Chapter 1 Population & Settlement

Chapter 1 Population & Settlement Section 2: The French Regime (1608-1760)

Jacques Cartier First French explorer to discover what is now Canada 1534, 1535, 1536 Newfoundland / Gaspésie Installed a cross in the Gaspésie Jacques Cartier s voyages & routes in North America

Jacques Cartier Jacques Cartier s voyages & routes in North America

Jacques Cartier in 1534 Yeeaaaa. So I m gonna take this land for the king of France now. What is this fool talking about? I thought this was meant to be shared.

Establishment of New France in 1608 The official date that New France was established was 1608 After several failed tries, Samuel de Champlain was able to set up a permanent settlement (with only 28 people) The establishment was called Habitation du Quebec what is Now Quebec City Samuel de Champlain

Establishment of New France in 1608 Artists depictions of the Habitation du Quebec

Slow population growth in New France From the beginning, it was difficult to attract settlers to New France Why? Climate Cold winters Distance from the mother country (France) Attacks from First Occupant groups (Iroquois) SOOOO cooold..soooo coooooold.. Cold winters in New France

Slow population growth in New France Fur was the strongest export from NF to France In 1627 the King of France allowed fur trading companies to administer NF In exchange for a fur trading MONOPOLY

Slow population growth in New France The fur trading company (COMPANY OF 100 ASSOCIATES) was allowed to acquire as many furs as possible for profit ($$$) In exchange, the company had to settle/populate the colony with FRENCH CATHOLICS ONLY However, the fur trading company would not live up to it s part of the deal

Slow population growth in New France The problems: Fur trading companies cared more about profit More people in NF = more people to give free land to The company focused more on the fur trade & less on populating the colony People who did agree to settle in NF were mainly men most of the jobs in the fur trade were for men only

Slow population growth in New France Because as we (should) know it takes a man and a woman to make a baby Since there were mostly men in NF, NATURAL GROWTH was very difficult Ratio of ~ 14 men to every 1 woman Not a lot of babies being born

Slow population growth in New France Where the ladies at?

Slow population growth in New France People not wanting to settle in NF + Fur trading company only caring about profit + ONLY DUDES settling in NF (not a lot of babies) = VERY SLOW POPULATION GROWTH IN NEW FRANCE

Slow population growth in New France People like Samuel de Champlain understood how important population growth was: Defense against European enemies such as the Dutch and British Defense against the Iroquois Help develop the colony (jobs, construction, etc.)

Slow population growth in New France From the 1620s until 1663 only small groups of settlers would show up in NF Not a big deal for King Louis XIII concerned with France only Once King Louis the XIV took over in 1660, he listened to the issues of NF Pierre Boucher was sent from NF to speak to King Louis XIV NF needed soldiers & settlers

The Royal Government after 1663 By 1663, King Louis XIV realized the fur trading company was not doing its job The fur trading company was removed from administering the colony The King was in change of NF he established a government system called ROYAL GOVERNMENT Like my Shoes? Got them on sale at Steve Madden King Louis XIV The Sun King

The Royal Government after 1663 The Royal Government: The king was in charge of pretty much everything Including the colonies like NF However, he lived in France so far away He needed a small group of people to live in NF to take orders from the king and to administer the colony Sovereign council Governor, Intendant, Bishop Royal Government

The Royal Government after 1663 I need help running the colony from France! We got you FAM! King Louis XIV far away in France Royal Government in New France Governor Intendant Bishop

Populating New France After 1663 One of King Louis XIV s first orders of business for NF increase the population He placed Jean Talon (the 1 st Intendant) in charge of populating the colony Jean Talon took a CENSUS of the population in 1665-1666 He found that: There were approximately 3000 people living in NF at the time Majority of the population were men Only 1019 people were married Largest age group was 21 to 30 year olds Quebec City, Trois Rivieres and Montreal had the greatest concentrations of people

Populating New France After 1663 Jean Talon didn t like what he found in the colony a small population with mainly men The British 13 Colonies population was more than 10 times larger He needed to come up with some strategies. and fast! Jean Talon We need people ASAP! Stop staring at my awesome stache!

Populating New France After 1663 Jean Talon s main policies to encourage population growth in NF: Les Filles du Roi Les Engages Convince soldiers to settle in NF after they serve in the military Financial incentives (give money) to parents of large families & for people who marry at a young age

Populating New France After 1663 Les Filles du Roi Between 1663 and 1673 about 770 women (as young as 15) were sent to NF They were pushed to marry quickly & to start a family From poor parts of France Orphans, prostitutes (some disagreement about this) Had be able to handle themselves on a farm Between 1664 & 1702 4,459 babies Excuse me mademoiselle, would you care to join me for dinner? Well you kinda smell like B.O. But I got nothin else going on. So okay. Filles du Roi being courted by men in New France

Populating New France After 1663 Les Engages Men from France asked to settle in NF for 3 years Plot of land given for farming (FREE) that had to be cleared Voyage to NF on boat (paid for) Talon hoped these men would start a family in NF and stay there Engages clearing a plot of land

Populating New France After 1663 Carignan Salières Regiment Soldiers of the French army Sent to NF to defend/attack the Iroquois Many were asked to stay in NF after their service Free land was given for them to settle in NF Soldier from the Carignan- Salières Regiment with regiment ensign (flag)

Populating New France After 1663

Populating New France After 1663 Jean Talon s Pro-Birth Policies The French government in NF would offer financial incentives (MONEY!) for: Large families (having a lot of babies) Early marriages (men who marry before 20 and women who marry before 16) Free education was given to the 26 th child. You re telling me I have to have how many kids?!?

