Cultural Policies in East Asia
Also by Lorraine Lim CULTURAL POLICY IN EAST ASIA: Contemporary Issues and Trends ( editor )
Cultural Policies in East Asia Dynamics between the State, Arts and Creative Industries Edited by Hye-Kyung Lee King s College London, UK and Lorraine Lim Birkbeck College, University of London, UK
Introduction, selection and editorial matter Hye-Kyung Lee and Lorraine Lim 2014 Individual chapters Contributors 2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014978-1-137-32776-5 Corrected Printing 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-1-349-46019-9 ISBN 978-1-137-32777-2 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9781137327772 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cultural policies in East Asia : dynamics between the state, arts and creative industries / edited by Hye-Kyung Lee (King s College London, UK), Lorraine Lim (Birkbeck University of London, UK). pages cm Summary: Corresponding with their increasing political and economic significance, East Asian countries are actively devising cultural policy so as to make their mark in the global cultural landscape. This book takes a detailed snapshot of past and current cultural policies in China, Japan, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. In addition to a historical overview of culture-state relationships in the region, the contributors provide an analysis of contemporary developments in the regions cultural policies and their challenges. They interrogate the transforming dynamics between the state, arts and creative industries against the regions rapidly changing political and economic backdrops. Three emerging themes are highlighted: the continuity of cultural identity formation linked with nation building; the contentious coupling between culture and the state and the challenges it faces; and the emergence of creative industries as a new link between culture and economy Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-349-46019-9 1. East Asia Cultural policy. 2. Art and state East Asia. 3. Cultural industries Government policy East Asia. 4. Politics and culture East Asia. 5. Group identity East Asia. 6. Social change East Asia. 7. East Asia Politics and government. 8. East Asia Economic conditions. I. Lee, Hye-Kyung, 1968 II. Lim, Lorraine, 1980 DS509.3.C86 2014 700.1903095 dc23 2014020548.
Contents List of Illustrations Notes on Contributors vii viii Cultural Policies in East Asia: An Introduction 1 Hye-Kyung Lee and Lorraine Lim Part I Cultural Identity Formation and Nation Building 1 Bureaucratic Imaginations in the Global City: Arts and Culture in Singapore 17 Terence Chong 2 Cultural Difference, National Identity and Cultural Policy in Taiwan 35 Li- jung Wang 3 Online Games and Chinese National Identities 53 Anthony Y.H. Fung 4 Nation Branding of Korea 69 Kiwon Hong Part II Negotiations between Culture and the State 5 Culture and the State: From a Korean Perspective 87 Hye-Kyung Lee 6 Negotiation and Adaptation: Singapore Theater as Civil Society 104 Lorraine Lim 7 ReOrienting Cultural Policy: Cultural Statecraft and Cultural Governance in Taiwan and China 120 Jerry C.Y. Liu 8 The Paradigm Shift in Local Cultural Policy in Japan 139 Mari Kobayashi v
vi Contents Part III The Rise of Creative Industries Policy 9 The Reform of the Cultural System: Culture, Creativity and Innovation in China 155 Michael Keane and Elaine Jing Zhao 10 Creative Industries, Creative Clusters and Cultural Policy in Shanghai 174 Xin Gu 11 Developing the Creative Economy: The Network Approach of the Five Municipalities in Taiwan 193 Hsiao-Ling Chung 12 The Film Industry in Japan Prospering without Active Support from the State? 210 Nobuko Kawashima Index 227
List of Illustrations Figures 8.1 The number of arts non-profit organizations 149 10.1 Company structure of Shanghaitex Limited 185 Tables 7.1 Classification of letters from Chinese civil officers to the emperor at Ming times (c. 1367 1572) 125 12.1 Share of national films in the respective domestic markets in 2012 (%) 211 12.2 Japanese film market, 1955 1995 213 12.3 Japanese film market, 2000 2012 216 vii
Notes on Contributors Terence Chong is Senior Fellow and coordinator of the Regional Social and Cultural Studies Programme at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. His research interests include Christianity in Southeast Asia, heritage, cultural policies and politics in Singapore, new Chinese immigrants in CLMV countries, and the sociology of religion. He has published in Journal of Contemporary Asia, Critical Asian Studies, Modern Asian Studies and Asian Studies Review. He is the author of The Theatre and the State in Singapore: Orthodoxy and Resistance (2010) and co-author of Different Under God: A Survey of Church-going Protestants in Singapore (2013) Hsiao-Ling Chung is Assistant Professor within the Institute of Creative Industries Design at National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan. She completed her masters in Creative and Media Enterprise and PhD in Creative Industries at the University of Warwick, UK. She has held managerial positions with various cultural and creative enterprises in Taipei. Her research interests lie in the application of cross-disciplinary theoretical perspectives and cross-context analytical approaches on the network ecology of the creative sector. Her current research examines the talent networks of the creative audio-visual industries between Taiwan and Mainland China. Anthony Y.H. Fung has been the director of the School of Journalism and Communications at the Chinese University of Hong Kong since 2011. He is a veteran scholar with more than 15 years of research experience in the fields of identity studies, popular culture and creative industries. He has many publications on Asian pop culture, including his latest work, Asian Popular Culture: The Global ( Dis)continuity. He also serves on the editorial board of Popular Communication and founded Interasia Pop Music Group, a platform for over 100 scholars and researchers to promote the study of popular culture. Xin Gu is Research Fellow in the School of Culture and Communication and a member of the Research Unit in Public Culture at the University of Melbourne. Xin has been prominent in the attempt to contextualize contemporary western debates around cultural economy, creative cities and cultural policy in the Chinese context. Her main focus has been on developing a sociological understanding of cultural entrepreneurship viii
