ad hoc network 5 additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) 29, 30, 166, 241 channel capacity 167 capacity-achieving AWGN channel codes 170, 171 packing spheres 168 72, 168, 169 channel resources 172 bandwidth reuse in cellular systems 175 8, 178 continuous-time AWGN channel 172 power and bandwidth 173 5 downlink channel 235 6, 236 general case of superposition coding achieves capacity 238 40, 239 symmetric case of two capacity-achieving schemes 236 8 formal derivation of capacity 526, 527 9 infinite bandwidth 345 6 uplink channel 240 1 capacity via successive interference cancellation (SIC) 229 32, 229, 230 compared with conventional CDMA 232, 233 compared with orthogonal multiple access 232 4, 234 general K-user uplink capacity 234 5 advanced mobile phone service (AMPS) 4 aggregate interference 141 aggregate interference level 130 CDMA uplink 133 Alamouti scheme for transmit diversity 73 4, 191 4, 192 analog memoryless channels 526 7 angular domain representation of signals 311 13, 313 angular bases 313 14 angular domain transformation as DFT 314 degrees of freedom 318 22, 318 diversity 322 3, 323 MIMO channels 315 16, 316 statistical modeling 317, 317 antenna diversity 71 multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channels 77 82, 78 receive diversity 71 3, 72 transmit and receive diversity 72 transmit diversity 72, 73 Alamouti scheme 73 4 determinant criterion for space-time code design 74 7 antennas arrays with only a line-of-sight path 299 300 directional 121, 122 dumb antennas for opportunistic beamforming 263 6, 264, 265 dumb, smart and smarter 268 70, 269, 270 fast fading 266 8 slow fading 266 geographically separated antennas receive antennas 305 6, 305 resolvability in angular domain 301 5, 303, 304, 305 transmit antennas 300 1, 300 multiple antennas in cellular networks 473 4 downlink with multiple receive antennas 479, 482 downlink with multiple transmit antennas 479, 482 inter-cell interference management 474 6 554
555 MIMO uplink 478 9 476 8, 481 uniform linear antenna arrays 296 approximate universality 398, 400 code properties 404 5, 405 array gain 72 ArrayComm systems 479 81 asymmetric fading downlink channels 251 bandwidth reuse in cellular systems 175 8, 178 bandwidth-limited systems 174, 174 baseband equivalent model for wireless channels 22 5, 23, 24 discrete-time model 25 8, 27, 28, 29 beam width 304 beamforming configuration 266 beamforming patterns 303, 304, 305 Bernoulli coin-flipped sequence 133 binary antipodal signaling 50 binary entropy 518 19 binary entropy function 519, 519 binary erasure channels 517, 517 capacity 524 5, 524 binary phase-shift-keying (BPSK) 50, 60 coherent detection 53, 54 degrees of freedom 56 9 differential BPSK 58, 60 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 56 binary symmetric channels 517, 517 capacity 524, 524 block fading 199, 200 Bluetooth 5 burstiness averaging 141, 143 capacity-achieving AWGN channel codes 170 capacity of wireless channels 166, 214 see also multiuser capacity AWGN channel capacity 167 capacity-achieving AWGN channel codes 170, 171 packing spheres 168 72, 168, 169 repetition coding 167 8 AWGN channel resources 172 bandwidth reuse in cellular systems 175 8, 178 continuous-time AWGN channel 172 power and bandwidth 173 5 fading channels 186 7, 213 14 fast fading 199 203, 216 frequency-selective fading channels 213 rate adaptation in IS-856 209 13, 210 receive diversity 189 90 slow fading 187 9, 187, 215 16 time and frequency diversity 195 9 transmit diversity 191 5 transmitter side information 203 13 fading downlink channel 250 channel side information at receiver only 250 1 full channel side information 251 2 fading uplink