Populating New France After 1663 Did Jean Talon s policies work? Did the population of NF grow rapidly? YES By 1672 WAY MORE WOMEN & more than double the population from 1666 By 1760 between 65,000 70,000 living in NF

Populating New France After 1663 The main reason for the sharp increase in population from 1666 to 1760 NATURAL GROWTH Lots of babies being born = large families Immigration from France was only a secondary factor In fact, the birth rate in NF was higher than in France People living in NF had a higher survival rate as well

Number of inhabitants Populating New France After 1663 Population Growth in New France From 1608 to 1760 Years

Document Analysis Which of the following documents are CAUSES of Jean Talon s policies to increase New France s population? Which of the following documents are CONSEQUENCES of Jean Talon s policies to increase New France s population? Men greeting the Filles du Roi An Engage planting seeds on his free land

The Effects of Settlement on the First Occupants How did the presence of Europeans (the French) affect the First Occupants? The First Occupant population was affected in several ways: Religion Mixed births Lifestyle changes Introduction of European goods European diseases

The Effects of Settlement on the First Occupants Religion & lifestyle Catholic groups such as the Récollets & the Jésuites were chosen to attempt to convert / evangelize First Occupant groups The Jésuites were the main players Along with the Catholic religion, the First Occupants were convinced to give up nomadic ways of life Some First Occupants became sedentary and may have lived among (not really) the French populations in New France

The Effects of Settlement on the First Occupants Artistic depictions of Jesuits preaching to First Occupant groups

The Effects of Settlement on the First Occupants Introduction of European goods There were several European goods that the First Occupants became interested in Metal tools / knives/ pots & pans Glass jewelry Clothing made out of wool & cotton GUNS Alcohol These goods were trade for in exchange for furs Alcohol (health) and guns (easy to kill enemies) had negative effects on the First Occupant population

The Effects of Settlement on the First Occupants First Occupant man inspecting a gun for trade at a trading post Le Ber Le Moyne House, a fur trading post from 1669-1687

The Effects of Settlement on the First Occupants European diseases Europeans brought over several diseases from Europe: Cholera Influenza Scarlet fever Smallpox Typhoid Yellow fever The firs Occupant population had not been exposed to these epidemics no natural resistance easily infected death Some historians claim that as much as 90% of the population of first occupants exposed would have died

The Effects of Settlement on the First Occupants The territory of the First Occupants was affected in certain ways: The establishment of Catholic missions to convert First Occupants to Catholicism Catholic missionaries set up shop throughout the colony The creation of forts and fur trading posts and seignueries by the French St. Foy-de-Sillery Mission

The Effects of Settlement on the First Occupants A burial ceremony involving First Occupants and a missionary Ignatius of Loyola a Jesuit involved in establishing missions in New France

Territorial Organization in New France Seigniorial system (seigneuries) French system of agriculture (rectangles) in New France. Developed the land in an orderly way. Attracted people to move to New France. Made up of: Censitaires (peasant farmers) Seigneurs (land owners) Church Windmill

Territorial Organization in New France Seigneuries were always adjacent to a river Each giant rectangle was sub-divided into smaller rectangles Each small rectangle was granted to a farmer He had to clear the land himself (by hand)

Occupied Territory in New France The Territory claimed by New France by the mid 1660s What is now Quebec, N.B., N.S and a large part of Ontario However, the British would take some land from the French Treaty of Utrecht (1713): 13 Colonies take over parts of New France France gives up parts of Newfoundland, Acadia, Hudson Bay. New France is left surrounded by the British. Territory of New France in the mid 1660s

Occupied Territory in New France Territory of New France after the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713

Occupied Territory in New France by 1760 By 1760, New France s territory was very large (~1/3 of North America) However, the settled territory (where people actually lived) was very small Why was the territory so large? The ever expanding fur trade & explorations by VOYAGUERS within the continent

Occupied Territory in New France by 1760

Occupied Territory in New France by 1760 Major explorations by the French in the late 1600s

Occupied Territory in New France by 1760 The 3 administrative regions in New France: Canada Acadia Louisiana Most government offices were found in the Canada region Quebec Trois-Rivieres Montreal

Occupied Territory in New France by 1760 Canada Acadia Louisiana

Occupied Territory in New France by 1760 Zoom in on the 3 administrative regions in the Canada region of New France

New France by 1760 By 1760, New France s DEMOGRAPHIC situation was as such: A population of ~65,000 people (French subjects) Natural growth was the greatest factor in population increasing First Occupant populations(s) some of which lived within French settled territory Individuals of African heritage used as slaves in the cotton and tobacco industries (especially in Southern New France)

New France by 1760 Artistic depictions of slavery in New France (tobacco industry at right; clearing land at top)

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