Emission of mm-wave and THz Scanners Thomas Kleine-Ostmann Working Group 2.21 Electromagnetic Fields and Antenna Measuring Techniques THz Security Workshop Davos, Switzerland, 29 th May, 2015 1
Content Scanners Measurement Campaign L3 Provision 100 and Smith Detection Eqo at Bundespolizei Lübeck, 2011 Measurement Campaign QPS100 at R&S Munich, 2012 and 2014 2
Person scanners L3 ProVision 100 24.25 30 GHz Smith Detection Eqo 24.16 GHz R&S QPS 100 70 80 GHz Photograph: Smith Detection Photograph: L3 Photograph: R&S 3
Power density measurement for person scanners Thermal Field Probes too insensitive! Diode Field Probes not suitable for pulsed signals! measurement with antenna and spectrum analyzer or suitable power measurement head spektrum analyzer power meter HP measurement of power level correction due to cable attenuation and calibration factor of power meter determination of power density from corrected power and effective area of antenna 4
Content Scanners Measurement Campaign L3 Provision 100 and Smith Detection Eqo at Bundespolizei Lübeck, 2011 Measurement Campaign QPS100 at R&S Munich, 2012 and 2014 5
Commercially Available Scanners L3 ProVision 100 Smith Detection Eqo http://images.businessweek.com/ss/10/01/0107_airp ort_security_technology/image/018_l3_provision.jpg mechanically moved antenna arrays with 192 transmission antennas µs pulses with frequency ramp 24.25 GHz to 30 GHz http://www.smithsdetection.com/eqo.php illumination of a passive array with 2x 0 dbm at 24.16 GHz and 10 db antenna gain scanning with 10 7 Voxel/s Space and time variable frequency modulated fields:: Appropriate choice of measurement parameters and positions Worst-Case Analysis 6
L3 Provision 100 7
L3 Provision 100: Measurements Horn antenna measurement HL050 measurement Horn antenna measurement without cover Spectrum analyzer 8
Leistungsflussdichte [mw/cm²] L3 Provision 100: Measurements 160 cm 0,000020 0,000015 0,000010 0,000005 0,000000 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Frequenz [GHz] 9
Smith Detection Eqo 10
Smith Detection Eqo: Measurements Horn in front of illuminating horn antenna Field probe in front of illuminating horn antenna Horn at scanning position HL050 at scanning position 11
Leistungsflussdichte [mw/cm²] Smith Detection Eqo: Measurements 144,5 cm / 20 cm Abstand 0,00007 0,00006 0,00005 0,00004 0,00003 0,00002 0,00001 0,00000 24,10 24,12 24,14 24,16 24,18 24,20 24,22 Frequenz [GHz] 12
Results L3 Provision 100 cw test mode, distance 2.5 cm approx. 0.1 µw/cm 2 scan mode, distance 3.7 cm approx. 0.015 µw/cm 2 peak scan mode, distance 33 cm approx. 0.003 µw/cm 2 peak scan mode, distance 58 cm (scan position) approx. 0.003 µw/cm 2 peak Smith Detection Eqo cw illumination, at cover approx. 30 µw/cm 2 cw illumination, 5 cm from cover approx. 10 µw/cm 2 cw illumination, 30 cm from cover (person distance) approx. 1 µw/cm 2 pulsed in front of array, max. 3 µw/cm 2 pulsed in front of array, at scan position) approx. 0.4 µw/cm 2 cw illumination,, at scan position) approx. 0.025 µw/cm 2 13
Content Scanners Measurement Campaign L3 Provision 100 and Smith Detection Eqo at Bundespolizei Lübeck, 2011 Measurement Campaign QPS100 at R&S Munich, 2012 and 2014 14
Characterization of a Rohde&Schwarz QPS100 Tx Rx 15
Antenna Gain / db Antenna Gain / db Distance dependent antenna calibration 21.4 21.2 21 30 cm 50 cm 75 cm 100 cm 19.2 19 18.8 20 cm 50 cm 75 cm 100 cm 20.8 20.6 18.6 20.4 18.4 20.2 18.2 20 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Frequenz / GHz 18 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 Frequenz / GHz S P A eff g P c 2 4 f 2 4 f g c 2 2 P 16
Uncertainty analysis 2 4 f P S 10 g 10 10 2 10 c P M 30 CLM 1 10 ; A MAnt MMix DB SW PE; Unit Definition Quantity S mw/cm 2 Determined Power Density pi f Hz Frequency g db Antenna Gain c m/s Speed of Light P dbw Measured Power M dbm Power Reading before Correction CLM db Conversion Loss Mixer A db 20 db Attenuator MAnt db Mismatch error between Antenna and Attenuator MMix db Mismatch error between Mixer and Attenuator DB db Correction due to deviation between measurement bandwidth 20 MHz and calibration bandwidth 3 MHz SW db Correction due to standing wave pattern PE db Correction due to positioning error 17