channel 243, 250 fast fading 245 7 full channel side information 247 50 slow fading 243 4, 245 linear time-invariant Gaussian channels 179, 214 15 frequency-selective channels 181 6, 181, 184, 185 MIMO channels 332 3, 345, 373 CSI at receiver 336 8 performance gainss 338 46 multiple input single output (MISO) channels 179 80 reliable rate of communication 171 single input multiple output (SIMO) channels 179 capacity regions 428, 429, 537 9, 539 corner points 539 40, 540 carrier frequency 34 cellular networks 3, 3, 120 3 bandwidth reuse 175 8, 178 capacity of cells 19 coverage of cells 19 frequency reuse 127 8 historical development first generation systems 3 4 second generation systems 4 third generation systems 4 interference between adjacent cells 19 interference management 121 multiple access 121 multiple antennas 473 4 downlink with multiple receive antennas 479, 482 downlink with multiple transmit antennas 479 inter-cell interference management 474 6 MIMO uplink 478 9 476 8, 481 narrowband allocations in GSM 124 5 performance 125 signal characteristics and receiver design 125 6 narrowband systems 123 4, 124, 128 network and system design 126 7 US frequency bands 11 wideband systems 128 31 CDMA downlink 145 6, 146 CDMA uplink 131 45, 132
556 cellular networks (Cont.) OFDM 148 52 sectorization 153 system issues 147 chain rule for entropies 520 chain rule for mutual information 521 channel inversion 204 compared with waterfilling 209 channel modeling 290 1, 328 9 angular domain representation of signals 311 13, 313 angular bases 313 14 angular domain transformation as DFT 314 degrees of freedom 318 22, 318 diversity 322 3, 323 MIMO channels 315 16, 316 statistical modeling 317, 317 MIMO channels 295 6 antenna arrays with only a line-of-sight path 299 300 geographically separated antennas 300 6, 300, 305 line-of-sight MISO channels 298 9 line-of-sight plus one reflected path 306 9, 307, 308 line-of-sight SIMO channels 296 8, 296 MIMO fading channels 309 basic approach 309 10, 310 dependency on antenna spacing 323 7, 324, 325, 326, 327 i.i.d. Rayleigh fading model 327 8 multipath channels 311 physical modeling free space, fixed transmit and receive antennas 12 13 free space, moving antenna 13 14 moving antenna, multiple reflectors 19 20 power decay with distance and shadowing 18 19 reflecting ground plate 17 18, 18 reflecting wall, fixed antenna 14 15, 14, 15 reflecting wall, moving antenna 15 17, 16, 17 channel side information (CSI) 207, 207 channel side information at the receiver (CSIR) 207, 207 MIMO channels 336 8, 346 capacity 346 performance analysis 347 8 transceiver architecture 347 multiuser communications with MIMO systems 436 7, 437 uplink with multiple transmit and receive antennas 445 7, 446 channel uncertainty 102, 110 channel estimation 105 7 non-coherent detection for DS spread-spectrum 103 5, 104, 105 other diversity scenarios 107 8, 108 channel-dependent scheduling 258, 259 channel-state independent coding scheme 366 chip rate 91 chip-synchronous users 132 circulant matrices 98 circular symmetric complex Gaussian random variables 29 30 circular symmetry 29, 500 Clarke s model clustered response models 319 flat fading 38 40, 40 clustered response models Clarke s model 319 effect of carrier frequency 321 2, 321 total angular spread 322 general model 319 21 indoor channel measurements 320 multipath environment 320 code division multiple access (CDMA) 4, 122, 128 31, 147 8 compared with AWGN uplink channel 232, 233 downlink 145 6, 146 interference averaging and system capacity 141 5 multiuser detection and ISI equalization 364 5, 365 system issues 147 uplink 131 2, 132 generation of pseudonoise sequences 132 3 interference statistics 133 4 IS-95 link design 136 7, 136 point-to-point link design 134 6 power control 134, 137 8 power control in IP-95 138 9, 139 soft handoff 134, 139 41, 139 coding 59 coding gains 49, 59, 66, 67, 109 10 coherence bandwidth 15, 33, 34 coherence distance 15 coherence time 16, 31, 34 coherent combining 61 coherent detection in Rayleigh fading channels 52 6, 54 communication bandwidth 34 complex baseband equivalent 22 conditional entropy 519 20 reliable communication 521 2
