SECOND EDITION ISHBWHBI \ ' -' Microelectronic Circuits Adel S. Sedra University of Toronto Kenneth С Smith University of Toronto HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON, INC. New York Chicago San Francisco Philadelphia Montreal Toronto London Sydney Tokyo
Contents Preface xiii Chapter 1 ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS Chapter 2 1.1 Information and Signals 2 1.2 Frequency Spectrum of Signals '. 1.3 Analog and Digital Signals 5 1.4 Amplification and Filtering 7 1.5 Communications 9 1.6 Computers 13 1.7 Instrumentation and Control 15 1.8 Concluding Remarks 16 Problems 17 LINEAR CIRCUITS 18 2.1 Linear and Nonlinear One-Port Networks 2.2 Amplifiers 22 2.3 Circuit Models for Amplifiers 31 2.4 Frequency Response of Amplifiers 42 2.5 Some Useful Network Theorems 49 18
vi CONTENTS Chapter 3 2.6 Single-Time-Constant Networks 57 2.7 Frequency Response of STC Networks 63 2.8 Step Response of STC Networks 69 2.9 Pulse Response of STC Networks 72 2.10 Summary 76 Problems 77 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 86 Chapter 4 3.1 The Op-Amp Terminals 87 3.2 The Ideal Op Amp 88 3.3 Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Op Amps The Inverting Configuration 89 3.4 Other Applications of the Inverting Configuration 96 3.5 The Noninverting Configuration 101 3.6 Examples of Op-Amp Circuits 104 3.7 Nonideal Performance of Op Amps 114 3.8 Finite Open-Loop Gain and Bandwidth 114 3.9 The Internal Structure of 1С Op Amps 119 3.10 Large-Signal Operation of Op Amps 123 3.11 Common-Mode Rejection 127 3.12 Input and Output Resistances 128 3.13 DC Problems 133 3.14 Summary 139 Problems 141 DIODES 150 4.1 The Ideal Diode 150 4.2 Terminal Characteristics of Real Junction Diodes 154 4.3 The Forward-Bias Region 157 4.4 The Reverse-Bias Region 160 4.5 The Breakdown Region and Zener Diodes 160 4.6 Analysis of Diode Circuits 167 4.7 Modeling the Diode Forward Characteristics 172 4.8 The Small-Signal Model and Its Application 176 4.9 Physical Operation of Diodes Basic Semiconductor Concepts 181 4.10 The pn Junction Under Open-Circuit Conditions 184 4.11 The pn Junction Under Reverse-Bias Conditions 187 4.12 The pn Junction in the Breakdown Region 189 4.13 The pn Junction Under Forward-Bias Conditions 191 4.14 The Complete Small-Signal Model 193 4.15 Summary 194 Problems 195
CONTENTS vii Chapter 5 NONLINEAR CIRCUIT APPLICATIONS 2СИ 5.1 Half-Wave Rectification 202 5.2 Precision Half-Wave Rectifier The "Superdiode" 204 5.3 Full-Wave Rectification 208 5.4 Transformer Coupling of Rectifiers 211 5.5 The Bridge Rectifier 213 5.6 The Peak Rectifier 215 5.7 The Clamped Capacitor or DC Restorer 227 5.8 Limiters and Comparators 230 5.9 Comparator and Limiter Circuits 234 5.10 Comparator with Hysteresis The Bistable Circuit 240 5.11 Waveform Generators 242 5.12 Other Applications 248 5.13 Summary 252 Problems 254 Chapter 6 JUNCTION FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS (JFETs) 261 6.1 Physical Operation 262 6.2 Static Characteristics 267 6.3 The p-channel JFET 272 6.4 JFET Circuits at DC 274 6.5 Graphical Analysis 279 6.6 Biasing 284 6.7 The JFET as an Amplifier 288 6.8 The JFET Common-Source Amplifier 296 6.9 The Source Follower 304 6.10 Direct-Coupled and Multistage Amplifiers 307 6.11 The JFET as a Switch 310 6.12 Summary 317 Problems 319 Chapter 7 METAL-OXIDE-SEMICONDUCTOR FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS (MOSFETs) 329 7.1 The Depletion-Type MOSFET 330 7.2 The Enhancement-Type MOSFET 336 7.3 Biasing the Enhancement MOSFET in Discrete Circuits 346 7.4 Small-Signal Operation of the Enhancement MOSFET Amplifier 350 7.5 Basic Configurations of Single-Stage MOSFET Amplifiers 358
