INTERNATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENT TRANSFORMERS WORKSHOP 2013 13TH NOVEMBER 2013 BANGKOK, THAILAND HELD IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE 42 ND MEETING OF THE APEC EGEE&C The updated EU energy efficiency standardisation of HV and MV transformers Angelo Baggini Engineering Department, University of Bergamo (Italy) CENELEC TC14 EU (Brussels)
1992 HD 428 Oil immersed Transformers - Standardisation of LL and NLL HD 531 Dry type Transformers - Standardisation of LL and NLL 2001 EC mandate to revise and convert into EN the HD 428 and 531 (as consequence of the Thermie Project) 2007 EN 50464-1, EN 50541-1 publication 2011 EC 24/2011 Standardization mandate to CENELEC under Directive 2009/125/EC relating to harmonized standards in the field of Ecodesign 2012- WG21 Medium voltage power transformers (Um 36 kv) WG29 Large power transformers (Um > 36 kv)
EU Transformer Regulation background Directive 2005/32/EC on Eco-design* establishes a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-using products amending Council Directive 92/42/EEC and Directives 96/57/EC and 2000/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council Amending Directive 2008/28/EC on Eco-design implements powers conferred on the Commission Directive 2009/125/EC** recasts of the Ecodesign Directive 2005/32/EC extension to energy related products * also referred as EuP Directive or Energy using Products Directive ** also referred as Energy Related Products Directive or ERP Directive
EU Transformer Regulation background SEEDT estimates Efficiency of utility distribution transformer population and market 99,30% 99,10% 98,90% 98,70% 98,50% 98,30% Utility population - Efficiency % 99,11% Utility market - Efficiency % 99,09% 99,08% 99,04% 98,96% 98,95% 98,89% 98,87% 98,91% 98,95% 98,82% 98,79% 98,83% 98,81% 98,77% 98,77% 98,75% 98,78% 98,73% 98,72% 98,73% 98,71% 98,70% 98,65% 98,68% 98,66% 98,69% 98,58% 98,60% 98,51% 98,57% 98,56% 98,53% 98,47% 98,43% 98,43% 98,38% 98,40% 98,40% 98,36% 98,40% 98,46% 98,36% 98,37% 98,33% 98,35% 98,30% 98,10% 98,06% 98,05% 98,16% 98,17% 98,10% 97,90% 97,84% 97,70% 97,50% EU25 AT BE CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GR HU IE IT LT LU LV MT NL NO PL PT SE SI SK UK 97,50%
EU Transformer Regulation background Age versus losses in transformers SEEDT 100,00% 90,00% 80,00% 70,00% 60,00% 50,00% 40,00% 30,00% 20,00% 10,00% 0,00% Age distribution of population vers. no load and load losses increasingly 21,46% 27,23% 13,90% 15,24% 8,09% 9,71% 3,48% 5,45% 10,03% 2,29% 6,38% 3,57% 1,48% 1945-1949 Σ Po increasingly Σ Pk increasingly Population increasingly 1950-1954 1955-1959 1960-1964 21,85% 1965-1969 64,04% 75,24% 58,07% 52,98% 47,87% 51,27% 43,26% 38,94% 34,84% 39,20% 30,25% 14,68% 1970-1974 20,98% 1975-1979 29,14% 1980-1984 1985-1989 69,99% 1990-1994 87,37% 83,74% 65,39% 1995-1999 81,69% 2000-2004
Where are we in the regulatory process? EU Transformer Regulation Feb 2011 Nov 2011 Preparatory study concluded by VITO Selection of contractor for IA study Informal discussions with stakeholders April 2012 May to Sep 2012 Before the end of 2012 Q3-2013 Autumn 2013 Begin 2014 2014 July 1 st 2015 Ecodesign Consultation Forum Drafting of the Impact Assessment Opinion of the Impact Assessment Board Commission inter-service consultation WTO Consultation Vote in Regulatory Committee Submission to scrutiny period at EP and Council Adopt Ecodesign Regulation
Scope of the proposed regulation EU Transformer DRAFT Regulation The energy consumption is the only significant environmental aspect which can be addressed through product design. Other ecodesign parameters were not found to be as significant. Ecodesignrequirements: Minimum energy performance requirements Product informa on requirements NO labelling July 1 st 2015 July 1 st 2021 TIER 1 TIER 2 2018
EU Transformer Scope of the proposed DRAFT Regulation regulation The Regulation APPLIES to for placing on the market or putting into service transformers with a minimum power rating of 1 kva used in 50Hz electricity transmission and distribution networks or for industrial applications. The regulation is only applicable to transformers purchased after the entry into force of the Regulation. Small, medium, large power transformers
EU Proposed Transformer exceptions DRAFT to the Regulation regulation The regulation shall not apply to: Instrument transformers, specifically designed to supply measuring instruments, meters, relays and other similar apparatus Transformers with low voltage windings specifically designed for use with rectifiers to provide a DC supply Transformers specifically designed to be directly connected to a furnace Transformers specifically designed for offshore applications and floating offshore applications Transformers specially designed for emergency mobile installations Transformers and auto-transformers specifically designed for 16.7 Hz railway feeding systems Auto-transformers for 50 Hz railway feeding systems Earthing or grounding transformers, this is, threephase transformers intended to provide a neutral point for system grounding purposes Traction transformers mounted on rolling stock, this is, transformers connected to an AC or DC contact line, directly or through a converter, used in fixed installations of railway applications Starting transformers, specifically designed for starting three-phase induction motors so as to eliminate supply voltage dips Testing transformers, specifically designed to be used in a circuit to produce a specific voltage or current for the purpose of testing electrical equipment Welding transformers, specifically designed for use in arc welding equipment or resistance welding equipment Transformers specifically designed for explosion-proof and underground mining applications Transformers specifically designed for deep water (submerged) applications Medium Voltage (MV) to Medium Voltage (MV) interface transformers up to 5MVA Large power transformers where it is demonstrated that for a particular application, technically feasible alternatives are not available or where the minimum efficiency required by this Regulation cannot be achieved without entailing disproportionate costs associated to its transportation and/or installation.
