Institut für Photogrammetrie ifp Digital airborne cameras Status & future Michael Cramer Institute for Photogrammetry, Univ. of Stuttgart Geschwister-Scholl-Str.24, D-70174 Stuttgart Tel: + 49 711 121 4118 ; Fax: + 49 711 121 3297 michael.cramer@ifp.uni-stuttgart.de http://www.ifp.uni-stuttgart.de SGBPF Autumn Annual Meeting Lausanne, November 25, 2005
Part I Digital airborne cameras Status and future Today s situation in in digital airborne imaging The world is is becoming heterogeneous now
Analogue airborne cameras Digital airborne imaging today ZI-Imaging RMK Top Leica RC 30 Camera name Image format [cm²] Optics Focal length [cm] Field of view [gon] Apertures Exposure time [s] Film length [m] ZI-Imaging 1) RMK Top 23 x 23 Pleogon A3 1:4 1:22 1/50 1/1000 150 1:4 1:22 1/100 1/1000 120 min. Image cycle [s] 1.5 2 Overall weight [kg] 3) ~ 134 ~ 130 15 82 Leica 2) RC 30 23 x 23 UAG-S 15 82 1) Intergraph/ZI-Imaging formerly Carl Zeiss 2) Leica Geosystems formerly LH-Systems, Wild 3) incl. mount, film magazine, control unit
Digital airborne imaging Systems I Digital airborne imaging today ADS40 Leica DMC Intergraph / ZI-Imaging Ultracam D Vexcel Leica ZI-Imaging Vexcel
Digital airborne imaging Systems II HRSC-A/Ax DLR Digital airborne imaging today TLS / Starimager Starlabo Starlabo DLR DiMAC DimacSystems DimacSystems
Digital airborne imaging Systems III Digital airborne imaging today 3-DAS-1 Wehrli JAS-150 jenaoptronik Wehrli jenaoptronik
Digital airborne imaging Systems IV Digital airborne imaging today Applanix, image provided by B. Huberty IGI DSS Applanix Litemapper - IGI
ifp ifp ifp System architectures 3-DAS-1 7 Multi Single Sensor head JAS-150 5 DiMAC 6 Image recording Image format Geometry Sensor # Line Frame large medium RC, RMK DSS Ultracam DMC ADS40 4 3 2 1 syntop. synchr. Digital airborne imaging today
Part II Digital airborne cameras Status and future Some remarks on system calibration Is Is there a future need for for lab-calibration?
Calibration steps System calibration aspects Analogue airborne camera Close range camera Lab calibration Lab calibration Additional parameters Field calibration Final product Final product Digital airborne camera Lab calibration Field calibration Final product Multiple sensor heads GPS/inertial
Traditional camera lab-calibration System calibration aspects CVG Leica, Heerbrugg Leica Zeiss Goniometer Zeiss, Oberkochen Multi-collimator USGS OSL, Reston USGS USGS
Digital airborne sensor calibration Today s situation System calibration aspects ADS 40 Coded vertical goniometer (lab) Calibration flights for self calibration (SC) in future potentially based on SC only DMC Goniometer (lab) Calibration for each camera head individually In flight platform calibration via tie point matching UltracamD Terrestrial test site calibration (lab) for each camera head In flight relative orientation of cones from tie points Leica ZI-Imaging Vexcel
Digital airborne sensor calibration Calibration protocol System calibration aspects ADS40 DMC UltracamD
International activities System calibration aspects Standardization Germany: DIN standard 18740 Photogrammetric Products Part 4: Requirements for digital airborne sensors and images (under progress) International: ISO 19130 Sensor and data models for imagery and gridded data (2005), ISO 19115-2 Metadata - Part 2: Metadata for imagery and gridded data (under progress, comment period till 02.2006) Sensor and final product validation CEOS / ISPRS validation & calibration task force USGS Focus on sensors, processes and final products Final goal: Assurance of end product quality EuroSDR Recommendation/development of commonly accepted procedure(s) for camera systems calibration/validation based on experimental testing within users network
Part III Digital airborne cameras Status and future Today s market distribution Is Is digital large-format airborne mapping already playing a substantial role in in the the world?