Notes on Contributors ix based on small-scale local creative industries; developing new theoretical and methodological approaches to understanding urban creative clusters based on case studies in China and Australia; and a cross-cultural understanding of Chinese urban modernities. Kiwon Hong is Professor in Arts and Cultural Administration at Sookmyung Women s University, Korea. Based on her research in Aesthetics and Public Administration, she worked as a chief researcher at the Korea Culture and Tourism Institute (KCTI), a policy research body to the Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism. She has been involved in cultural diversity and international cultural exchange issues through legislative process and policy evaluation. Her main research area includes the historical development of Korean cultural policy, cultural diversity policy and policy evaluation. She is also the author of the Korea profile for World Cultural Policy website. Nobuko Kawashima received her PhD in Cultural Policy from the University of Warwick in England and is currently Professor at the Faculty of Economics, Doshisha University in Kyoto, Japan. From 1995 to 1999, she was a research fellow at the Centre for Cultural Policy Studies, University of Warwick. Her areas of interest include cultural policy, cultural economics, copyright law and the creative industries. Her recent publications include The Creative Industries: From Economic, Legal and Managerial Perspectives (2009, in Japanese) and Corporate Support for the Arts in Japan: Beyond Emulation of the Western Models, International Journal of Cultural Policy (2012). Michael Keane is Principal Research fellow at the ARC Centre Fellow at the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation (CCI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane. Keane s research interests include China s cultural and media policy, creative industries in China and East Asia, and East Asian cultural exports. He is author or editor of numerous books on Chinese and East Asian media and creative industries and is Director of the Asian Creative Transformations research cluster at http://www.creativetransformations. asia. Mari Kobayashi is Associate Professor at the University of Tokyo in Cultural Resources Studies in the Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology. She graduated from Waseda University before undertaking her PhD at Waseda in Human Sciences. Before starting in her present position, she was a lecturer at Shizuoka University of Arts and Culture in the Department of Cultural Policy. Since 2013, she is the chairperson
x Notes on Contributors of the board of directors of the Japan Association for Cultural Policy Research. She also advises many local governments in Japan about their local cultural policy. Hye-Kyung Lee is Lecturer in Cultural and Creative Industries at King s College London. She researches cultural policy, cultural industries and cultural consumption within both global and East Asian contexts. She has published research papers in major journals in the field including the International Journal of Cultural Policy, Poetics and Media, Culture & Society, and has guest-edited special issues for Creative Industries Journal and Arts Marketing: An International Journal. She is currently undertaking a knowledge-transfer project on public culture and online consumption and is writing Cultural Policy in South Korea (2016). She has been awarded the Korea Foundation s field research fellowship (2012/2013) and the Academy of Korean Studies competitive research grant (2014/2015). Lorraine Lim is Lecturer in Arts Management at Birkbeck College, University of London. Her research interests focus on cultural strategies utilized by cities in Asia to transform themselves into capitals of culture. She has edited a special issue for the International Journal of Cultural Policy on cultural policy in Asia, which will be published as a book in 2014, and has co-authored the chapter Beyond Conventional Western Views of Creativity and Innovation for The Handbook of Management and Creativity (2014). She is currently working on a funded research project examining unpaid internships in the arts in the UK. Jerry C.Y. Liu is Associate Professor of the Graduate School of Arts Management and Cultural Policy at the National Taiwan University of Arts. He teaches cultural policy studies at the postgraduate and doctoral levels. Since 2011, LIU has been a consultant member for Culture Basic Law and Culture and Arts Reward Act in Taiwan. He is a board member of the Taiwan Association of Culture Law and the author/editor of Global Cities, Cultural Governance and Cultural Strategies (2013). His current research focuses on the ReOrienting of cultural governance and cultural policy, and the interactivity between culture and the political economy. Li-Jung W ang is Professor and Chief of the MA course in Hakka Social and Cultural Studies, National Central University, Taiwan. She has a PhD in Cultural Policy Studies from the University of Warwick (1999 2003). Wang s academic interests are related to cultural policy, Hakka studies, cultural identity, cultural citizenship, transnational community and media uses. Her works include The Development of Hakka Ethnicity
Notes on Contributors xi and Cultural Policy in Taiwan (2012, book in Chinese), Towards Cultural Citizenship? Cultural Rights and Cultural Policy in Taiwan, Citizenship Studies (2013), Diaspora, Identity and Cultural Citizenship: the Hakkas in Multicultural Taiwan, Ethnic and Racial Studies (2007). Elaine Jing Zhao is Lecturer in the School of the Arts and Media, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Australia. Elaine has been researching and publishing on digital media, cultural economy, user co-creation, informal media economies, and their social, cultural and economic implications. Her publications on these and other topics include contributions to International Journal of Cultural Studies, Media, Culture & Society, Global Media and Communication, and Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies. Elaine also acts as Deputy Director of the Asian Creative Transformations research cluster at http://www.creativetransformations. asia/. Before joining UNSW, Elaine was a postdoctoral research fellow at the ARC CCI Centre for Excellence for Creative Industries & Innovation based at Queensland University of Technology.