CENELEC TC14 Power Transformers Large vs Medium WG29 Large power transformers Sr 5MVA Um =36 kv WG21 Medium power/voltage transformers (liquid immersed and dry type) Sr 5kVA Sr < 40 MVA Um 1,1 kv
CLC TC14 WG21 and WG29 - Losses or Efficiency? Basically 2 options Maximum Losses European practice (for example France, Italy, etc.) EN standards already existing for such types and sizes Minimum Efficiency specifically designed for a given installation allowing design flexibility ensuring the min efficiency target over major part of its service lifetime
Medium voltage transformers WG21 final draft Scope Three-phase power transformers Sr = 25 kva - 40 000 kva continuous service fr = 50 Hz two windings 1.1 kv Um 36 kv and at least one 3,6kV Excluded: Transformers, which have no windings with highest voltage for equipment (U m ) higher than 1.1kV Instrument transformers Tractions transformers mounted on rolling stock Starting transformers Testing transformers Welding transformers Explosion proof Mining transformers Transformers for deep water submerged application Medium Voltage (MV) to Medium Voltage (MV) interface transformers up to 5 MVA Transformers with high current rectifiers Transformers for furnace applications Transformers for offshore applications and floating offshore applications Transformers for emergency mobile installations Transformers and auto-transformers for 16.7 Hz railway feeding systems Auto-transformers for 50 Hz railway feeding system Earthing transformers Explosion-proof and underground mining transformers Transformers with tap changer (DETC or OLTC) are included in this standard even if they have separate winding to make the taps
WG21 final draft Medium voltage trasformers «efficiency» Sr = 3150 kva LL and NLL
WG21 final draft Transformers with rated power 3150 kva LIST OF MAXIMUM LOAD AND NO-LOAD LOSSES 36 Second winding Um (kv) 24 1,1 0 0 NLL +15% LL +10% Tables 3, 4, 5 NA NLL +10% LL +10% Tables 3, 4, 5 NLL +15% LL +10% 1,1 24 36 First winding Um(kV)
WG21 final draft Transformers with rated power 3150 kva NO load losses Load losses Sr AAAo AAo Ao Bo Co kva W W W W W 25 35 63 70 90 100 50 45 81 90 110 125 100 75 131 145 180 210 160 105 189 210 260 300 250 150 270 300 360 425 315 180 324 360 440 520 400 220 387 430 520 610 500 260 459 510 610 720 630 300 540 600 730 860 800 330 585 650 800 930 1000 390 693 770 940 1100 1250 480 855 950 1150 1350 1600 600 1080 1200 1450 1700 2000 730 1305 1450 1800 2100 2500 880 1575 1750 2150 2500 3150 1100 1980 2200 2700 3150 Sr Ak Bk Ck Vcc kva W W W % 25 600 725 900 4 50 750 875 1100 4 100 1250 1475 1750 4 160 1700 2000 2350 4 250 2350 2750 3250 4 315 2800 3250 3900 4 400 3250 3850 4600 4 500 3900 4600 5500 4 630 4600 5400 6500 4 or 6 800 6000 7000 8400 6 1000 7600 9000 10500 6 1250 9500 11000 13500 6 1600 12000 14000 17000 6 2000 15000 18000 21000 6 2500 18500 22000 26500 6 3150 23000 27500 33000 6 Oil immersed 1,1-24 kv
WG21 final draft Transformers with rated power 3150 kva LIST OF MAXIMUM LOAD AND NO-LOAD LOSSES 36 Second winding Um (kv) 24 1,1 0 0 NLL +15% LL +10% Tables 3, 4, 5 NA NLL +10% LL +10% Tables 3, 4, 5 NLL +15% LL +10% 1,1 24 36 First winding Um(kV)
Large power trasformer approach WG 29 Data collection Analysis of data collected 2493-8650 Units 422-617 different designs Approx. installed in the last 10 years From: Croatia, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, UK
WG29(21) final draft Peak Efficiency Index PEI = 1 2(P 0 +P c0 ) Sr P 0 +P c0 P k P0 = no load losses* Pc0 = electrical power required by the cooling system for no load operation Pk = load losses* corrected to reference temperature** Sr = rated power of the transformer on which Pk is based Reactive power transmission is very important for network operation * measured at rated voltage and rated frequency, on the rated tap ** 20 C + Average winding rise (i.e. 90 C for OD cooled transformers, 85 C for ON or OF cooled transformers)
