Index AC DC converters 5, 226, 234, 237 conventional 235, 238 AC DC direct converters, nonisolated 226 227, 229, 231, 233 ACLR, see adjacent channel leakage ratio adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) 323, 331 332 aluminum 4, 148, 153, 155 157, 159 162, 165, 167, 170, 176, 178, 181 conductive-polymer solid 160 162, 171, 173 174 nonsolid 157, 160 161 arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) 333 AWG, see arbitrary waveform generator bandgap reference circuits (BGR circuits) 190 193, 197 low-voltage 195 196 BCM, see boundary conduction mode BGR circuits, see bandgap reference circuits bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) 276 277 bipolar transistors 191 192, 195 BJTs, see bipolar junction transistors boundary conduction mode (BCM) 226, 235 236, 242 buck boost converters 44, 121, 215, 217, 236, 239, 249 250 negative 256 257, 259 260 positive 256, 258 buck converters 22 23, 25 26, 32, 44 45, 47 50, 54 55, 104 105, 108, 125 126, 128, 162, 164, 172, 247 248, 251 253 isolated-type 68, 86 circuit 22, 34 40 capacitance 6, 25, 34, 39 40, 55 56, 68, 103, 155 159, 161, 165 166, 168, 312, 359, 362 parasitic 49, 91, 96, 343, 358 362, 364 capacitors decoupling 175 large-capacitance 162, 170 line bypass 156, 169, 177, 179 multilayer 154, 168 open-circuiting 104 parasitic 343 344 positive 25 snubber 68 switched 204 205 CCM, see continuous conduction mode continuous conduction mode (CCM) 45, 47, 100, 104 108, 121 123, 226, 238 239, 242, 250, 261
368 Index control hysteretic 278 279, 282 phase-shift 92, 94 voltage-mode 7, 262 263 control circuit 250, 262 265 current-mode 264 control circuitry 270, 276, 285 control methods 7, 92, 214, 222, 246, 262, 266 control signals 127, 207, 228 control technology 6 7 controller current-mode PWM 133 fixed switching frequency voltage-mode PWM 125 126 converter buck boost AC DC 227 direct AC DC 234 235, 237, 239, 241 flyback 64 68, 73, 175 176, 178 frequency-modulated 100 half-bridge 64, 81 86, 91, 175 on-chip voltage 183 184, 186 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 204, 206, 208 SIMO boost boost 265 switched-capacitor 204 time-to-voltage 239, 242 two-switch forward 73 voltage-level 188 converter circuits 49, 184 controlled full-bridge 86 flyback 64 forward 73 full-bridge 86 half-bridge 81 push pull 76 single-switch 68 single-switch forward 68 copper 147 149, 167 copper loss 138, 140, 148 149 copper wire 139, 142, 148 149 core circuitry 183 core loss 138, 140 141, 143 144, 146, 148 core loss characteristics 141, 144, 147 core material 136 137, 143, 146 core saturation 91 DC-cut capacitor 91 DC DC converters 5, 146, 246 247, 249, 253 isolated 63 94 noninverted buck boost 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 241 switching 226 DCM, see discontinuous conduction mode decoupling circuit 168, 170 dielectric constant 156, 158 159, 162, 165, 168 dielectric film 165, 167 digital CMOS circuit 352 digitalization 154 155 diode, ideal 34, 36 37 diode waveforms, ideal 36 discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) 45, 47, 50, 100, 105, 113 115, 117 119, 121 123, 250, 252, 261 Doherty amplifier 304, 323, 325, 327, 329 332 Doherty design 324, 326 drain source capacitance 40, 312 313, 316 DRAM, see dynamic RAM dynamic RAM (DRAM) 184 185, 187, 203
Index 369 EA, see error amplifier electric vehicles 2, 4, 21 electrical steel sheets 143 146 energy dissipation 353, 359 361 energy loss 18, 32, 35, 39 40, 138, 337, 341 342, 344, 347, 349, 352 353, 358, 360 361 energy transmission 29 30 equivalent series capacitance (ESC) 161 equivalent series resistance (ESR) 26, 49 51, 53 54, 59, 155, 161 error amplifier (EA) 53, 56 59, 126 127, 201 202, 239, 262 ESC, see equivalent series capacitance ESR, see equivalent series resistance film capacitors 4, 156, 158, 165 167, 181 foil 158, 166 167 metallized 158, 166 167 forward converters 64, 68 69, 71 76, 80 81, 84, 91, 175 176, 178 single-switch 68 69, 71 73, 75 76 full-bridge converters 64, 86 87, 89, 91 97 phase-shift-controlled 92, 94, 97 PWM-controlled 86 87, 90 hysteresis control 7, 262, 264 265 hysteresis loops 145 147 hysteretic PWM generator 129 130 inductance 22, 28, 41, 51, 55, 136 138, 146, 151, 155, 167, 225 interconnection 40 41 magnetizing 27 