557 constructive wave interference 15 continuous-time AWGN channel 172 convex hull 438 Costa precoding see dirty paper precoding covariance matrix 499, 500 cyclic convolution 97 cyclic prefix operator 96, 96 convolution 97 data communications 4 D-BLAST multiplexing 368 coding across transmit antennas 371 2, 371 suboptimality 368 70 universality 411 12 decision-feedback equalizers (DFE) 90 decorrelator 80 1, 82 deep fade 55 degree-of-freedom limited systems 129 degrees of freedom 28, 110 angular domain representation of signals 318 22, 318 clustered response models 319 22 BPSK and QPSK 56 9 multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channels 77 8, 78 downlink with multiple transmit antennas 448 9 delay diversity 88 delay spread 15, 31 2, 34 delay-limited capacity 209 delay-limited power allocation 209 destructive wave interference 15 detection 49, 503 Rayleigh fading channels BPSK and QPSK 56 9 coherent detection 52 6, 54 diversity 59 60 geometry of orthogonal modulation 57 non-coherent detection 50 2, 51, 54 summary of schemes 60 differential entropy 526 directional cosine 297, 304 direct-sequence (DS) spread-spectrum systems 91, 92, 101 2 non-coherent detection 103 5, 104, 105 Rake receiver 91 3, 93 performance analysis 93 5 dirty paper (Costa) precoding 457 code design 463 4, 463 multiple transmit antennas 466 8 single transmit antennas 465 6 discrete Fourier transform (DFT) 97 angular domain transformation 314 Parseval theorem 182 discrete memoryless channels 516 18, 517, 518 Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) systems 84 discrete-time baseband equivalent model for wireless channels 25 8, 27, 28, 29 diversity 49, 109 see also antenna diversity; frequency diversity; time diversity angular domain representation of signals 322 3, 323 Rayleigh fading channels 59 60 diversity branches 60 error probability 62 diversity gains 49, 72 diversity multiplexing tradeoffs in MIMO channels 383 4 2 2 MIMO Rayleigh channel four schemes 392 4, 392, 393, 393 optimal tradeoff 394 5 formulation 384 6 MISO Rayleigh channel 391 2 n n MIMO i.i.d. Rayleigh channel geometric interpretation 397 8, 397 optimal tradeoff 395 6, 396 parallel Rayleigh channel 390 1, 391 scalar Rayleigh channel optimal tradeoff 389 90 PAM and QAM 386 9, 388, 389 Doppler shift 21, 34 moving antennas 13, 14, 16 Doppler spectrum 40, 40 Doppler spread 16 17, 27, 30 1, 34 downconversion 22, 24 downlink 4, 121 duplexer 121 dynamic programming 90, 90 eigenmode of a channel (eigenchannel) 293 energy detectors 51 entropy 518 chain rule 520 differential entropy 526 epsilon ( )-outage capacity 188, 189, 191 ergodicity 201 stationary ergodic fading 534 error propagation 355 fade margin 130 fading 1 large-scale fading 10, 11 small-scale fading 10 fast fading channels 31, 34 capacity 199, 201 2, 216 derivation 199 200, 200 MIMO channels 534 6 performance comparison 202 3 scalar channels 533 4 transmitter side information 204 6, 206
