Intelligent Street Lighting System S. Jagan Mohan Rao 1, N. Kundana 2, N. Prasanti 2, U. Bhargav Teja 2, Y. Mukhesh 2 1 Professor, Vice Principal, Ramachandra College of Engineering, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2 B. Tech. Student, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Ramachandra College of Engineering, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: viceprincipal@rcee.ac.in, kundananerusu@gmail.com, prasanti.nagumothu@gmail.com, bhargavteja123@gmail.com, mukhesh.y290@gmail.com. Abstract This paper illustrates the street light glowing system on vehicle movement detection. Controlling of street light is of utmost importance in developing countries like India to reduce the power consumption. IR Sensors used on either sides of the road send logic commands to arduino then it sends signal to the LEDs at the output then they glow with high intensity and if there is no vehicle the LEDs will glow alternatively with low intensity. The fault led is detected through LDR and send message to streetlight operator using GSM. Keywords--- Microcontroller, Arduino, LDR, IR sensor. Introduction Industry of street lighting systems are growing rapidly and going to complex with rapid growth of industry and cities. Automation, Power consumption and Cost Effectiveness are the important considerations in the present field of electronics and electrical related technologies. Systems are developed to control and reduce energy consumption of a town's public lighting system. The existing work has used the High intensity discharge lamp. HID Lamps used for urban street light are based on principle of gas discharge, thus the intensity has not been controllable by any voltage reduction method as the discharge path is broken. Disadvantages of HID Lamps consume more power and less life time. This proposed system utilizes the latest technology for the sources of light as LED Lamps instead of general used street lamps such as High Pressure Sodium Lamps, etc. In this LEDs get power equally from Arduino then it glows alternatively with low intensity when there is no vehicle. If vehicle is present then all LEDs will glow brightly and defected LEDs were detected by using microcontroller algorithm composed of 10 rounds. After the initial secret key addition (roundkey (0)), the first 9 rounds are identical, with different the final round. Each of the first 9 rounds consists of 4 transformations: SubBytes, ShiftRows, MixColumns and AddRoundKey. The final round excludes the scheme can be inverted to get a decryption structure. Fig 1. Block Diagram of Proposed system Hardware Specfications Arduino: The Arduino Mega 2560 is microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560.It has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 14 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC to-dc adapter or battery to get started. The Mega is compatible with most shield designed for the Arduino Duemilanove or Diecimila. Fig 2: Arduino Pin Description 89c52 Micro Controller: The AT89C52 provides the following standard features: 4 Kbytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. IJAEM 060218 Copyright @ 2017 SRC. All rights reserved.
Intelligent Street Lighting System Fig 3: Microcontroller Pin Diagram IR SENSOR The IR Sensor-Single is a general purpose proximity sensor. Here we use it for collision detection. The module consists of an IR emitter and IR receiver pair. The high precision IR receiver always detects a IR signal. The module consists of 358 comparator IC. The output of sensor is high whenever it IR frequency and low otherwise. The onboard LED indicator helps user to check status of the sensor without using any additional hardware. The power consumption of this module is low. It gives a digital output. Application Ideas Obstacle detection, Shaft encoder, fixed frequency detection Pin No. Connection Description 1 Output Digital Output (High or Low) 2 VCC Connected to circuit supply 3 Ground Connected to circuit ground Pin Configuration. Fig 4: IR Sensor The below table consists of voltage ranges of IR Sensor pins. Table 1: IR sensor ranges PIN RANGE Output Voltage (o/p) 0-5 V Operating Voltage (VCC) 4.5-5.5 V Ground Reference voltage e(gnd) 0 V Features of IR Sensor IR obstacle based detector. Adjustable range with POT. Logic output 1 or 0. LDR Sensor: A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or a photo resistor is a device whose resistivity is a function of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light sensitive devices. They are also called as photo conductors, photo conductive cells or simply photocells. They are made up of semiconductor materials having high resistance. A light dependent resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. Photo conductivity is an optical phenomenon in which the materials conductivity is increased when light is absorbed by the material. When light falls i.e. when the photons fall on the device, the electrons in the valence band of the semiconductor material are excited to the conduction band. The result of this process is more and more current. Starts flowing through the device when the circuit is closed and hence it is said that the resistance of the device has been decreased. Figure below shows resistance vs. illumination curve for a particular LDR. Fig 5. Resistance Vs illumination LDR s are light dependent devices whose resistance is decreased when light falls on them and that is increased in the dark. When a light dependent resistor is kept in dark, its resistance is very high. This resistance is called as dark resistance. It can be as high as 10 12 Ω and if the device is allowed to absorb light its resistance will be decreased drastically. If a constant voltage is applied to it and intensity of light is increased the current starts increasing. GSM Technology: GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services. GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephone system that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephone technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1,800 MHz frequency band. It supports voice calls and data transfer speeds of up to 9.6 kbits/s, together with the transmission of SMS (Short Message Service).