28 mutual 296, 298 parasitic series 32, 40 inductive coupling 295 inductive-coupling links 295 296 inductor off-chip 186, 246, 251 short-circuiting 104 switching 281 integrated circuits 20 21, 153 iron loss 140, 145, 147 KCL, see Kirchhoff s current law Kirchhoff s current law (KCL) 13, 100 101, 106 107, 118 Kirchhoff s voltage law (KVL) 13, 100 101, 106 107, 118 KVL, see Kirchhoff s voltage law Laplace transform 110, 112, 118 120, 128, 130 large-scale integration (LSI) 5, 55, 154, 183 185, 187, 190 191, 197, 294 LEDs, see light-emitting diodes light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 21 loading effects 288, 290 LSI, see large-scale integration LSIs logic 183, 186, 197, 200, 203 memory 183 186, 197, 200, 203 magnetic flux 102, 135, 137 139, 142, 146, 150 152, 296, 299, 345 magnetic flux density 137 138, 140, 142 144, 146, 150 152, 296, 298
370 Index magnetic flux leakage 139 140, 148 magnetic flux linkage 22, 24 magnetic reluctance 136, 138 magnetizing inductor 64 65, 67, 71 73, 75 76, 79 81, 83, 85 87, 89, 91 metal oxide semiconductor fieldeffect transistor (MOSFET) 2, 6, 20, 32, 34 40, 49, 64, 86, 174, 190, 205, 217 218, 222, 359 mixed-control method 214, 216 mixed-signal approach 333 MLCCs, see multilayer ceramic capacitors MOS transistor 6 MOSFET, see metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor MOSFET turn-on transition 37 38 multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) 157, 168 171, 174 175 n-channel metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (nmosfets) 187, 202, 207 208 n-channel metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) 273, 279 280, 282, 284, 352 353 NMOS, see n-channel metal oxide semiconductor nmosfets, see n-channel metal oxide semiconductor fieldeffect transistor on-chip inductors 296, 298 on-chip voltage conversion 184 185, 187 output-smoothing capacitor 65, 67, 70, 72 73, 78, 80, 83, 87 p-channel metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) 273, 279 280, 282, 284, 352 353 p-channel MOSFET (pmosfet) 201, 203 PCB, see printed circuit board PCCM, see pseudo-continuous conduction mode PFC, see power factor correction PFC circuits 32, 178 181, 226, 239, 242 PFM, see pulse frequency modulation PMOS, see p-channel metal oxide semiconductor pmosfet, see p-channel MOSFET power circuits 7, 168 power conversion efficiency 198, 200, 204 205, 207 power delivery, wireless interchip 297 298 power electronics 1 2, 21 power electronics circuit design 21 power factor correction (PFC) 22, 46, 167, 176, 226 power factor correction circuit 234 235, 237, 239, 241 power supplies ideal switching 125 low-voltage 55 normal switching 224 switching-mode 3 power supply circuit 1 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30
Index 371 printed circuit board (PCB) 154, 246, 315 316 pseudo-continuous conduction mode (PCCM) 246, 250, 261 pulse frequency modulation (PFM) 7, 218 pulse width modulation (PWM) 7, 53, 86, 125, 127 130, 133, 180, 214, 216, 228 229, 240, 262 PWM, see pulse width modulation PWM generator 126 127 radio frequency 8, 311 regulators, switched-capacitor 198 199 SAR, see successive approximation register SIMO converter, see singleinductor multiple-output converter basic 252 253 SIMO DC DC converter 246, 250 251, 253, 255, 257, 259, 261, 266 single-inductor multi-output DC DC converter 245 266 single-inductor multipleoutput converter (SIMO converter) 246, 251 262, 264 266 single-switch forward converter, ideal 68 SMD, see surface-mount device soft magnetic materials 142 143 solid electrolytic capacitor 158, 163 steady-state analysis 66, 72, 80, 99 successive approximation register (SAR) 353 354 surface-mount device (SMD) 158, 168 switches freewheel 261 low-side MOSFET 174 MOSFET 220 switching converters, pulse-widthmodulated 100 switching losses 15 17, 22, 28, 32, 34, 36 37, 39, 41, 91, 95, 97, 220, 222, 224, 338 switching-mode operations, highefficiency 304 switching-mode power supplies 3 4, 7 8, 14 15 switching noise 18 switching power converters 43 switching power supply 214 switching power supply circuits 338 switching regulator 5, 198 199, 245 247 tantalum oxide 156, 162 THD, see total harmonic distortion thin-film magnetic material 296, 298 300 total harmonic distortion (THD) 32 transfer function 53 54, 56, 58, 110, 112 113, 119, 126 127, 129, 134 open-loop 49, 53 54, 57 58 transformer core saturation 72, 76, 86 transformer-equivalent circuit 26, 64, 68 69, 73 74, 76, 81, 86 87