558 fast fading channels (Cont.) downlink with multiple transmit antennas 468 full CSI 468 receiver CSI 468 9 receiver CSI and partial CSI at base-station 469 71 multiuser capacity AWGN uplink 245 7 full channel side information 247 50 multiuser communications with MIMO systems 436 9 full CSI 438 9 receiver CSI 436 7, 437 uplink with multiple transmit and receive antennas 445 receiver CSI 445 7, 446 flash-ofdm 153 4 flat fading channels 33, 34 Clarke s model 38 40, 40 foward channel 4, 121 frequency coherence 32 frequency diversity 100 1 basic concept 83 4 direct-sequence (DS) spread-spectrum 91, 92, 101 2 performance analysis 93 5 Rake receiver 91 3, 93 error probability analysis 86 8 extensions 198 9 geometric view 197 8, 198 implementing MLSD 88 91, 88 orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems 95 9, 102, 108, 108 block length 99 100 outage performance of parallel channels 195 7 single-carrier with ISI equalization 84 5, 101 frequency-selective channel viewed as MISO channel 85, 85 frequency division duplex (FDD) systems 69, 121 frequency hopping 71 frequency reuse 122, 127 8 frequency-selective channels fading channels 33, 34 capacity 213 multiuser capacity 252 3 linear time-invariant Gaussian channels coding across sub-carriers 185 6 transformation to parallel channel 181 3, 181 waterfilling power allocation 183 5, 184, 185 Gaussian noise, detection in complex vector space detection 507 9 scalar detection 503 4, 504 vector space detection 504 7, 505, 506 Gaussian noise, estimation in complex vector space estimation 511 13 scalar estimation 509 10 vector space estimation 510 11 Gaussian random variables complex Gaussian random vectors 500 3 real Gaussian random vectors 497 500, 498, 499 scalar real Gaussian random variables 496 7, 497 Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication systems 4 narrowband allocations 124 5 performance 125 signal characteristics and receiver design 125 6 time diversity 69 71, 70 Hadamard sequences 146 handoff 121 see also soft handoff Hermitian matrices 75 hopping patterns 150 2, 151 i.i.d. Gaussian code 170 ideal interweaving 533 4 imperfect power control averaging 141 impulse response baseband equivalent 25 fading multipath channel 21 information theory 166, 167, 516 capacity of fast fading channels MIMO channels 534 6 scalar channels 533 4 discrete memoryless channels 516 18, 517, 518 entropy, conditional entropy and mutual information 518 21 formal derivation of AWGN capacity 526, 527 9 analog memoryless channels 526 7 multiple access channels capacity region 537 9, 539 capacity region corner points 539 40, 540 fast fading uplink 540 1 noisy channel coding theorem 521 achieving upper bound 523 5 operational interpretation 525 6 reliable communication and conditional entropy 521 2 outage formulation 536 7
559 receiver optimality fading channels 364 MMSE is information lossless 362 3 time-invariant channel 363 4 sphere-packing interpretation 529 achievability 530 2, 531 converse 529 30, 530 time-invariant parallel channel 532 3 inner codes 194 inter-cell interference 145 6 interference 1 interference averaging 141 interference avoidance 271 interference diversity 141 interference nuller 81, 350 interference-limited rate 235 interference-limited systems 129 capacity 142 interleaving 59, 60, 61 inter-symbol interference (ISI) 83 equalization and CDMA multiuser detection 364 5, 365 IS-856 downlink 209 10, 210 prediction uncertainty 211 13 rate control 210 11 rate versus power control 210 IS-95 link CDMA downlink 146, 146 CDMA uplink 136 7, 136 power control 138 9, 139 Jensen inequality 202 3, 245, 295, 338 Kuhn Tucker condition 183 large-scale fading 10, 11, 40 Latin squares 150 orthogonal 151 linear decorrelator 434 geometric derivation 349 52, 350, 351 performance for deterministic H matrix 352 performance in fading channels 352 4, 353, 354 linear equalizers 90 linear time-invariant (LTI) channel 13 linear time-varying system