CIR and BER Performance of STFBC in MIMO OFDM System

Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(12): 3179-3187, 2011 ISSN 1991-8178 CIR and BER Performance of STFBC in MIMO OFDM System 1,2 Azlina Idris, 3 Kaharudin Dimyati, 3 Sharifah Kamilah Syed Yusof, 1,2 Darmawaty Mohd Ali and 2 Norsuzila Ya acob 1 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 3 Faculty of Engineering, National Defence University of Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 4 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 813 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. Abstract: In multiple input multiple output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, inter carrier interference (ICI) which generates by frequency offset (FO) degrades the system performance. The objective of this research is to compensate integrated effect of FO the space time frequency block codes (STFBC) by employing two types of subcarrier mapping (adjacent and symmetric) with different ICI-Self Cancellation (ICI-SC) methods (data conversion and data conjugate) are proposed. Average power of desired (APD) signal, ICI and Carrier to Interference Ratio (CIR) are derived theoretically. CIR and Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of the proposed system are analyzed. As results, it can be shown that by choosing appropriate subcarrier mapping combining with ICI-SC methods, performance improvement can be achieved in the MIMO OFDM system which affected by FO. Key words: CIR (Carrier to interference ratio), ICI-SC (Inter-carrier interference self-cancellation), STFBC (space time frequency block code), FO (frequency offset), MIMO-OFDM (multiple input multiple output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing). INTRODUCTION Space time (ST) coding and related MIMO technologies have rapidly become one of the most active research areas in wireless communication (S.N. Diggavi, 2004). The first ST codes proposed by (V. Tarokh, 1998) for coherent systems over MIMO quasi static flat fading channels to achieve maximum diversity order. To achieve the full potential diversity order of frequency selective fading channels, in general, ST codes can be designed in the time domain (M. Qin and R.Blum, 2004) or in the frequency domain using OFDM and the resulting codes are called space frequency (SF) codes. Space time block coding (STBC) was proposed by Alamouti (1998) and later generalized by Tarokh, et al., (1999). The codeword of STBC are orthogonal to each other, which makes it difficult to find many codeword, especially for higher order transmitter diversity. However, with orthogonality, STBC is very useful in certain situations such as high order receiver diversity and channel estimation. The use of multiple antennas at both ends of a wireless link ((MIMO) technology) has recently been demonstrated to have the potential of achieving extraordinary data rates (I.E. Telatar, 1999; G.G. Raleigh and J.M. Cio, 1998; H. B.olcskei, 20). A well known problem of OFDM, however, is its sensitivity to FO between the transmitted and received signals, which may be caused by Doppler shift in the channel, or by the difference between the transmitter and receiver local oscillator frequencies. This carrier FO causes loss of orthogonality between subcarriers and the signals transmitted on each carrier are not independent of each other, leading to ICI (J. Armstrong, 1999). Researchers have proposed various methods to combat the ICI in OFDM systems. The existing approaches that have been developed to reduce ICI can be categorized as frequency domain equalization (N. Al-Dhahir and J.M. Cioffi, 1996; W.G. Jeon, et al, 2001) time domain windowing (C. Muschallik, 1996) the ICI-SC scheme (Y. Zhao and S. Häggman, 2001) FO estimation and compensation technique (Dũng Ngoc Ðào and Chintha Tellambura, 2005) and Doppler diversity technique (Y. Zhao and S. Häggman, 2001). The ICI-SC scheme is a very simple way for suppressing ICI in OFDM system. Its main idea is to modulate one data symbol onto a group of subcarriers with predefined weighting coefficients. By doing so, the ICI components generated within a group can be self cancelled each other. To further improve the performance, one may consider STFBC across multiple OFDM blocks to exploit all the available diversities in the spatial, temporal, and frequency domains. The STFBC strategy was first proposed in (Y. Zhao and S. Häggman, 2001) for two transmit antennas and further developed in (Y. Gong and K.B. Letaief, 2001) for multiple transmit antennas. Corresponding Author: Azlina Idris, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 3179

