San Jose State University From the SelectedWorks of Robert Henry Morelos-Zaragoza Fall August 24, 2007 Cognitive Radio: Fundamentals and Opportunities Robert H Morelos-Zaragoza, San Jose State University Available at: https://works.bepress.com/robert_morelos-zaragoza/9/
Cognitive Radio: Fundamentals and Opportunities Robert H. Morelos-Zaragoza Department t of Electrical l Engineering i San Jose State University October 12, 2007
Outline 1. Software-defined radio (SDR) a) Black-box approach b) Components and attributes (Mitola) 2. Cognitive radio (CR) a) Definition and overview (Mitola) b) CR features (FCC) 3. Unlicensed TV spectrum usage and WRANs 4. Digital channel detection in the 915 MHz ISM band (demo) 5. Opportunities and technical challenges Cognitive Radio - RHMZ - 2007 Slide 2 of 18
1. SDR: The black box approach Software-defined radio (SDR) idea [1]: Specify input/output p signals at the boundaries of a subsystem, and not the internal components. Radio subsystem Input signals Output signals Improved security/reliability: Specification on components replaced by functionality Programmability is not only possible but essential Cognitive Radio - RHMZ - 2007 Slide 3 of 18
Software radio components [1] Multibeam antenna array Power Channel bandwidth Multiband RF conversion f Wideband ADC and DAC IF/ channel select processing Environment characterization DSP, FPGA, Software Modulation/Demodulation Bitstream processing Control Adaptation: - SNR/BER - Interference - Band/mode selection Over-the-air delivery Cognitive Radio - RHMZ - 2007 Slide 4 of 18
A Basic Cognitive Cycle [2] Action: Transmitted signal RF environment Available Spectrum Noise floor Traffic statistics RF stimuli (sensing) Radio-scene analysis Transmit power control Spectrum management Interference Channel estimation Predictive modeling TRANSMITTER Quantized channel capacity RECEIVER Cognitive Radio - RHMZ - 2007 Slide 5 of 18
SDR component attributes [1] Functional component Attributes Source coding/decoding g Audio, video and data Service/network Information security Channel coding/decoding Modulation/demodulation IF processing RF access Channel sets Multiple personalities Joint control Multiplexing, services and networking Transmission security, authentication, non- repudiation, privacy, data integrity Bit error rate Baseband modem, timing and carrier recovery, equalization, waveforms Beamforming, diversity combining, spatial multiplexing, channel estimation Antenna, diversity/mimo, RF conversion Simultaneity, multiband propagation Multiband, multimode, agile services Source/channel, QoS vs, load, integration Cognitive Radio - RHMZ - 2007 Slide 6 of 18
2. Cognitive radio definition (Mitola) A radio frequency transceiver designed to intelligently tl detect t whether a particular segment of the radio spectrum is in use, and to jump into (and out of) the temporarily unused spectrum very rapidly, without interfering with the transmission of other authorized users. [3] Quote: B. Fette, Three obstacles to cognitive radio, EE Times, Aug. 2004 Cognitive Radio - RHMZ - 2007 Slide 7 of 18
Cognitive Radio Overview [3] Software Radio Programmable Processor(s) Wideband A/D-D/A Wideband RF Conversion HF LVHF VHF-UHF Cellular PCS Indoor & RF LAN VHDR 2 MHz 28 88 400 960 MHz 1.39 GHz 2.5 5.9 6 34 GHz Fixed Terrestrial Cellular Mobile Public Safety Software Radios Very Low Band Low Mid Band High Band RKRL Frames Model-Based Reasoning Software architecrure Antenna RF Modem User Interface Baseband INFOSEC Spatial & Temporal Knowledge Cognitive Radio - RHMZ - 2007 Slide 8 of 18
Cognitive radio features FCC [4] Frequency Agility - the ability of a radio to change its operating frequency to optimize use under certain conditions Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) the ability to sense signals from other nearby transmitters in an effort to choose an optimum operating environment Cognitive Radio - RHMZ - 2007 Slide 9 of 18