model for wireless channels 20 2 local area networks (LANs) ad hoc network 5 wireless systems 5 log-likelihood ratio 51 low-complexity detection 80 1, 82 macrodiversity 59, 130 matched filter 61 maximal ratio combining 61, 140 maximum length shift register (MLSR) 132 3 maximum likelihood (ML) rule 51, 503, 504 maximum likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) 86 Viterbi algorithm 88 91, 88 memoryless channels 526 7 minimum Hamming distance 69 minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizers 90, 333 information theoretic optimality fading channels 364 MMSE is information lossless 362 3 time-invariant channel 363 4 linear MMSE receiver decorrelator limitations 356 7, 357 derivation 357 60, 358 MMSE SIC 361 2, 361, 362 performance 360, 361 performance enhancement by MMSE decoding 459 61, 460 mobile switching center (MSC) see mobile telephone switching office (MTSO) mobile telephone switching office (MTSO) 3 4 multipath fading 11, 16 multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channels 290 1, 328 9 see also multiuser communications with MIMO systems antenna diversity degrees of freedom 77 8, 78 low-complexity detection 80 1, 82 spacial multiplexing 79 80 summary of 2 2 schemes 82 capacity 332 3, 345, 373 CSI at receiver 336 8 performance gainss 338 46 D-BLAST archicture 368 coding across transmit antennas 371 2, 371 suboptimality 368 70 diversity-multiplexing tradeoffs 383, 384 2 2 MIMO Rayleigh channel 392 5 formulation 384 6 MIMO Rayleigh channel 392, 393, 393 MISO Rayleigh channel 391 2 n n MIMO i.i.d. Rayleigh channel 395 8, 396, 397 parallel Rayleigh channel 390 1, 391 scalar Rayleigh channel 386 90, 388, 389 full CSI 346 capacity 346 performance analysis 347 8 transceiver architecture 347
560 multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channels (Cont.) modeling fading channels 309 angular domain transformation 315 16, 316 basic approach 309 10, 310 dependency on antenna spacing 323 7, 324, 325, 326, 327 i.i.d. Rayleigh fading model 327 8 multipath channels 311 multiplexing architectures 332 3, 373 fast fading channels 335 6 V-BLAST 333 5 multiplexing capability 291, 309 capacity via singular value decomposition 291 4, 293 rank and condition number 294 5 physical modeling 295 6 antenna arrays with only a line-of-sight path 299 300 geographically separated antennas 300 6, 300, 303, 304, 305 line-of-sight MISO channels 298 9 line-of-sight plus one reflected path 306 9, 307, 308 line-of-sight SIMO channels 296 8, 296 receiver architectures 348 9 information theoretic optimality 362 4 linear decorrelator 349 54, 350, 351, 353, 354 linear MMSE receiver 356 62, 357, 358, 361, 362 successive cancellation 355 6, 355 slow fading channels 366 8 high SNR 368 universal space-time codes 383, 398, 411, 415 16 design criterion 412 13 properties of approximately universal codes 413 15 QAM is approximately universal for scalar channels 398 400 universality of D-BLAST 411 12 multiple input single output (MISO) channels 73 frequency-selective channels 85, 85 large transmit antenna arrays 344, 345 linear time-invariant Gaussian channels 179 80 modeling 298 9 Rayleigh fading 391 2 universal code design 407, 410 conversion to parallel channels 408 9 design criterion 409 10 viewed as parallel channels 407 8, multiplexing D-BLAST architecture 368 coding across transmit antennas 371 2, 371 suboptimality 368 70 MIMO architectures 332 3, 373 fast fading channels 335 6 V-BLAST 333 5 receiver architectures 348 9 information theoretic optimality 362 4 linear decorrelator 349 54, 350, 351, 353, 354 linear MMSE receiver 356 62, 357, 358, 361, 362 successive cancellation 355 6, 355 slow fading MIMO channels 366 