In this paper, we propose ICI-SC technique employing adjacent and symmetric subcarriers mapping scheme ICI-SC technique introduced by Murad Uysal (M. Uysal and N. Al-Dhahir, 2003) and non adjacent (symmetric) subcarriers mapping scheme introduced by Ben Slimane (Slimane Ben Slimane, 2000). In (M. Uysal and N. Al- Dhahir, 2003) the author analyzed the performance in STBC OFDM system while in (Slimane Ben Slimane, 2000) the author analyzed the performance in normal OFDM system. Here, we analyzed the CIR and BER performance of STFBC in MIMO OFDM system to minimize ICI generated by FO. We then analyze and compare the performance with other conventional methods and different FOs. System Model Of STFBC For MIMO-OFDM: This section discussed a model of MIMO OFDM systems and extends this model to include the effects of FO for performance analysis of STFBC with FO. Consider an STFB-coded MIMO-OFDM system with M transmits antennas and N receives antennas as shown in Fig 2.1. The number of subcarriers in the OFDM modulators is K. Suppose that frequency selective fading channels between each pair of transmit and receive antennas has independent delay paths and the same power delay profile. The MIMO channel is assumed to be constant over each OFDM block period, but it may vary from one OFDM block to another. ICI-SC STFBC I/P Mod Mod Encoder IFFT Transmitter O/P Demod ICI-SC Demod STFBC Decoder FFT Receiver Fig. 2.1: Block diagram of a MIMO-OFDM with ICI self cancellation. For MIMO OFDM systems and allow for distinct FOs among different transmitting and receiving antenna pairs. Let the NFO of the transmission link from transmitter antenna and receiver antenna be,. The expression for the received subcarrier of MIMO OFDM system becomes:,,, 0 where the STFBC mapping codeword that can be expressed as: 0 0 0 0 0 0 the equivalent form of channel state information: (1) (2),, ; 1 where Δ is the subcarrier spacing and is the OFDM symbol duration. (3) For MIMO systems, the ICI term at subcarrier of each receiver antenna is the superposition of. ICI terms, caused by transmitted signals from transmitter antennas as: where (4), 3180

,,, and,, exp 1,, (6) note that coefficients, 0 is a constant with respect to subcarrier index k=0., 0,,.exp 1, (7) If the value of normalized frequency offset, becomes larger, the desired part, 0 decreases and the undesired part, increase. ICI Self-Cancellation Scheme: ICI self-cancellation is a scheme that was introduced by Yuping Zhao and Sven-Gustav Häggman in (2001) to combat and suppress ICI in OFDM. Succinctly, the main idea is to modulate the input data symbol onto a group of subcarriers with predefined coefficients such that the generated ICI signals within that group cancel each other, hence the name self- cancellation. There are two types of subcarrier mapping technique that was introduced by Murad Uysal (2003) and Ben Slimane (2000). In this paper, we combine these two types of mapping with ICI-SC method to investigate the performance of MIMO OFDM system. CIR Comparison Of Several Methods: In this section, the performance criteria were derived for STFBC MIMO-OFDM system with FO using different subcarrier mapping scheme ICI-SC stechnique. To analyze FO independently, suppose channels have similar flat frequency response in two paths, such as 1, and CIR is defined as follows, (5) (8) where means the desired kth carrier component, means the ICI component of kth carrier. CFE, ICI and CIR of the 5 systems are found for the performance evaluation. Adjacent Data-Conversion Method: Subcarrier signals are remapped as the form of, in adjacent data conversion method. is information data in kth carrier before adjacent data-conversion method mapping and is information data in 2kth carrier after the adjacent data-conversion mapping. The final recovered signal is: 4 4 2 1 4 (9) The APD component is: 2 1 () and ICI component is: 2 (11) so, CIR is expressed as follows, 3181