Uncertainty budget for the V band Quantity Value Standard Uncertainty pi 3.1415926535898 Distribution Sensitivity Coefficient Uncertainty Contribution f 74.127000 10 9 Hz 577 10 3 Hz rectangular 960 10-15 550 10-9 mw/cm 2 0.0 % Index g 19.240 db 0.200 db normal -8.2 10-3 -1.6 10-3 mw/cm 2 8.5 % c 299.8 10 6 m/s P -44.120 dbw 0.655 dbw M -60.370 dbm 0.100 dbm normal 8.2 10-3 820 10-6 mw/cm 2 2.1 % CLM 26.640 db 0.250 db normal 8.2 10-3 2.0 10-3 mw/cm 2 13.3 % A 19.6100 db 0.0500 db normal 8.2 10-3 410 10-6 mw/cm 2 0.5 % MAnt 0.0 db 6.36 10-3 db U 8.2 10-3 52 10-6 mw/cm 2 0.0 % MMix 0.0 db 0.0262 db U 8.2 10-3 210 10-6 mw/cm 2 0.1 % DB 0.0 db 0.398 db rectangular 8.2 10-3 3.3 10-3 mw/cm 2 33.8 % SW 0.0 db 0.393 db rectangular 8.2 10-3 3.2 10-3 mw/cm 2 32.9 % PE 0.0 db 0.202 db rectangular 8.2 10-3 1.6 10-3 mw/cm 2 8.7 % S 0.03544 mw/cm 2 5.60 10-3 mw/cm 2 relative expanded uncertainty of 32 % (k=2, 95% confidence interval, same for W band) 18
Measurement positions and approaches front view top view 1) maximum power densities at distinct locations using the MaxHold modus with Peak detector (upper limit but high measurement dynamics for mapping the field, scanner in sweep mode) 2) averaged power densities as required by the ICNIRP guidelines using the RMS detector, the 0-Hz-Span modus, sweep times of 44 s (ICNIRP requirement for 75 GHz) and Time-Domain Power averaging at few distinct locations with less measurement dynamics (scanner at fixed frequency). 19
Characterization of a Rohde&Schwarz QPS100 5 cm distance to panel, MaxHold modus with Peak detector, normal operation 0.08 Power Density / mw/cm 2 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 left 50 cm left 105 cm left 140 cm left 165 cm center 50 cm center 105 cm center 140 cm center 165 cm right 50 cm right 105 cm right 140 cm right 165 cm 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Frequency / GHz 20
Characterization of a Rohde&Schwarz QPS100 50 cm distance to panel, MaxHold modus with Peak detector, normal operation Power Density / mw/cm 2 0.0010 0.0009 0.0008 0.0007 0.0006 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 left 50 cm left 105 cm left 140 cm left 165 cm center 50 cm center 105 cm center 140 cm center 165 cm right 50 cm right 105 cm right 140 cm right 165 cm 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Frequency / GHz 21
Characterization of a Rohde&Schwarz QPS100 100 cm distance to panel, MaxHold modus with Peak detector, normal operation 0.0004 Power Density / mw/cm 2 0.0003 0.0002 left 50 cm left 105 cm left 140 cm left 165 cm center 50 cm center 105 cm center 140 cm center 165 cm right 50 cm right 105 cm right 140 cm right 165 cm 0.0001 0.0000 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Frequency / GHz 22
Characterization of a Rohde&Schwarz QPS100 operator position, MaxHold modus with Peak detector, normal operation 0.00020 Power Density / mw/cm 2 0.00018 0.00016 0.00014 0.00012 0.00010 0.00008 0.00006 0.00004 0.00002 0.00000 50 cm 105 cm 140 cm 165 cm 75 76 77 78 79 80 Frequency / GHz 23
Characterization of a Rohde&Schwarz QPS100 averaged power density according to ICNIRP directly in front of an antenna with scanner operated in single frequency test mode (RMS detector, 0-Hz-span at 75.396 GHz, time-domain averaging over 44 s, noise floor correction) 0.000025 0.000020 Power Density / mw/cm 2 0.000015 0.000010 0.000005 0.000000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Distance to panel / cm 24
Characterization of a Rohde&Schwarz QPS100 averaged power density according to ICNIRP directly in front of an antenna with scanner operated in single frequency test mode for two typical distances) (RMS detector, 0-Hz-span at multiple frequencies, time-domain averaging over 44 s, noise floor correction) 0.00008 0.00007 5.5 cm 55.5 cm Power Density / mw/cm 2 0.00006 0.00005 0.00004 0.00003 0.00002 0.00001 0.00000 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Frequency / GHz 25
Measurement Campaign QPS100 at R&S Munich, 2014 repeat selected measurements of the previous campaign extend measurements to 170 GHz with external WR06 mixer (RPG SAM-170, 20-30 db conversion loss): FCC and ETSI EN 305 550 foresee emission measurements at second harmonic 26
Signal Power / dbm Measurement Campaign QPS100 at R&S Munich, 2014-52 -54-56 FSW67+ SAM-170 overrange mode -58-60 normal scanner operation -62-64 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 Frequency / GHz 27
Signal Power / dbm Measurement Campaign QPS100 at R&S Munich, 2014-60 -65-70 -75 FSW67+ SAM-170 overrange mode with Auto-ID scanner at 69.895 GHz -80 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 Frequency / GHz 28