8 high SNR 368 multiuser capacity 228 9 see also capacity of wireless channels AWGN downlink 235 6, 236, 241 general case of superposition coding achieves capacity 238 40, 239 symmetric case of two capacity-achieving schemes 236 8 AWGN fading downlink 250 channel side information at receiver only 250 1 full channel side information 251 2 AWGN fading uplink 243, 250 fast fading 245 7 slow fading 243 4, 245 AWGN uplink 240 1 capacity via successive interference cancellation (SIC) 229 32, 229, 230 compared with conventional CDMA 232, 233 compared with orthogonal multiple access 232 4, 234 general K-user uplink capacity 234 5 frequency-selective fading channels 252 3 multiuser communications with MIMO systems 425 6 downlink with multiple receive and transmit antennas 471 3, 471, 472, 481 downlink with multiple transmit antennas 448, 448 degrees of freedom 448 9 fast fading 468 71 precoding for downlink 465 8 precoding for interference known at transmitter 454 65, 455, 456, 457 uplink-downlink duality and transmit beamforming 449 53 multiple antennas in cellular networks uplink 478 9
561 426, 426 fast fading 436 9 multiuser diversity 439 42 slow fading 433 6, 435, 436 space-division multiple access (SDMA) 426 7 space-division multiple access (SDMA) capacity region 428 30, 429 system implications 431 2, 432 uplink with multiple transmit and receive antennas 442 fast fading 445 7 SDMA 442 4, 443, 444 system implications 444 5, 445 multiuser diversity 228, 229, 276 7 channel prediction and feedback 262 3 fair scheduling 258 multiuser diversity gain in practice 261 2, 261, 262 proportional fair scheduling 258 60, 259 superposition coding 260 1, 261 multicell systems 270 2 multiuser communications with MIMO systems 439 one user at a time policy 439 40 optimal power allocation policy 440 2, 441 multiuser diversity gain 253 6, 254 multiuser versus classical diversity 256 system aspects 256 8 system view 272 5 mutual information 520 1 chain rule 521 narrowband systems 122, 123 4, 124, 128 allocation in GSM system 124 5 performance 125 signal characteristics and receiver design 125 6 nearest neighbor rule 504, 505 near-far problem 129, 232 nested lattice codes 463, 463 noise spheres 169, 529, 530 non-coherent detection direct-sequence (DS) spread-spectrum 103 5, 104, 105 Rayleigh fading channels 50 2, 51, 54 one-ring model 39 opportunistic beamforming 229, 275 6, 469, 469 dumb antennas 263 6, 264, 265 dumb, smart and smarter 268 70, 269, 270 fast fading 266 8 slow fading 266 opportunistic communications 166, 228 9, 442 opportunistic nulling 271 opportunistic orthogonal coding 464 5 optimality principle of dynamic programming 90, 90 orthogonal codes 175 orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems 84, 95 9, 102, 108, 108, 122, 148 allocations design principles 148 50 block length 99 100 flash-ofdm 153 4 hopping pattern 150 2 signal characteristics and receiver design 152 transmission and reception schemes 99 orthogonal Latin squares 151 orthogonal multiple access compared with AWGN uplink channel capacity 232 4, 234 476, 481 orthogonality principle 510 orthonormal set of waveforms 29 outage 138, 187, 190 formulation 536 7 parallel channels 199 Rayleigh fading 188 time and frequency diversity 195 7 outer codes 194 out-of-cell interference averaging 141 pairwise error probability 75 parallel channels linear time-invariant Gaussian channels 181 3, 181 outage 199 time and frequency diversity 195 7 time-invariant parallel channel 532 3 universal space-time codes 400 6, 402, 403, 405, 406 7 waterfilling power allocation 204 5, 206, 207 9 Parseval theorem for DFTs 182 passband spectrum 23 peak to average power ratio (PAPR) 126 peak transmit power 126 performance gains in MIMO fading channels 338, 348 high SNR regime 338 40 large antenna array regime 341 3, 342, 343 low SNR regime 340, 341 periodic hopping patterns 150, 151 phased-array antenna 298 power decay 18 19
