and advancing exploration, science and commercial goals Establishing gateway utilization requirements team during formulation phase Champion early identification and representation in gateway development Incorporate stakeholder needs early into the gateway design Maximizes return for stakeholders, reduces cost of requirement over later incorporation 25
Gateway Utilization Four Focus Areas to Develop Design Technology: Identifying high-priority technologies for Gateway demonstration: Evolve its initial capabilities or enable new capabilities for human exploration. Stimulate the development of commercial technologies for operations in cislunar space Request For Information (RFI) released May Commercial: Developing overall commercialization strategy for gateway: Identifying commercial uses of a Gateway beyond NASA plans Release RFI on Gateway commercial (early June) International: Enabling collaboration between interested parties: International Space Station partner discussions ongoing, working on strategy to involve international, non-iss partners (ongoing) Science and Research: Identifying potential science opportunities, and how gateway infrastructure can support various investigations: Identifying science events and forums to raise awareness and obtain insight SMD/HEOMD-hosted event completed Denver gateway science workshop (February) Revising current gateway utilization ground rules & assumptions 26
Science Workshop Format HEOMD/Ben Bussey, SMD/Michael New Introductory briefings on NASA plans, ISS lessons learned, gateway orbit options ~180 Talks, ~300 Attendees Government, academia, industry, international One day of discipline-focused sessions in five venues 5-20 minutes per abstract Heliophysics Earth Science Astrophysics & Fundamental Physics Lunar & Planetary Life Sciences and Space Biology Cross-cutting discussions Orbits, Human exploration, Potential future capabilities External Instruments Samples Telerobotics & Leveraging Infrastructure Internal Instruments 27
Science Workshop Analysis of Selected Data ~180 abstracts with 220 instruments proposed Each proposed instrument included gateway parameter and usage information: Instrument Parameter: Mass Volume Power Thermal requirements Daily data volume Current TRL WAG cost & basis Duration of experiment Other parameters Instrument Usage: Orbit Considerations Field of View (FOV) requirements Requires use of airlock Crew interaction required? Will astronaut presence be disruptive? Does the instrument present a risk to the crew? Other consumables or gateway requirements? Special sample handling requirements Need for telerobotics? ~7,200 data items returned Analysis & selected comparison to existing Utilization Groundrules and Assumptions Mass, volume, power, data rates 28
Science Workshop: Upmass Analysis Current Groundrule: Beginning with EM-3, 1,000 kg per crewed mission will be provided for utilization. If instruments were equal priority and without considering other parameters, ~90 accommodated by a 1000 kg allocation Only 2 instruments are >1000 kg 1000kg (~90 instruments) 1000kg 29
Science Workshop: Internal Volume Analysis Current Groundrule: Gateway will provide at least 1 (TBD) m 3 for powered payloads For now, assuming all SLPSRA payloads are internal and all others are external 12.5 m 3 of total proposed internal payload concepts (single largest 8 m 3, sum of all other concepts is 4.5 m 3 ) Assumption of 100% efficient packing in these values 1 m 3 1 m 3 30
Science Workshop: Electrical Power Analysis Current Groundrule: Power available for utilization is 4 kw during crewed operations and TBD kw when uncrewed 4 kw 50 concepts in the 100s W range, almost all concepts <500 W, 3 concepts in 4-9 kw power range 4 kw 31
Science Workshop: Daily Data Volume Current Groundrule: TBD allocation is available for utilization downlink. Even in the unrealistic case of every instrument being on the gateway simultaneously, if all but the top 10 data volume drivers were on the gateway at once, the date volume would be at around 1 TB of daily data Factoring in the possibility of high drivers being selected and considering the need for additional margin (e.g. hi definition video), 250 GB to 2 TB appears to be a reasonable baseline assumption for daily data downlink needs 250 GB - 2 TB 250 GB - 2 TB 32
Workshop Top Gateway Design Takeaways Science utilization extremely constrained until the presence of an external robotic arm Arm is the de facto external experiment installer Gateway, in a NRHO, offers unique opportunities for Earth, Heliophysics, Astrophysics and fundamental physics investigations With the addition of additional transportation infrastructure (LLO tug/pallet, surface access, sample return capability) gateway can enable additional important lunar science Concepts for free flying platform now under review at NASA Radiation environment of the Gateway can provide important tests of the effects of radiation on biological organisms. Automation of internal payload interactions when crew is not present - robotics Science will generate LARGE amounts of data Farside of the Moon is a unique radio science location, need to consider gateway RF noise Enhancement of generic gateway capabilities can facilitate science (e.g. clock, GPS) 33
Other Upcoming Lunar Activities at NASA Korean Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO) Partnership with South Korean space agency KARI. No funds exchanged KPLO launch on SpaceX Falcon 9 - December 2020 NASA providing Deep Space Network communications and navigation support KARI flying NASA s ShadowCam instrument Highly sensitive optical camera that can image the Moon s Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs) on the poles containing frozen volatiles for fuel, water, breathing air Medium-to-large lander Lunar Surface Transportation Capability RFI released Seeking information on 500kg to 5,000 kg robotic payload landed mass to lunar surface Evolving to human class lander by end of 2020s Understand commercial industry capabilities, concepts, cost-sharing, partnership strategies Release BAA very soon, targeting award of contracts as early as 2019 Targeting first robotic mission to lunar surface FY22 (500kg); second FY2024 (500++kg) Information used to develop government acquisition planning Gateway Utilization seeing non-nasa inputs via RFIs to consider in groundrules and assumptions Technology RFI possible uses of a gateway to pursue non-nasa technology goals from industry Commercial RFI possible uses of a gateway to pursue non-nasa commercial goals from industry 34
Draft Deep Space Interoperability System Standards NASA, in collaboration with International Space Station partners, has developed a draft set of deep space interoperability system standards in seven prioritized domain areas: - Avionics - Communications - Environmental Control and Life Support Systems - Power - Rendezvous - Robotics - Thermal The draft standards were released for public comment on March 1, 2018, with the goals of: - enabling industry and international entities to independently develop systems and elements for deep space that would be compatible aboard any spacecraft, irrelevant of the spacecraft developer; - defining interfaces and environments to facilitate cooperative deep space exploration endeavors; and - engaging the wide-ranging global spaceflight industry, and encourage feedback on the standards from all potential stakeholder audiences. www.internationaldeepspacestandards.com 35
Global Exploration Roadmap The GER is a human space exploration roadmap developed by 14 space agencies participating in the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) First released in 2011. Updated in 2013 and 2018. The non-binding strategic document reflects consensus on expanding human presence into the Solar System, including Sustainability Principles, spaceflight benefits to society Importance of ISS and LEO The Moon: Lunar vicinity and Lunar surface www.globalspaceexploration.org www.nasa.gov/isecg Mars: The Driving Horizon Goal 36
Exploring Destinations Farther Into the Solar System Transitioning Low Earth Orbit into commercial activities ISS operations, crew and cargo delivery Developing a cislunar Gateway and planning for lunar surface landings Focus on the lunar surface for science and exploration Advancing planetary lander capabilities Honing sample return operations lunar and Mars samples Deploying CubeSats, small sats and other science platforms Provides opportunities for commercial ventures and international partnerships Informing Mars transportation, life support systems, human health and research Leveraging industry spaceflight capabilities and international partnerships for long term solar system exploration 37
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