World-wide market distribution ADS40 Introduction into market Number of ADS40 system sales (cumulative) Digital airborne sensor market Leica (Fricker, 11.2005) Today 8-9 ADS40 sales per year Forecast 12-15 ADS40 sales per year (like former RC30)
World-wide market distribution ADS40 November 2005 Digital airborne sensor market America Europe CIS-GUS AP / JAKO Asia Pacific Today 30 ADS40 systems sold Leica (Fricker, 11.2005)
World-wide market distribution UltracamD November 2005 Digital airborne sensor market America Europe Asia Africa Australia Today 30 UltracamD systems sold Vexcel (Breg, 11.2005)
World-wide market distribution DMC Status 2005 Intergraph (Rosengarten, May 2005, ISPRS-WS Hannover) Digital airborne sensor market Today 30 DMC systems sold Forecast ~15 DMC sales per year (RMK-Top typically 15-20 Intergraph (Neumann, 11.2005) sales per year)
World-wide market distribution Airborne mapping cameras (Status Nov 2005) Digital mapping cameras Mapping cameras Digital airborne sensor market Number of system sales from manufacturer Number of analogue systems in use estimated
World-wide market distribution Airborne mapping cameras (Forcast 2010) Mapping cameras (2005) Mapping cameras (2010) Digital airborne sensor market 350 Number of analogue systems in use estimated Assumptions 3 providers, 10 new systems/year each decrease 30 analogue systems/year
Part IV Digital airborne cameras Status and future Empirical performance tests From development to to operational practice
Airborne sensor verification & validation sites Vaihingen/Enz (Germany) Empirical performance tests
ADS system installation Test June 26, 2004 Empirical performance tests POS-AV AIMU AEROcontrol IMU-IId Aircraft installation Leica ADS camera head including different IMUs POS-AV LN200 (non visible) Leica
ADS40 performance ORIMA/CAP-A using LN200 Empirical performance tests RMS [m] Empirical accuracy (RMS) from independent check points Theoretical object point precision h g [m] 4000 GSD [m] 0.42 σ,y [m] 0.08 σ Z [m] 0.13 2500 0.26 0.04 0.06 1500 2500 4000 GCP h g 1500 0.18 0.03 0.06 12 control points, >100 check points, GPS offset + drift, misalignment 4 control points, >100 check points, GPS offset + drift, misalignment
ADS40 performance ORIMA/CAP-A using LN200 Empirical accuracy (RMS) from independent check points Empirical performance tests RMS [m] Empirical object point accuracy h g [m] m b RMS,Y in image [μm] RMS Z [ h g ] Theoretical object point precision h g [m] GSD [m] σ,y [m] σ Z [m] 4000 64000 1.0 0.03 4000 0.42 0.08 0.13 2500 40000 1.5 0.03 2500 0.26 0.04 0.06 1500 24000 1500 1.6 2500 0.04 4000 GCP h g 1500 0.18 0.03 0.06 12 control points, >100 check points, GPS offset + drift, misalignment, SC 4 control points, >100 check points, GPS offset + drift, misalignment, SC
ADS40 performance ORIMA/CAP-A using LN200 Empirical performance tests RMS [m] Empirical accuracy (RMS) from independent check points Theoretical object point precision h g [m] 4000 GSD [m] 0.42 σ,y [m] 0.08 σ Z [m] 0.13 2500 0.26 0.04 0.06 1500 2500 4000 GCP h g 1500 0.18 0.03 0.06 0 control points, >100 check points, misalignment
Part V Digital airborne cameras Status and future Some remarks on digital airborne imaging There are are still still some things to to think about
Some remarks on...... sensor orientation approaches Orientation fix approach standard point distribution DG based approach reduced tie point distribution Some remaining remarks 1702 (automatic + manually measured) object points used in ORIMA/CAP-A 196 (manually measured) object points used in dgap
Some remarks on...... geometric image resolution improvement Some remaining remarks Δ pix δ pix Δ fd δ pix + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Δ = δ pix Flight direction δsampling pix = Pixel detector pattern size, from Δtrue pix = Sampling test flight distance data Flight direction pix /2 ADS40 sampling pattern on ground dependent on In flight direction Sampling time Flying height/speed In CCD line direction Pixel distance Focal length Flying height Optimal pattern Sub-optimal Sub-optimal
Some remarks on...... geometric image resolution improvement Some remaining remarks ADS40 image examples Line #0951, h g 1500m Line #0905, h g 2500m PAN A PAN staggered sampl. pattern
Some remarks on...... forming virtual large format imagery Some remaining remarks Virtual large format images formed from individual smaller format images, via platform calibration (DMC) image stitching (UltracamD) Since calibration parameters are applied, images (theoretically) distortion free Results from empirical tests Typically most of the additional parameters were significant in the blocks, which indicate that images have some deformations.
Some remarks on colour Some remaining remarks PAN and MS spectral bands with different spatial resolutions Need for pan-sharpening to obtain high-resolution MS images
Some remarks on colours for medium format sensors Some remaining remarks Bayer pattern Colour interpolation Undersampling: full detail/colour not attained Blur filters to reduce aliasing artifacts Bayer pattern decomposition Parameters Height a.g. 550m Pixel size 8μm Focal length 28mm scale 19000 GSD (theo.) 16cm Colour red green blue Resolution 31cm 22cm 28cm
Some remarks on large vs. medium formats Complementary or competing? Some remaining remarks Large format sensor Medium format sensor Leica Swath width
Some remarks on satellite vs. airborne imaging Complementary or competing? 800 km / 500 miles Spaceborne GSD > 0.80m Spaceborne Sensors Some remaining remarks 1.3 million ft to 2.5 million ft 400,000 m to 760,000 m 400 km / 250 miles 12 km / 40,000 ft Airborne Digital GSD 0.20m Airborne Film GSD 0.10m Airborne Sensors 1 km / 3,000 ft Leica
Some remarks on satellite vs. airborne imaging Complementary or competing? 800 km / 500 miles Spaceborne Sensors Stratosphäric plattforms (HALE UAV) Some remaining remarks 1.3 million ft to 2.5 million ft 400,000 m to 760,000 m And in between? 400 km / 250 miles Very low altitude plattforms Vito 12 km / 40,000 ft Airborne Sensors or below? 1 km / 3,000 ft IGI Leica
End Thanks for your attention Special thanks needs to be expressed to K. Neumann (Intergraph), P. Fricker (Leica), E. Breg (Vexcel) for provision of actual system sale numbers and market estimations