562 power gain 72, 179 power-limited systems 174, 174 processing gain 91, 135 pseudo-covariance matrix 500, 501 pseudonoise (PN) 91 Q function 496, 497 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) 23 4 approximately universal for scalar channels 398 400 quadrature phase-shift-keying (QPSK) 60 degrees of freedom 56 9 differential QPSK 60 quarter circle law 342, 342 quasi-static scenario 187 radio broadcast systems (AM, FM, etc.) 5 Rake receiver 91 3, 93 performance analysis 93 5 rate-splitting 231 ray tracing 14 Rayleigh fading 36 7 2 2 MIMO Rayleigh channel four schemes 392 4, 392, 393, 393 optimal tradeoff 394 5 channel detection coherent detection 52 6, 54 non-coherent detection 50 2, 51, 54 dumb antennas for opportunistic beamforming 267, 268 MIMO capacity 338 9, 339, 392 4 MISO channels 391 2 multiuser diversity gain 253 4, 253 n n MIMO i.i.d. Rayleigh channel geometric interpretation 397 8, 397 optimal tradeoff 395 6, 396 outage probability 188 parallel channels 390 1, 391 scalar channels optimal tradeoff 389 90 PAM and QAM 386 9, 388, 389 Rayleigh random variables 501 receive beamforming 179, 273, 358, 449 receive diversity 189 90, 195 receiver architectures 348 9 information theoretic optimality fading channels 364 MMSE is information lossless 362 3 time-invariant channel 363 4 linear decorrelator geometric derivation 349 52, 350, 351 performance for deterministic H matrix 352 performance in fading channels 352 4, 353, 354 linear MMSE receiver decorrelator limitations 356 7, 357 derivation 357 60, 358 MMSE SIC 361 2, 361, 362, 427, 429 30 performance 360, 361 successive cancellation 355 6, 355 reliability of air interface 2 repetition coding 49, 59, 60 4, 65 AWGN channel capacity 167 8 packing spheres 168, 169 transmit diversity 194 5 reverse channel 4, 121 richly scattered environment 328 Rician fading 37 dumb antennas for opportunistic beamforming 267 8, 268 multiuser diversity gain 253 4, 253 rotation coding 64 6, 65 scattering reflections 20 scheduler 258, 259 sectorization 121 2, 122 selection combining 140 separation of time-scales 145 shadowing 19 signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) 122 CDMA uplink 135 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) binary phase-shift-keying (BPSK) 56 quadrature phase-shift-keying (QPSK) 56 Rayleigh fading channels 109 coherent detection 53, 54, 55 non-coherent detection 52 sinc(t) function 25 single input multiple output (SIMO) channels large receive antenna arrays 344, 345 linear time-invariant Gaussian channels 179 modeling 296 8, 296 singular value decomposition (SVD) 291 4, 293 slow fading channels 31, 34 capacity 187 9, 187, 215 16 transmitter side information 204 dumb antennas for opportunistic beamforming 266 multiplexing architecture for MIMO 366 8 high SNR 368 multiuser capacity AWGN uplink 243 4, 245 multiuser communications with MIMO systems 433 6, 435, 436 small-scale fading 10, 41 soft capacity limit 130
