M.Tech.(Photonics) Photonics is the technology of creation, transmission, detection, control and application of light. Fibre optic communication is an important part of photonics. It uses photons to carry information over optical fibre. Photonics is an emerging interdisciplinary branch which has evolved from core branches Electronics, Electrical and Instrumentation, Physics and Applied Optics. Photonics is a field which involves electromagnetic energy such as light, where the fundamental object is photon, in some sense photonics is parallel to electronics which involves electron. Photonics is often referred to as Optoelectronics or as Electro-Optics. M.Tech. in Photonics (Department of Physics) at IIT Roorkee envisions to bridge the gap between academic institution and the industries in the area of optical communication, optical networking and optoelectronic devices such as LED and solar photovoltaic. Students in here are trained with state of art curriculum which provides a strong foundation needed for meeting future responsibilities as a leader and researcher of future photonic applications. Students depending on their choice can make themselves well versed with optoelectronic devices or optical communication. The core courses on Optical Electronics and Laboratory Work in Photonics make the foundation of these streams. With the elective courses Analog Integrated Circuit Design, Digital Signal Processing, Guidedwave optical components and devices, Optical Communication System. Optical Networks, Silicon Photonics, and Photonics Analysis and Design the students attain basic as well as advanced knowledge of Optical Communication. The elective courses Semiconductor Device Physics, Solid State Lighting, Display Technology, Solar Photovoltaic and Energy Storage, Nanoelectronics and Photonics, the students attain the knowledge of Opto- Electronic devices The students attain the practical knowledge of optical fiber characterization and optoelectronic device characterization. Some of the experiments that the students do include
1. Study and determination of MODE FIELD DIAMETER of single mode fiber 2. Thin film coating using spin coater and its thickness measurement. 3. Analysis of the reflectance, transmittance and absorbance coefficients of thin films using UV-visible spectrophotometer. Ultrasonic Wave diffraction, acousto-optic effect to measure speed of wave, bulk modulus of the liquid. 4. Diffraction of laser beam using acousto-optic effect (Generating grating in water by ultrasonic waves) to measure speed of wave, bulk modulus of the liquid. 5. Characterization and analysis of wavelength division multiplexers and Demultiplexers. 6. Characterization of fiber Bragg gratings and their sensing properties. 7. Characterization of optical isolator and circulator. 8. Gain and noise study of erbium doped fiber amplifiers. 9. Study of time division multiplexing of digital optical signals. 10. Study of wavelength division multiplexed optical fiber communication link. 11. Study of adding and dropping of optical channels in a fiber link. 12. Qualitative and quantitative study of optical signals using eye diagrams and bit-error rate. 13. Rise and fall time study for bandwidth estimation of optical devices. 14. Study of RZ and NRZ signal generation and detection ; and comparative study of the two for non-linearity mitigation in optical fibers. The course structure of M-Tech in Photonics at IIT Roorkee is designed to meet the requirements of current industrial applications and recent research scenario in Photonics, and Optoelectronics and also has a good overlap with the Electronics, Communication and Instrumentation. The course structure involves the areas as follows:
Core courses 1) Optical Electronics: Wave propagation in isotropic and anisotropic dielectric media, Interaction of photons with atoms, spontaneous emission, stimulated emission and absorption, line broadening, the laser amplifier, theory of laser oscillation, characteristics of laser output, characteristics of common lasers, Q-switching and, mode locking,electromagnetic analysis of dielectric plannar waveguide, Principles of electro optic effect, acoustic optic effect, Raman-Nath and Bragg diffraction Pockels and Kerr effects, electro-optic modulators and switches, modulators, electro-optics of anisotropic media,symmetric waveguide, step index fiber, graded index fiber, single mode fiber and its characteristics, non-linear optical effect. 2) Laboratory Work in Photonics: This course gives students a practical approach and trains them to handle lasers, spectrophotometer, thin film depositor, Raman-nath diffraction for measuring compressibility in liquids and their bulk modulus, etc. 3) Numerical Analysis and Computational Techniques: In this course the students are trained to use programming languages for solving engineering problems. It includes MATLAB, C and C++ programming, algorithms and logic building concept. 4) Fabrication and Characterization Techniques: Here the students study the devices such as SEM (scanning electron microscope), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope), AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy), deposition techniques like CVD and PVD
Group-A: Elective Courses 1) Semiconductor Device Physics: Students make foundation in all semiconductor devices with their fundamental operations from this subject. Semiconductor devices they study here PN-DIODE, BJT, FET, MOSFET, HEMT, MESFET, TUNNEL DIODES, Single Electron Transistor. 2) Analog Integrated Circuit Design: Timer IC 555, Analog Multipliers, Voltage Controlled Oscillator IC AD633, Phase Locked Loop, Fixed voltage regulators, Data Converters, A/D Converters, Differential amplifiers, Operational amplifiers, Op-amp applications. 3) Digital Signal processing: Signal classifications, Signal representation, System classification, DIT, DIF, Butterworth filter, Chebyshev filter, Fourier series method, Windowing method, and Quantization noise. Group-B: 1) Guided-wave Optical Components & Devices: Integrated optics, Guided wave devices, Fused fiber coupler, beam splitter/combiner, WDM coupler, Optical fiber amplifiers, EDFA, Raman amplifiers, Fiber gratings. 2) Radiation Detection and Measurements: Nuclear binding energy, Properties of radiation detectors, Semiconductor diode detectors and its use in alpha spectrometry, Power from fission, Nuclear reactors; Source of stellar energy. 3) Optical Communication System: Communication Systems, optical communication, Various generations of Optical Communication, Components needed for Optical communication. Digital Modulation and demodulation Schemes involving, ASK, PSK, PAM, QAM, etc., and corresponding demodulation methods, Power spectrum of digitally modulated signals, Multicarrier communications: Single carrier vs multicarrier modulation, capacity of a non-ideal linear filter channel,