372 Index transformer leakage inductances 40, 67 transformer leakage inductor 67 transformer windings 80, 83, 90 94, 148 transistors 6, 41, 153, 192, 273, 276 278, 290, 325 turn-off transition 22, 35 36, 39 40 turn-on transition 34 35, 38 40 voltage conversion efficiency 220 voltage conversion equation 215 216 voltage conversion ratio 45 46, 66, 72, 80, 83 84, 91, 94, 99, 109, 199, 215 216, 227, 231 voltage converters 183 184 on-chip 184, 187 voltage down-converters 198 199, 201 voltage inversion 208 voltage inverters 203, 208 voltage-mode PWM control 125, 127 voltage regulator 49, 53 voltage swing 307, 325, 330 voltage up-conversion 188 voltage up-converters 184, 186, 188, 203 205, 207 208 on-chip 189, 203, 206 wafer-level testing 294, 296 wireless power delivery 293 298, 300 ZCS, see zero-current switching zero-current switching (ZCS) 18 19, 344, 346 zero-voltage switching (ZVS) 18 19, 91, 95 97, 341 ZVS, see zero-voltage switching
This book presents basic switching converters and control schemes, isolated converters, application circuits, passive parts which are used in switching converters, wireless power delivery, switchedcapacitor power supply circuits, high-power GaN HEMT for cellular base station and so on. It widely explains power management from its basics to applications, thus facilitating understanding. Masashi Ochiai Sanken Electric Co., Ltd., Japan This unique handbook describes a wide variety of power converters, from front-end to point-of-load, and integrated power circuits on a silicon chip. It has the potential to inspire research and development groups and students in the world. Dr. Kenichi Onda Nippon Chemi-Con Corp., Japan I think the authors have explained circuits and their waveforms and formulas in this book clearly and accurately. The book has enough basic information to design a switching converter. Prof. Fujio Kurokawa Nagasaki University, Japan This book presents both the basic characteristics and the application aspects of switching power converters. It is very useful for many engineers and students related to developing high-efficiency power converters for energy saving. Prof. Emeritus Tamotsu Ninomiya Kyushu University, Japan This comprehensive book focuses on DC DC switching power supply circuits, which are receiving attention as a key technology in green IT, especially in the automotive and consumer electronics industries. It covers buck converters, isolated converters, PFC converters, their modeling and analysis, several control methods, passive components, and their several recent applications (onchip power supplies, DC DC and AC DC converter applications, single-inductor multi-output DC DC converters, energy harvest applications, wireless power delivery, charge pump circuits, and power amplifiers). The contents are well balanced as the authors are from both academia and industry and include pioneers and inventors of hysteretic PWM control. Haruo Kobayashi is a professor in the Division of Electronics and Informatics, Gunma University, Japan. He received his B.S. and M.S. in information physics from the University of Tokyo in 1980 and 1982, respectively, an M.S. in electrical engineering from the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1989, and a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Waseda University in 1995. His research interests include analog/ mixed-signal integrated circuit design and testing, signal-processing algorithms, charge pump circuits and DC DC converters. Takashi Nabeshima is a professor in the Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Oita University, Japan. He received his B.S. and M.S. in electronic engineering from Kumamoto University, Japan, in 1975 and 1977, respectively, and Dr. Eng. from Kyushu University, Japan, in 1983. He has published more than 70 technical papers in IEICE Transactions and IEEE Transactions and participated in various international conferences in the field of power conversion. His research interests include switching converter and control technique. V435 ISBN 978-981-4613-15-6