viii CONTENTS 7.6 Integrated-Circuit MOS Amplifiers An Overview 366 7.7 NMOS Load Devices 366 7.8 NMOS Amplifier with Enhancement Load 368 7.9 NMOS Amplifier with Depletion Load 375 7.10 The Current Mirror 378 7.11 The CMOS Amplifier 379 7.12 The Source Follower 383 7.13 MOS Analog Switches 384 7.14 Summary 388 Problems 389 Chapter 8 BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS (BJTs) 398 8.1 Physical Structure and Modes of Operation 399 8.2 Operation of the npn Transistor in the Active Mode 400 8.3 The pnp Transistor 407 8.4 Circuit Symbols and Conventions 408 8.5 Graphical Representation of Transistor Characteristics 411 8.6 DC Analysis of Transistor Circuits 414 8.7 The Transistor as an Amplifier 425 8.8 Biasing the BJT for Discrete-Circuit Design 441 8.9 Classical Single-Stage Transistor Amplifiers 445 8.10 The Emitter Follower 453 8.11 The Transistor as a Switch Cut-off and Saturation 458 8.12 Complete Static Characteristics and Graphical Analysis 467 8.13 Summary 476 Problems 477 Chapter 9 DIFFERENTIAL AND MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS 485 9.1 The BJT Differential Pair 485 9.2 Small-Signal Operation of the BJT Differential Amplifier 490 9.3 Other Nonideal Characteristics of the Differential Amplifier 500 9.4 Biasing in BJT Integrated Circuits 504 9.5 The BJT Differential Amplifier with Active Loads 517 9.6 The JFET Differential Pair 520 9.7 MOS Differential Amplifiers 524 9.8 Multistage Amplifiers 533 9.9 Summary 538 Problems 539
CONTENTS ix Chapter 10 OUTPUT STAGES AND POWER AMPLIFIERS 548 10.1 Classification of Output Stages 549 10.2 Class A Output Stage 550 10.3 Class В Output Stage 555 10.4 Class AB Output Stage 561 10.5 Biasing the Class AB Circuit 564 10.6 Power BJTs 569 10.7 Variations on the Class AB Configuration 10.8 1С Power Amplifiers 582 10.9 MOS Power Transistors 588 10.10 Summary 593 Problems 595 577 Chapter 11 FREQUENCY RESPONSE 599 11.1 s-domain Analysis 600 11.2 The Amplifier Transfer Function 605 11.3 Frequency Response of the Common-Source Amplifier 616 11.4 The Hybrid-я Equivalent Circuit Model 626 11.5 Frequency Response of the Common-Emitter Amplifier 633 11.6 The Common-Base and Cascode Configurations 636 11.7 Frequency Response of the Emitter Follower 642 11.8 The Common-Collector Common-Emitter Cascade 645 11.9 Frequency Response of the Differential Amplifier 650 11.10 The Differential Pair as a Wideband Amplifier The Common-Collector Common-Base Configuration 658 11.11 Summary 661 Problems 663 Chapter 12 FEEDBACK 670 12.1 The General Feedback Structure 671 12.2 Some Properties of Negative Feedback 673 12.3 The Four Basic Feedback Topologies 677 12.4 Analysis of the Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier 681 12.5 Analysis of the Series-Series Feedback Amplifier 691 12.6 Analysis of the Shunt-Shunt and the Shunt-Series Feedback Amplifiers 12.7 Determining the Loop Gain 708 12.8 The Stability Problem 711 698
x CONTENTS 12.9 Effect of Feedback on the Amplifier Poles 12.10 Stability Study Using Bode Plots 723 12.11 Frequency Compensation 727 12.12 Summary 735 Problems 736 714 Chapter 13 ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 743 13.1 The 741 Op-Amp Circuit 744 13.2 DC Analysis of the 741 748 13.3 Small-Signal Analysis of the 741 Input Stage 755 13.4 Small-Signal Analysis of the 741 Second Stage 760 13.5 Analysis of the 741 Output Stage 763 13.6 Gain and Frequency Response of the 741 768 13.7 CMOS Op Amps 773 13.8 Summary 778 Problems 780 Chapter 14 FILTERS, TUNED AMPLIFIERS AND OSCILLATORS 784 14.1 Filter Technologies 785 14.2 Second-Order Filter Functions 787 14.3 Single-Amplifier Biquadratic Filters 791 14.4 Sensitivity 797 14.5 Multiple-Amplifier Biquadratic Filters 799 14.6 Switched-Capacitor Filters 803 14.7 Tuned Amplifiers 809 14.8 Basic Principles of Sinusoidal Oscillators 821 14.9 Op-Amp-RC Oscillator Circuits 824 14.10 LC and Crystal Oscillators 832 14.11 Summary 837 Problems 839 Chapter 15 MOS DIGITAL CIRCUITS 844 15.1 Logic Circuits Some Basic Concepts 845 15.2 NMOS Inverter with Enhancement Load 854 15.3 NMOS Inverter with Depletion Load 862 15.4 NMOS Logic Circuits 867 15.5 The CMOS Inverter 869
CONTENTS xi 15.6 CMOS Gate Circuits 877 15.7 Latches and Flip-Flops 883 15.8 Multivibrator Circuits 889 15.9 Summary 894 Problems 896 Chapter 16 BIPOLAR DIGITAL CIRCUITS 901 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 The BJT as a Digital Circuit Element 902 Early Forms of BJT Digital Circuits 911 Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL or T 2 L) 915 Characteristics of Standard TTL 928 TTL Families with Improved Performance 935 Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) 942 Summary 956 Problems 958 APPENDIXES follow page 962 A Integrated-Circuit Technology A-1 В Two-Port Network Parameters B-1 С Computer Aids for Electronic Circuit Design D Answers to Selected Problems D-1 C-1 Index 1-1