(12) Adjacent Data-Conjugate Method: Subcarrier signals are remapped as the form of X X,X X in adjacent data-conjugate method. The final recovered signal is: /4 (13) when 0, CIR is expressed as (14) Symmetric Data-Conjugate Method: In symmetric data-conjugate method, subcarrier data is mapped in the form of,. the data is map onto two symmetrically allocated subcarriers. The final recovered signal is: /4 ) (15) when 0, CIR is expressed as follows, (16) Symmetric Data-Conversion Method: Sub-carrier signal is mapped in the form of, in symmetric data conversion method. The desired signal is: /4 4 2 1 + The APD component is: (17) 2 1 (18) ICI component of the kth subcarrier is: 3182

(19) CIR is expressed as follows: (20) STFBC Method Using Diversity Technique: This is the same as adjacent data-conjugate method, but it is completely different from adjacent data conversion method. On the other hand, and 1 correspond to the ICI components. 1/4 (21) and 1/4 (22) The ICI terms in (21) and (22) are the summation of the signals of the other sub-carriers multiplied by some complex number. These components are added into the desired signals on the kth and k+1th sub-carrier, respectively. Suppose channels have similar flat frequency response in two paths, then when 0, CIR is expressed as follows: (23) Simulation Results and Discussion The proposed STFBC design methods were simulated for different subcarrier mapping scheme ICI-SC technique for Multipath Rayleigh fading channel in MIMO-OFDM system and compared their performance. By using OFDM base, where the system to be examined have 76 subcarriers, 2 transmit and 2 receive antennas (MIMO), 64-QAM modulation technique, maximum Doppler Frequency (f d =120Hz), sampling time, T s = 5.208x -7 s and ifftsize = 128. The different of Multipath Rayleigh fading channels used according to the six paths COST207 typical urban (COST207 TU) channel model [21], a more realistic model which the independent path delays, L p = (0, 0.2x -6, 0.5x -6, 1.6x -6, 2.3x -6, 5.0x -6 )seconds, average path gains = [1.122, 1.259, 1.156, 1.059, 1.038, 1.023] db. The simulation results present BER and CIR curves as functions of SNR. BER Performance For STFBC In MIMO OFDM System Between Symmetric And Adjacent Subcarrier Mapping ICI-SC Technique Without Diversity And STFBC Without ICI-SC With NFO = 5%: OFDM System -2 BER -3 NFO=5%-symmetric with ICI-SC NFO=5%-adjacent with ICI-SC NFO=5%-ICI-SC without diversity NFO=5%-STFBC without ICI-SC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 Eb/No (db) Fig. 4.1: BER performance with 5% NFO over SNR (E b /N o ) in MIMO OFDM system. 3183