S. Jagan Mohan Rao, N. Kundana, N. Prasanti, U. Bhargav Teja, Y. Mukhesh Table 2: Comparison of Different Technologies LCD (Liquid Cristal Display) A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. Each pixel consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystals between them, light passing through one would be blocked by the other. A program must interact with the outside world using input and output devices that communicate directly with a human being. One of the most common devices attached to an controller is an LCD display. Some of the most common LCDs connected to the controllers are 16X1, 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 1 line 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively. Fig 6. LCD Display Pin Diagram Features of LCD High quality STN 16x2 character LCD. 3.3V power supply. White LED Backlight. 5x8 dot characters. ST7066 controller. 1/16 duty cycle. Power Supply The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The A.C input i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating D.C voltage. PROCESS In this paper we reduced power consumption through LEDs. By using IR Sensors we can detect an object automatically and send signal to Arduino mega 2560 then all LEDs will glow after receiving signal from Arduino. Before this object detection alternate LEDs will glow with low intensity. If any LED becomes faulty then it will be detected by LDR and send signals to 89c52 microcontroller then through GSM, microcontroller sends signal to streetlight operator. This flow chart shows the process done in the project in form of pictorial representation. Authentication Process Fig 8. Flow Chart of Proposed System Power consumption due to normal streetlights Vs LEDs Power consumption in normal streetlights is 40watts per bulb. In a street maximum 25 to 30 bulbs are placed that means there is power consumption of 1000 Watts to 1200 Watts. Fig 9. Power consumption Vs streetlights Fig 7. Schematic of Power Supply This table shows power consumption for normal lights in different areas.
Intelligent Street Lighting System Table 2: power consumption for normal lights No of Normal lights Power consumption 1 40 Watts Street (app max 30/km) 1200 Watts or 1.2 kw Certain area (app max 12000 Watts or 12 kw 300) City (app max 10000) 400000 Watts or 400 kw Highways (per one 1000 Watts light) In a city in one day the power consumption is 400 kw then cost is 2760 Rs. This table shows cost of power consumption of normal lights. Table3. Cost of power consumption for normal lights No of days Cost (app In Rs) 1 day 2760 30 days or 1 month 82800 1 year 1007400 1day (highways 1380 20 lights/km) Power consumption in LEDs is 50 percent less than power consumption in normal lights. LEDs consume power 20 watts per LED. In a street maximum 25 to 30 LEDs are placed, then the power consumption is 500 Watts to 600 Watts. Normally in a street a light can be placed for every 30 meters and in highways for every 60 meters a light can placed. This table shows how much power consumed in different places. Table 4: LEDs power consumption No of LEDs Power consumption 1 20 Watts Street (app max 600Watts 30/km) Certain area (app max 300) City (app max 10000) Highways (20/km) 6000Watts or 6 kw 200000Watts or 200 kw 400 Watts By using LEDs, power consumption in one day is 200kW then cost is 1380 Rs. This table shows cost of power consumption of LEDs Table 5. Cost of power consumption for LEDs. No of days Cost (app In Rs) 1 day 1380 30 days or 1 month 41400 1 year 503700 1 day (highways 27.6 20 lights/km) From the above tables 3.2 and 3.4 we can reduce power consumption more than half of the cost. In the below table 3.5 by using our project we worked to reduce more power consumption which was mentioned in above table 3.4. Table 6. Cost of power consumption in high LED (In highways) 10 lights/10 hr (continuously glowing) 10lights/5 hr (alternatively glowing) Power 2 units or 2 kw 1unit or 1 kw Cost (Rs) 13.8 6.9 We can reduce 80% of power consumption by using LEDs in place of halide lamps. By the table 3.4 and 3.5 we calculated cost of power consumption 20 lights per km then we can save approximately 7 Rs per a day. For example If we estimate 1000 lights in highway we can save 7000 Rs per a day. From the above calculation we can reduce 10% of power consumption in highways by our project. RESULTS From above diagram shows our circuit which consists of streetlights, arduino circuit which used to glow street lights automatically and microcontroller circuit consists of fault LED detection unit. In this streetlight paper if there is no vehicle in road the LEDs glow alternatively with low intensity and IR sensor transmits the infrared rays continuously.
S. Jagan Mohan Rao, N. Kundana, N. Prasanti, U. Bhargav Teja, Y. Mukhesh [6]shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/69040 /8/08_ chapter%202.pdf [7]www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/LCD/ADM1602K- NSW-FBS-3.3v.pdf [8] www.engineersgarage.com/articles/gsm-gprsmodules. If the vehicle comes across the road the sensor will detect the vehicle and send signals to arduino then it send signals to the LEDs. Then they will glows automatically. If there is any fault in the street light it was detected by LDR and send signal to microcontroller and then through GSM fault streetlight message is sent to streetlight operator. CONCLUSION By using LEDs we can achieve reduction of power consumption 80 percent. From this project we can reduce another 10% (app) of power consumption as well as cost and reduces burden of streetlight operator who checks the streetlights continuously using LDR and GSM so that energy and time of streetlight operator can be saved. Our project is non toxic to environment, life time of LEDs is high, and costs of LEDs are less. Intelligent street light and fault detection system is used in metropolitan cities, national highways and small villages because of its efficiency, cost effectiveness and long life. Further, we are studying this project. There is a scope to use solar panels in the place of power supply circuit and as per our convenience we can add rain sensors and water sensors to this project. REFERENCES: [1] ijera.com/papers/vol5_issue6/part%20-%201/ Q560197100.pdf [2]www.robosoftsystems.co.in/roboshop/media/catal og/product /pdf/ir_single.pdf [3] kennarar.vma.is/thor/v2011/vgr402/ldr.pdf [4] https://www.electrical4u.com/light-dependentresistor-ldr-working-principle-of-ldr/ [5]https://www.robotshop.com/media/files/pdf/arduin omega2560datasheet.pdf