FLAT GLASS TECHNOLOGY

FLAT GLASS TECHNOLOGY

FLAT GLASS TECHNOLOGY RUNE PERSSON Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

Springer Science+ Business Media New York 1969 Originally published by Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Limited in 1969. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1969 ISBN 978-1-4899-5876-1 ISBN 978-1-4899-5874-7 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-5874-7 Suggested U.D.C. number: 666 15 Suggested additional number: 691 615 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72 83172

PREFACE GLASS is one of our oldest materials. In spite of this it is a most useful material in our modern world and one might well predict that its use will increase tremendously in the future. Through modern research work it has been possible to alter the properties of glass and to make it a most versatile material. It is the purpose of this book to describe and define the different types of flat glass used in the building industry. The book is intended for people in the glazing business, architects, builders, glass technologists and all engineers working with glass products. Besides being a reference book for professional people it can be used as a text-book for students in technical schools and universities. Only Swedish standard specifications were included in the original Swedish edition. This edition includes British and American standard specifications. In general, this edition has been altered so as to make it more useful for the international reader. Data included in this book have been contributed by many glass companies. The author is especially grateful to his own company, The Grangesberg Co., Stockholm, and to Pilkington Brothers Ltd., St. Helens, Lancashire, England and Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. v

CONTENTS PREFACE PAGE v 1. HISTORY. 2. MANUFACTURE 8 2.1. General 8 2.2. Raw materials and melting 8 2.3. The Fourcault method 9 2.4. The Libbey-Owens method. 13 2.5. The Pittsburgh method 14 2.6. Cast glass. 15 2.7. Plate glass 17 2.8. Float glass 18 3. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 20 3.1. The composition of glass 20 3.2. Chemical durability. 22 3.3. Attack by cementitious water 24 4. MECHANICAL PROPER TIES 27 4.1. Introduction 27 4.2. Weight 27 4.3. The influence of strain on the strength of glass 28 4.4. Hardness. 29 4.5. The mechanical strength of a pane of glass 29 4.5.1. Calculationofthickness 31 4.5.2. Wind velocity and wind pressure 33 4.5.3. Glass for an aquarium 33 4.6. Glass fracture. 35 5. OPTICAL PROPERTIES 39 5.1. Colourless glass. 39 5.2. Light transmittance by dirty surfaces 41 5.3. Coloured glass. 42 VII

CONTENTS PAGE 5.4. The influence of glass thickness on light transmittance 43 5.5. Heat-absorbing glass. 45 5.6. Light- and heat-reflecting glasses. 46 5.7. Light-sensitive glasses. 48 5.8. The daylight factor 49 5.9. Solar shading devices. 50 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES. 53 6.1. Specific heat 53 6.2. Methods of heat transfer 54 6.3. Coefficient of thermal transmittance 55 6.3.1. Introduction 55 6.3.2. Calculation of V-values 56 6.3.3. U -values of windows 57 6.4. Air leakage 61 6.5. Draught from a cold glass surface 62 6.6. The surface temperature of windows 63 6.7. Thermal expansion 66 7. ACOUSTICAL PROPERTIES 68 7.1. Definitions 68 7.2. Sound insulation by single glazing 69 7.3. Sound insulation by double and triple glazing 69 8. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 74 9. FLAT GLASS PRODUCTS 76 9.1. Definitions 76 9.2. Clear sheet glass 77 9.3. Polished plate glass 81 9.4. Float glass 86 I 9.5. Rolled glass 86 9.5.1. Rough cast glass 86 9.5.2. Figured rolled glass 87 9.5.3. Cathedral glass 89 9.5.4. Wired glass 89 9.5.5. Rolled opal glass 90 9.6. Hand-blown sheet glass 90 9.7. Heat-absorbing glasses 90 viii

CONTENTS PAGE 9.8. Light- and heat-reflecting glasses. 92 9.9. Processed glass. 94 9.9.1. Toughened glass 96 9.9.2. Laminated glass 99 9.9.3. Sealed insulating glass units 100 9.9.4. Cladding glass 104 9.9.5. Sandblasting. 106 9.9.6. Acid-etching. 106 9.9.7. Metallizing 106 9.9.8. Electrically-heated glass 107 9.9.9. Bending 107 9.9.10. Edge-work and bevelling. 108 10. GLAZING INSTRUCTIONS 111 1 0.1. Glazing of single glass 111 10.2. Glazing of insulating glass units 116 11. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS CONNECTED WITH FLAT GLASS PRODUCTS 141 Appendix I. UNITS AND CONVERSION TABLES 146 Appendix II. SOME STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR FLAT GLASS 149 Appendix III. SECTIONS FROM THE PROPERTY STAN DARDS FOR GLASS, ISSUED BY THE FEDERAL HOUSING ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT, WASHINGTON, D.C. 153 INDEX. 165 ix