Table 1: Simulation result for different methods with NFO = 5% at BER=2x -2. NFO Method 5% Symmetric 8.2dB Adjacent 8.5dB ICI-SC without diversity db STFBC without ICI-SC.8dB From the simulation, the BER investigations are conducted in the presence of NFO=5% in the transmission channel for STFBC with subcarrier mapping scheme ICI-SC technique (symmetric and adjacent), ICI-SC technique without diversity and STFBC without ICI-SC technique. Figure 4.1 illustrate the BER curves for STFBC without ICI-SC technique and ICI-SC technique without diversity are shifted to the right and less steep than the curves of STFBC with subcarrier mapping scheme ICI-SC technique (adjacent and symmetric). For example, at BER = 2x -2, the performance loss of STFBC without ICI-SC technique and ICI-SC technique without diversity is about 0.8 db and the performance loss of STFBC with ICI-SC technique for adjacent and symmetric subcarrier mapping scheme with STFBC without ICI-SC technique are about 2.3dB and 2.6 db respectively. BER Performance For STFBC With ICI-SC In MIMO OFDM System Between Adjacent And Symmetric Subcarrier Mapping Scheme ICI-SC Techniques For Different NFO = (0%, 5% And 15%): OFDM System -2 BER -3-4 NFO=0%-symmetric subcarrier NFO=0%-adjacent subcarrier NFO=5%-symmetric subcarrier NFO=5%-adjacent subcarrier NFO=%-symmetric subcarrier NFO=%-adjacent subcarrier 2 4 6 8 12 Eb/No (db) Fig. 4.2: BER Performance with Different NFO over SNR (E b /N o ) in MIMO OFDM system. Table 2: Simulation result for STFBC with adjacent and symmetric subcarrier mapping scheme ICI-SC technique for BER=2x -3. NFO Method 0% 5% % adjacent 8.0dB 9.2dB 11dB symmetric 7.8dB 9.0dB.4dB The BER performance of STFBC with adjacent and symmetric subcarrier mapping scheme ICI-SC technique for different NFO = (0%, 5%, %) are compared which illustrated in figure 4.2. It shows that when the NFO is small, below 5%, the BER curves almost close to the curve with 0%. In case when the NFO is %, the BER curves of adjacent and symmetric subcarrier mapping scheme are shifted to the right and are less steep than the curves of BER with 5% NFO. The SNR (E b /N o ) needed to compensate for the effect of NFO increases. The performance of BER for symmetric subcarrier is better than adjacent subcarrier when NFO = % whereas the loss is about 0.6dB at BER = 2x -3. The simulation result showed that the STFBC across OFDM block for MIMO system using symmetric subcarrier mapping scheme ICI-SC technique can achieve the ICI reduction with maximum diversity order system effectively with the presence of FO compared to the data conversion method. 3184

BER Performance For STFBC With ICI-SC In MIMO OFDM System Between Adjacent And Symmetric Subcarrier Mapping Scheme ICI-SC Techniques Combining Data Conjugate And Data Conversion Method For NFO = 5%: OFDM System -2 BER -3-4 NFO=5%-symmetric-data conjugate NFO=5%-adjacent-data conjugate NFO=5%-symmetric-data conversion NFO=5%-adjacent-data conversion 2 4 6 8 12 Eb/No (db) Fig. 4.3: BER Performance for data-conversion and data-conjugate method with NFO=5% over SNR (E b /N o ) in MIMO OFDM system. Table 3: Simulation result for data-conjugate and data conversion method at BER=1x -3. NFO Method 5% Data Conjugate - symmetric 9.2dB Data Conjugate - adjacent 9.4dB Data Conversion - symmetric 9.9dB Data Conversion -adjacent.3db The BER performance of STFBC with data-conjugate and data-conversion ICI-SC technique are compared at NFO=5% which illustrated in figure 4.3. At BER=1x -3, the SNR value for data-conjugate symmetric method is 9.2dB. The performance loss using data conjugate between symmetric and adjacent is 0.2dB, whereas for data conversion symmetric is about 0.7dB and data conversion adjacent is about 1.1dB. From the simulation, it shows that the data-conjugate method combining with symmetric subcarrier mapping is the best BER performance compared with other methods. To Analyze The Integrated Effect Of FO, CIR Is Discussed For System Performance Evaluation In Several ICI Cancellation Methods: 2 CIR Performance versus in MIMO-OFDM 1 CIR(dB) 0 Adjacent data-conversion Symmetric data-conversion Adjacent data-conjugate Symmetric data-conjugate STFBC MIMO-OFDM without ICI-SC 0.05 0. 0.15 0. 0.25 0. 0.35 0. 0.45 0. Frequency offset Fig. 4.4: Overall Method Performance for CIR versus Normalized Frequency Offset (ε). 3185

