The Media of Art week three painting media printmaking methods sculpture media and methods mosaic other media
painting media encaustic tempera fresco oil watercolor acrylic
Encaustic pigment suspended in melted wax In the 1st through 3rd centuries A.D., Greek painters settled in Egypt and adapted the common custom of honoring the dead. It was common to place a portrait of the deceased in the prime of their life or after death over the person s mummy as a memorial. These mummified portraits, known as the Fayum funeral portraits, are the only surviving encaustic paintings from ancient times. Their fresh color and vibrance attests to the durability and resistance to moisture that wax encompasses. Portrait of a Boy, Roman Period, Lower Egypt, 2nd century AD, Encaustic on panel. Jasper Johns, White Flag, 1955 size: 10 feet wide audio: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/worksof-art/1998.329
Tempera Pigment is mixed with egg yolks to make a paint. The egg yolks are sticky and durable--they bind the pigment to the surface (usually wood). Egg tempera is usually worked in layers with short strokes from a dry brush. Prior to the Renaissance, paintings were typically tempera. Fra Angelico, Annunciation, 1433-4, tempera on wood Botticelli, Birth of Venus
Fresco Pigment is applied directly to a wet plaster wall. As the plaster dries, the pigment is absorbed into the plaster, forming a very durable surface. House of Livia, Primaporta (near Rome), 38 b.c. One of the most astonishing rooms in the National Museum of Rome is the reconstruction of the triclinium of Livia (wife of Augustus). The triclinium is an underground room used to escape the summer heat.
Fresco In 1932 the Mexican Muralist Diego Rivera began painting a series of 27 fresco mural panels at the Detroit Institute of Arts in Detroit, Michigan. Titled, Detroit Industry, the monumental paintings had been commissioned by the president of the Ford Motor Company, Edsel Ford (son of Henry Ford), and the director of the D.I.A., William Valentiner. The theme of Rivera s murals was inordinately simple; the portrayal of U.S. auto workers on the factory floor utilizing the technology that made their tremendous productive capacity possible. Detail of Detroit Industry - Diego Rivera, 1933. Fresco mural. Detroit Institute of Arts.
Oil One of the great inventions of the Renaissance. Oil paint is composed of three parts pigment resin solvent Its versatility allowed for painters to paint freely in large swaths of color and change their mind at will. Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa, c. 1503 detail of a Van Gogh showing the thickness of the oil paint
Watercolor Light Coming on the Plains, Georgia O Keefe, 1917 Winslow Homer, Fishing Boats, Key West, 1903, watercolor
Acrylic David Hockney, A Bigger Splash, 1967, acrylic on canvas
characteristics of printmaking: art is made in multiples prints are often limited in edition. printmaking methods woodcut/relief intaglio lithograph serigraph
Relief woodcut wood engraving linocut Kathe Kollwitz, Die Witwe I (The Widow I) from series of seven woodcuts War ( Krieg ), 1922-3. Series portrays those left behind in war. Kollowitz was a committed pacifist, her work inflamed the Nazis and she was threatened with deportation to a concentration camp.
Relief colors are achieved using multiple plates colors may also be produced using reductive cutting Katsushika Hokusai, `The Great Wave Off Kanagawa, 1731, one of the most widely recognized work of Japanese art Market Weight Press, The handbook said 5-color reduction linoleum print on mulberry
Intaglio image is incised into a metal plate using engraving tools or acids. Ink is rubbed into the recessed areas. Damp paper is placed on the plate and rolled through a press, transferring the ink to the paper. Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn, Self- Portrait in a Cap, Open-Mouthed, tiny etching, 17th c
Intaglio colors and a range of tones can be achieved using aquatint. Resin powder is baked onto the etching plate, protecting small dots from the acid, similar to halftone printing. Mary Cassatt, The Letter, etching, drypoint + aquatint; 1891 Mary Cassatt, The Fitting
Lithograph Invented by Aloys Senefelder in 1796 Lithography is a method for printing on a smooth surface. Lithography is a printing process that uses chemical processes to create an image. For instance, the positive part of an image would be a hydrophobic chemical, while the negative image would be water. Thus, when the plate is introduced to a compatible ink and water mixture, the ink will adhere to the positive image and the water will clean the negative image. advantages: accomodates a direct drawing style using tusche
Lithograph what types of work would be suitable for lithography? Toulouse lautrec posters, 1890s The posters closely relate to Toulouse- Lautrec s painting style. above: Dance to the Moulin Rouge (title?)
Serigraph fine mesh supports a stencil. Ink is forced through open areas. Picasso, Dove of Peace Victor Moscoso, 1960s psychedelic poster art to promote rock concerts
Serigraph screen printing on clay silk screen can be used to print on a variety of surfaces: wood, metal, glass, curved objects image source: http://ichinichiichinin.blog45.fc2. com/blog-date-201107.html
sculpture media and methods freestanding / relief slip painted pottery bronze sculpture stone sculpture mixed media kinetic sculpture
Freestanding Sculpture Meant to be seen from all sides. Some works, such as Apoxymenos cannot be fully comprehended without walking around it to multiple views. Obus, Alexander Calder, 1972 Lyssipus, Apoxymenos, the Scraper, c. 330 b.c.
Freestanding Sculpture Do you recognize this sculpture? Toledo museum of Art, Alexander Calder, 1972
Relief (low relief) In low relief, a design is drawn onto the surface of the stone. The areas outside of the design are then chipped away, leaving a raised design. The depth of the relief is very shallow. Ara Pacis, Rome, 9 a.d.
Relief (high relief) High relief: Figures are still attached to the stone background, but some areas are so deeply undercut that it is possible to put your hand through them. Altar of Zeus, Pergamon, 2nd century b.c.
Slip painted pottery Slip Painted Pottery- clay is levigated and mixed with water and allowed to settle. The heavier particles fall to the bottom of the bucket and the lighter clay solution from the top is strained off and used as paint. In the kiln, the slip painted areas turn black, while the thicker clay body remains terra cotta. Volute Krater, The Baltimore Painter, Hellenistic Greece, 320-310 b.c. Monica Silva, slip painted dough bowl, Santo Domingo Pueblo, 1920s-1940s
bronze sculpture The Lost-wax process is typically employed to create a sculpture in bronze. A wax model is prepared And then covered with clay And baked. The wax burns out, leaving a mold for the molten metal. Once the metal has been poured and has cooled, the clay mold must be broken to remove the sculpture. Riace Warrior, attributed to Phidias, c. 440 b.c. Henry Moore, Reclining Woman: Elbow 1981
stone sculpture Stone sculpture methods remain essentially the same Egyptian stone cutter, ostracon Unfinished statuette of Menkaure 2548-2530 BCE Seated Kafre, Old Kingdom Constantin Brancusi, The Kiss, 1916
mixed media sculpture The Party, 1965-1966, Marisol (Escobar) Toledo Museum of Art Medium: Assemblage with fifteen life-size figures and three wall panels, with painted and carved wood, mirrors, plastic, television set, clothes, shoes, glasses, and other accessories.
kinetic sculpture Calder mobiles, 1970a project idea: http://www.wikihow.com/create-a- Calder-Mobile
other media: mosaic Small squares of glass or stone, called tesserae are arranged to make a design. Tesserae are glued to the surface of a wall or floor, and then the spaces are filled with grout. Jusinian Mosaic, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 6th c. a.d.