WG29 - Data collection and analysis PEI <> main transformer characteristics Impedance
WG29 - Data collection and analysis PEI <> main transformer characteristics 1,00000 0,99950 0,99900 Efficiency @ a0 0,99850 0,99800 0,99750 0,99700 y = 8,2377E-04Ln(x) + 9,9365E-01 R 2 = 4,2856E-01 Efficiency @ a0 420kV 245kV 0,99650 0,99600 0,99550 <245kV ALL Log. (Efficiency @ a0) 0,99500 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Rated Power
WG29 - Data collection and analysis PEI <> main transformer characteristics 1,00100 1,00000 0,99900 Efficiency @ a0 0,99800 0,99700 y = 8,2377E-04Ln(x) + 9,9365E-01 R 2 = 4,2856E-01 Efficiency @ a0 ALL LIMITS 0,99600 NO LIMITS 0,99500 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Rated Power Log. (Efficiency @ a0)
WG29 Method and limit analisys PEI trend 1,0000 Peak Efficiency (percent) 0,9980 0,9960 0,9940 0,9920 0,9900 Bad R2 Very numerous units Less transportation and installation costraints Sometime far from state of art y = 0,0008Ln(x) + 0,9935 R 2 = 0,04 Relatively few units 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Power Transformer Rating (MVA) Real state of art More transportation and installation costraints Good R2 Power Transformers Log. (Power Transformers)
WG29 Method and limit analisys 2 sub categories 1,0000 Peak Efficiency (percent) 0,9980 0,9960 0,9940 0,9920 Log Regulation Portion 100 MVA Linear Regulation Portion y = 0,0008Ln(x) + 0,9935 R 2 = 0,04 Power Transformers Log. (Power Transformers) 0,9900 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Power Transformer Rating (MVA)
WG29 final draft PEI requirements Sr (MVA) PEI T1 (%) PEI T2 (%) 4 99,465 99,532 5 99,483 99,548 6,3 99,510 99,571 8 99,535 99,593 10 99,560 99,615 12,5 99,588 99,640 16 99,615 99,663 20 99,639 99,684 25 99,657 99,700 31,5 99,671 99,712 40 99,684 99,724 50 99,696 99,734 63 99,709 99,745 80 99,723 99,758 100 99,737 99,770 PEI (%) A floor for efficiency performance Figures take into consideration the need to remove distortions T1 is based on the results of the survey, approx 25% The T2, approx 50% of the survey 99.800 99.750 99.700 99.650 99.600 99.550 99.500 99.450-30 20 70 120 Rated Power (MVA)
WG29 final draft PEI requirements Variations / Exceptions For unusual configurations, size and weight limitations it must be acceptable to demonstrate that the highest reasonable level of efficiency has been achieved Losses Capitalization (TOC) The use of a minimum value of PEI index sets a floor for transformer efficiency performance. Proper loss capitalization helps to select a transformer with the optimal economically justified level of efficiency Tolerances No tolerances are applicable to the PEI value
WG21 final draft Transformers with rated power >3150 kva PEAK EFFICIENCY INDEX Liquid immersed Sr PEI (%) (kva) A AA 4000 99,465 99,532 5000 99,483 99,548 6300 99,510 99,571 8000 99,535 99,593 10000 99,560 99,615 12500 99,588 99,640 16000 99,615 99,663 20000 99,639 99,684 25000 99,657 99700 31500 99,671 99,712 40000 99,684 99,724 Dry type Sr Peak efficiency (%) (kva) A AA 4000 99,348 99,382 5000 99,354 99,387 6300 99,356 99,389 8000 99,357 99,390 10000 99,357 99,390
Conclusions The documents represent a starting point to improve the efficiency of MV and LPT in the European market It is a guidance to support the transformer s users in choosing efficient transformers It is important to keep an active cooperation with EC to improve the document in the future (data collection) Future updating for T2 Confirmation (ambitious values) and evaluation of specific coefficients for Ur, Zsc etc Cooperation CENELEC-IEC for a future IEC document on the same subject