OFDM, Modulation and demodulation in an OFDM system, Algorithm implementation of an OFDM systems, Spectral characteristics of multicarrier signals, Optical Transmitters involving LEDs and Laser, their characteristics, Transmitter design, Optical transmitter and Optical receiver involving various type of detector. 4) Optical Networks: Overview of TCP/IP, ISDN and SS-7 protocol architectures. Bistable devices: All-optical flip-flops, Coupled Semiconductor lasers and SOAs; Wavelength convertors: XPM, FWM, SOA and resonator based, Point-to-point links, distribution networks, LAN; Long-Haul network systems, SONET/SDH, Optical Transport Network, Generic Framing procedure, Ethernet, IP, Multiprotocol label switching, Resilient packet ring, Storage area network, Optical time division multiplexing, Synchronization, Header processing, Buffering, Burst switching, Testbeds 5) Solid State Lighting: Homojunction LEDs, Heterojunction LEDs, Surface- and Edge-Emitting LEDs, Light Extraction from LEDs, Semiconductor Materials for Inorganic LEDs, Fabrication of Inorganic LEDs, LED Performance and characterization, Materials for white LEDs, Packaging of LEDs. White organic LEDs, large area organic LEDs for lighting, challenges in large area manufacturing, emerging new materials for LEDs. DC and AC driving circuit for LEDs, LED dimming, series and parallel strings of LEDs, linear transistor regulators, switch mode power supply, lifetime of the driving circuits and LEDs, Design for occupancy sensing and daylight-sensing devices, Inorganic and OLED display, passive and active matrix display 6) Display Technology: Inorganic LED displays, alphanumeric and color video displays, resolution of LED video image, virtual pixel to enhance image quality, building larger LED screens by assembly of elementary modules, single-, double- and full-color LED display modules, LED TV, LED backlit LCD TV, flexible inorganic displays,
7) Solar Photovoltaic and Energy Storage: : Silicon feedstock, Basic design of a c-si solar cell, Factors that limit efficiency, c-si device designs, Multi junction III-V solar cells, Single junction a-si: carrier collection vs. light absorption. a-si tandems and triple junction cells, CdTe and CIGS solar cells, organic solar cells, plasmonics solar cells, Dye Sensitized Solar Cells, Perovskite Solar Cells-fabrication, morphology optimization, photophysics study, Perovskite-Si Tandem Solar Cells, Introduction, working principle and Storage mechanism, Type of supercapacitors: Electric double layer capacitor, Pseudocapacitance, symmetric/asymmetric capacitors and hybrid capacitors: Special Applications: Space, Medical, Emergency, and Backup. Fuel Cells: Basics of Energy Conversion Process, Fuel Cell Elements. Physics of the Solid Oxide, Design and Evaluation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell SOFC Vis, MCFC and Other Types. 8) Nano-electronics and photonics: Tunnel diode, Band diagram, the tunneling current, MIS Tunnel Devices, MIS Switch Diode, MIM Tunnel Diode, Resonant tunneling diode (RTD), Tunnel FET, Single Electron transistors (SET); Single Electron Box, Quantum Resistance, Quantum Conductance, Coulomb Blockade, Stability Diagram, Quantum Coulomb Blockade, Stability Diagram, Superconductor based devices and Spintronic Devices 9) Photonic Sensors: Fiber and Integrated Optic Sensors: Intensity, phase, polarization and wavelength modulation schemes, intensity modulation based sensors, displacement sensor, micro-bend based sensors, pressure sensor, evanescent wave sensors, phase modulation based sensors, Mach-Zehnder interferometer sensors, polarization modulation based sensors, fiber optic current sensor, fiber optic gyroscope, photonic crystal fiber based sensors, gas sensors. 10) Photonic Analysis and Design: Hybrid, TE and TM Modes, Bragg Mirrors, Plots of B-V for fibers, planar waveguides, Analysis of three layer planar waveguides, Determination of propagation constants and field profile, Transcendental equation for TE field, Parameters for active region in rate equations, Small signal analysis with and without gain compression, Large signal analysis and rate equations for large signal analysis, Gain Saturation in SOA and EDFA, Gain vs fiber length, Gain
vs power, Gain ripples vs reflectivity, Unsaturated gain and pulse shapes; Circuit model of PIN photodetector, BER and Gaussian noise, RC contants modeling and calculation, Minimum signal power. 11) Silicon Photonics: SOI platform suitable for wire waveguides, Channel waveguides and rib waveguides, modes of two dimensional waveguides, Effective index method for waveguide analysis, Waveguide loss mechanisms: absorption, scattering, plasma dispersion effect, thermo-optic effect; Loss characterization Slot waveguides, Waveguides for MIR photonics, Fabrication of silicon photonic waveguides, End fire coupling, Grating couplers, Mode transformers, Inverted tapers, Derivations for coupling efficiencies in mentioned schemes, Comparison of coupling schemes in light of manufacturing and alignment issues, Electro-optic switches and modulators, Hybrid-Silicon lasers, Ge-on-Si photodetectors, Coherent detectors Silicon Raman lasers, Silicon OPAs, Variable optical attenuators. 12) Quantum Photonics: : Quantum qubits, quantum logic gates, Quantum Circuits, Universal quantum gates, application of quantum computer; Deutsche's algorithm, Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm, Simons Algorithm, Simulation of quantum system, Integrated quantum circuits.