Cognitive radio features FCC (cont.) Location Awareness - the ability for a device to determine its location and the location of other transmitters, and first determine whether it is permissible to transmit at all, then to select the appropriate operating parameters such as the power and frequency allowed at its location. Negotiated Use - a cognitive radio could incorporate a mechanism that would enable sharing of spectrum under the terms of a prearranged agreement between a licensee and a third party (lessee). Cognitive Radio - RHMZ - 2007 Slide 10 of 18
Cognitive radio features FCC (cont.) Adaptive Modulation the ability to modify transmission characteristics and waveforms to exploit opportunities to use spectrum Transmit Power Control (TPC) to permit transmission i at full power limits it when necessary, but constrain the transmitter power to a lower level to allow greater sharing of spectrum when higher power operation is not necessary Cognitive Radio - RHMZ - 2007 Slide 11 of 18
3. Unlicensed TV spectrum [5] Use unused channels in the VHF (54-88 MHz, 174-216 MHz) and UHF (470-638 MHz) analog TV bands ( white space ) in certain areas Greater range than WiFi/WiMax in rural areas FCC proposed three possible approaches: Passive sensing: Listen-before-talk t GPS plus data base to determine free frequencies Separate beacon transmitters indicating unavailable spectrum Related specification: 802.2222 WRAN Cognitive Radio - RHMZ - 2007 Slide 12 of 18
802.22 WRAN (regional) [6] Adaptive modulation: Typical spectrum capacity is 3 bits/sec*hz (e.g., 64-QAM with ¾ code rate) OFDM type modulation to counter increased multipath th due to less directional antennas at VHF and low UHF (e.g., 1000 carriers to cover a range of 0.16 μsectoupto33μsec) μsec) (8000 carriers if on-channel repeaters are needed?) OFDMA on return link allows scaling of the user terminal transmit power to the transmitted data rate Cognitive Radio - RHMZ - 2007 Slide 13 of 18
2 4. Digital channel detection in the 915 MHz ISM band (demo) LOW IF DIGITAL SELECTION f (MHz) f (MHz) 902 905 915 920 928 7 10 20 25 33 0.17 LNA MIXER AMP ADC f s = 120 Ms/s CHANNEL FILTER CHANNEL FILTER LOWPASS FILTER W 1 =0.143 W 2 =0.2 f c = 915 MHz B = 26 MHz SYNTHESIZER AND VCO f c = 895 MHz B = 33 MHz f 1 = 8.5 MHz f 2 =12 MHz DSP/FPGA Cognitive Radio - RHMZ - 2007 Slide 14 of 18
Matlab demo 905 MHz 920 MHz 915 MHz Three ISM channels QPSK modulation 2 Mbps each Previous figure Cognitive Radio - RHMZ - 2007 Slide 15 of 18
5. Opportunities With cognitive radio technology, the best hardware does not necessarily win Functionality and flexibility are premium Do your wireless communications coursework Small companies can compete In principle, any format of signal is valid, as long as interference power levels are respected Cognitive Radio - RHMZ - 2007 Slide 16 of 18
Technical challenges Programmable multirate baseband architectures Wide, multiple and flexible RF front-ends High-performance and flexible ADC/DAC Dynamic signal processing Spectrum sensing, channel estimation, MIMO, modulation and coding, spectrum shaping, transmit power control, interference avoidance Cognitive wireless network etiquette Sense, discover, negotiate, transfer,... Cognitive Radio - RHMZ - 2007 Slide 17 of 18
References [1] J. Mitola, The Software Radio Architecture, IEEE Comm. Magazine, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 26-38, May 1995 [2] S. Haykin, Cognitive Radio: Brain-Empowered Wireless Communications, IEEE JSAC, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 201-220, Feb. 2005 [3] J. Mitola, Cognitive radio: An integrated agent architecture for softwaredefined radio,, Doctor of Technology, KTH, Sweden, 2000 [4] FCC Docket 05-57 [5] M.J. Markus, Unlicensed Cognitive Sharing of TV Spectrum, IEEE Comm. Magazine, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 24-25, May 2005 [6] G. Chouinard, WRAN System Concept, IEEE 802.22-04-003, Nov. 2004 [7] N. Devroye, P. Mitran, and V. Tarokh, Achievable Rates in Cognitive Radio Channels, IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1813-1827, 1827 May 2006 [8] S. Geirhofer, L. Tong and B.M. Sadler, Dynamic Spectrum Access in the Time Domain: Modeling and Exploiting White Space, IEEE Comm. Magazine, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 66-72, May 2007 Cognitive Radio - RHMZ - 2007 Slide 18 of 18