Table 4: CIR (db) performance for data conversion method with NFO = (5%, 25%, 50%). NFO Method 5% 25% 50% Data Conversion - adjacent 40.47 23.33 13.98 Data Conversion - symmetric 89.93 75.87 71.76 Data Conjugate - adjacent 27.08 11.38 4.412 Data Conjugate -symmetric 66.21 36.48 27.16 STFBC without ICI-SC 24.39 8.05 0 Figure 4.4 shows the CIR of 5 methods according to FO. As seen from the Figure 4.4, when FO is considered, symmetric data conversion and symmetric data conjugate method have significantly larger CIRs compared with other methods where the average CIR value is about 79.12dB and 43.25dB respectively. The average CIR value for adjacent data conversion method is 26dB, adjacent data conjugate method is 15dB and STFBC without ICI-SC technique is 11dB. Furthermore, data-conjugate adjacent and STFBC without ICI-SC technique have nearly similar property when normalized frequency offset is smaller than 25%. Overall, in term of CIR performance, the symmetric data conversion subcarrier mapping scheme ICI-SC technique using STFBC MIMO-OFDM system have an excellent CIR performance as compared to the other methods with data conjugate and data conversion. Conclusion: In this paper, a MIMO OFDM model with FO has been proposed and studied for ICI reduction. Performance degradations caused by FO were discussed and the ICI reduction efficiencies have been compared with symmetric and adjacent subcarrier mapping scheme ICI-SC techniques in term of BER and CIR performance. The simulation results has shown that the performance of BER and CIR for symmetric subcarrier mapping scheme ICI-SC technique has increase significantly (BER= 3.7% and CIR= 52.83dB) as compared to adjacent subcarrier mapping ICI-SC technique using ML decoding technique for NFO=5%. The results showed that the symmetric subcarrier mapping scheme ICI-SC technique using with STFBC can be performed as a promising method in the MIMO-OFDM based system. Therefore, it can be concluded that, by choosing an appropriate subcarrier mapping scheme ICI-SC technique, the performance improvement can be achieved in the MIMO-OFDM system which affected by FO. REFERENCES Alamouti, S.M., 1998. A Simple transmit Diversity Technique for Wireless Communications. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 16: 1451-1456. Al-Dhahir, N. and J.M. Cioffi, 1996. Optimum finite-length equalization for multicarrier transceivers. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 44(1): 56-64. Armstrong, J., 1999. Analysis of new and existing methods of reducing intercarrier interference due to carrier frequency offset in OFDM. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 47(3): 365-369. Bolcskei, H., D. Gesbert and A.J. Paulraj, 2002. On the capacity of OFDM-based spatial multiplexing systems. IEEE Trans. Communication, 50(2): 225-234. Diggavi, S.N., N. Al-Dhahir, A. Stamoulis and A.R Calderbank, 2004. Great expectations: the value of spatial diversity in wireless networks. Proc. IEEE., 92: 219-270. Dũng Ngoc Ðào and Chintha Tellambura, 2005. Intercarrier Interference Self-Cancellation Space- Frequency Codes for MIMO-OFDM. IEEE Transaction. on Vehicular Technology, 54(5): 1729-1738. Gong, Y. and K.B. Letaief, 2001. Low Rank Channel Estimation for Space Time Coded Wideband OFDM System. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2: 848-852. Jeon, W.G., et al, 2001. An equalization technique for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems in time-variant multipath channels. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 47(1): 27-32. Lo, T. and V. Tarokh, 199. Space-Time Block Coding-From a Physical Perspective. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 1: 150-153. Muschallik, C., 1996. Improving an OFDM reception using an adaptive Nyquist windowing. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 42(3): 259-269. Qin, M. and R. Blum, 2004. Properties of space-time codes for frequency selective channels. IEEE Transaction on Signal Process, 52: 694-702. Raleigh, G.G. and J.M. Cio, 1998. Spatial-temporal coding for wireless communication. IEEE Trans. Commun, 46(3): 357-366. Slimane Ben Slimane, K. Sathanathan, R.M.A.P. Rajatheva, 2000. Analysis of OFDM in the Presence of Frequency Offset and a Method to Reduce Performance Degradation. IEEE Transactions on Communications. 1: 72-76. 3186

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