563 soft handoff 130 see also handoff CDMA downlink 146 CDMA uplink 139 41, 139 softer handoff 140 space-division multiple access (SDMA) 426 7 ArrayComm systems 479 81 capacity region 428 30, 429 orthogonal multiple access 432 3 476 8, 481 uplink with multiple transmit antennas 442 4, 443, 444 space-time codes 73 determinant criterion 74 7 spatial multiplexing 79 80, 290 1, 308 see also V-BLAST multiplexing spatial signature 297 spectral efficiency 2, 143 4, 144, 172, 173 specular path 37 sphere covering 458 sphere hardening effect 169 sphere packing 168 72, 168, 169, 458, 529 upper bound 529 30, 530 squared product distance 66 square-law detectors 51 stationary ergodic fading 534 statistical multiplexing 130, 144 successive cancellation 228 successive interference cancellation (SIC) 228, 275, 333 AWGN uplink channel 229 32, 229, 230 implementation issues 241 2 MMSE SIC receivers 361 2, 361, 362, 427, 429 30 receiver architectures 355 6, 355 sum capacity 230 superposition coding 228, 275 general case 238 40, 239 multiuser diversity 260 1, 261 symmetric case 237 8, 238 symbol-by-symbol precoding 454 7, 455, 456, 457, 461 decoding 462 performance 458 9 transmitter knowledge of interference 461 3, 462 symmetric capacity 230, 235 system capacity 141 system view 2 tap gain auto-correlation function 37 8 time diversity 60, 61 code design criterion 68 extensions 198 9 geometric view 197 8, 198 Global System for Mobile (GSM) systems 69 71, 70 other coding systems 64 7, 65 outage performance of parallel channels 195 7 repetition coding 60 4, 65 time division duplex (TDD) 121 time-division multiple access (TDMA) 4 Global System for Mobile (GSM) systems 69 transition probabilities 516 transmit beamforming 180, 340, 452 3 transmit diversity 191, 195 Alamouti scheme 191 4, 192 repetition coding 194 5 transmit power control 137 transmitter-centric scheme 466 trellis representation 89, 89 ultra-wideband (UWB) 5, 32 uncertainty sphere 531, 531 underspread channels 22, 34 uniform linear antenna arrays 296 universal frequency reuse 129 30 universal space-time codes 383 4, 398, 400, 406 7 bit-reversal scheme 405 6 design criterion 400 2, 402, 403 high SNR 403 4 MIMO channels 411, 415 16 design criterion 412 13 downlink 415 properties of approximately universal codes 413 15 universality of D-BLAST 411 12 MISO channels 407, 410 conversion to parallel channels 408 9 design criterion 409 10 viewed as parallel channels 407 8, 408 properties of approximately universal codes 404 5, 405 QAM is approximately universal for scalar channels 398 400 universal frequency reuse 122 upconversion 22, 24 uplink 4, 121 uplink-downlink duality 450 2, 451 V-BLAST multiplexing 332, 333 see also spatial multiplexing MIMO architecture 333 5 virtual channels 150, 151 Viterbi algorithm 83 4, 88 91, 88 voice communications 4 waterfilling power allocation 183 5, 184, 185, 204 6, 206, 207 9 compared with channel inversion 209
564 well-conditioned matrices 295 white Gaussian noise (WGN) 29 30, 35 wideband systems 122, 128 31 CDMA downlink 145 6, 146 CDMA uplink 131 45, 132 system issues 147 OFDM 148 52 sectorization 153 wireless channels 10 input/output modeling 20, 41 additive white noise 29 30 baseband equivalent model 22 5, 23, 24 discrete-time baseband equivalent model 25 8, 27, 28, 29 linear time-varying system model 20 2 physical modeling 10 11 channel quality variation 11 free space, fixed transmit and receive antennas 12 13 free space, moving antenna 13 14 moving antenna, multiple reflectors 19 20 power decay with distance and shadowing 18 19 reflecting ground plate 17 18, 18 reflecting wall, fixed antenna 14 15, 14, 15 reflecting wall, moving antenna 15 17, 16, 17 statistical modeling 41 2 Clarke s model for flat fading channels 38 40, 40 modeling philosophy 34 5 Rayleigh and Rician fading 36 7 tap gain auto-correlation function 37 8 summary of defining characteristics 34 summary of physical parameters 34 time and frequency coherence delay spread and coherence bandwidth 31 3 Doppler spread and coherence time 30 1 wireless LANs (local area networks) 5 wireless systems, historical perspective 2 5 zero cross-correlation property 103 zero-forcing equalizers 90 zero-forcing receiver 81, 350 1