Manufacturing by the Numbers

Manufacturing by the Numbers A Profile of New York s Manufacturing Sector by Jobs, Wages and Regional Impact By Ken Pokalsky, Vice President The Business Council of New York State, Inc. November 2018 Manufacturing continues to provide significant economic value to New York, and its regional economies. At a time when economic development discussions often focus on high quality, high paying jobs, data shows significant wage benefits from the state s manufacturing sector as well. 1

This report is produced by The Public Policy Institute of New York State, Inc. President: Heather C. Briccetti, Esq. Author: Ken Pokalsky Research Assistant: Meghan Kayser Production Editor: Rebekah Alexis November 2018 The Public Policy Institute of New York State, Inc. is a research and educational organization whose purpose is to formulate and promote public policies that will restore New York's economic competitiveness. The Institute accomplishes this mission by conducting timely, in-depth research addressing key state policy issues. Founded in 1981 and affiliated with The Business Council of New York State, Inc., The Institute is a non-partisan, tax-exempt, 501 (c) (3) organization. The Institute depends on the support of corporations, individuals, and s for its income, and does not accept any government funding. Cover photo courtesy of GLOBALFOUNDRIES, U.S. The Public Policy Institute of New York State, Inc. 111 Washington Avenue, Suite 400, Albany, NY 12210 518.465.7511 or 800.358.1202 www.ppinys.org 18-0142 REV 11.13.18 2

This report illustrates the role of manufacturing in the New York State and U.S. economy by focusing on jobs and payroll data. Manufacturing employment has been on a steady decline in the U.S. for decades, due to increased efficiency and automation within industrial firms, significant competition from foreign competitors, among other factors. New York s manufacturing sector has experienced the same pressures, but the sector s decline in New York has outpaced the national job loss. For example, from 2001 to 2017, U.S. manufacturing employment fell by 24.3 percent, while falling by 36.5 percent in New York. Nationally, manufacturing employment has increased each year since reaching its low point in 2010 following the national recession, and at the end of 2017 total U.S. manufacturing employment was at 93 percent of its prerecession level. This job recovery was not spread evenly among the states. Eight states, led by Michigan (+52,000) and Indiana (+9,600), actually had more manufacturing jobs at the end of 2017 than in 2008. The recovery in these states was led by, but not limited to, recovery and growth in the auto industry. Unfortunately, New York (-86,000) is second only to California (-114,800) in its loss of manufacturing jobs when comparing 2017 to pre-recession levels. Other major industrial states, including Pennsylvania, Illinois, Texas and Ohio also have among the largest net losses in manufacturing employment over this period. Proportionately, however, New York s loss was the greatest among the nation s ten largest industrial states. Even with these job loss trends, manufacturing continues to provide significant economic value to New York, and its regional economies. In 2017, manufacturing directly accounted for 25 percent or more of all private sector jobs in eight New York counties, at least 20 percent of private sector jobs in 12 counties, and at least 10 percent in 34 counties. These tend to be more rural, upstate counties that have seen relatively little job growth in other sectors. In comparison, manufacturing represents 5.9 percent of private sector jobs statewide in New York, and 10.5 percent of jobs in the United States. At a time when economic development discussions often focus on high-quality, high-paying jobs, data show significant wage benefits from the state s manufacturing sector as well. Average wages for manufacturing jobs exceed average wages for private sector, non-manufacturing jobs in every county in New York State except two New York (Manhattan) and Kings (Brooklyn). This manufacturing wage bonus is $30,000 or more in twelve counties, $20,000 or more in eighteen counties, and at least $10,000 in forty-six counties. Moreover, the manufacturing sector provides more than 30 percent of all private sector wages in 10 New York counties, and more than 20 percent of all private sector wages in twenty-three counties. From an economic policy perspective, New York State has a mixed record regarding its manufacturing sector. It celebrates, and often incentivizes, significant capital investments in manufacturing facilities, including reinvestment in longstanding New York manufacturers as well as for manufacturers newly located in New York, and for those in certain emerging and fastgrowing sectors. Likewise, over the past decade, the state has adopted several legislative programs that are directly, if not exclusively, aimed at supporting the state s manufacturing sector, including RechargeNY (a NYPA economic development power program); single sales factor apportionment, a method of calculating business taxes that favors businesses with in-state employment and capital; a zero percent net income-based tax rate for manufacturers subject to the state s corporate franchise tax; a refundable real property tax credits for smaller manufacturers; and other. At the same time, several of the state s most significant policy initiatives that add costs and compliance burdens to business have an outsized impact on manufacturers. These include: the imposition of more than $1 billion in energy assessments; a high cost workers compensation program; real property taxes that range among the highest in the nation; and others. These policy actions suggest that, while New York at times recognizes the value of individual manufacturers when they are making investments, adding positions, and announcing innovative new products, the state and its Executive and legislative decision-makers do not have a complete appreciation of the role that manufacturing, and manufacturing jobs have on the overall state or the state s regional economies, and the impact that policy decisions have on this economically valuable sector. This report is an initial step to providing state decisionmakers with a more detailed profile of New York s manufacturing sector based on employment and wages, with regional and industrial category details as well. It also illustrates how New York s manufacturing sector compares and contrasts with other states based on current job levels and recent trends. Future reports will focus on capital investments and regional economic multiplier effects of the manufacturing sector. 3

TABLE 1. MANUFACTURING JOBS BY COUNTY Not surprising, in terms of absolute number of manufacturing jobs, the highest ranking counties are the state s most populous. Of the ten highest population counties (by 2010 Census data, in red), eight are among the top ten in total manufacturing jobs (only Bronx county is out of the top ten, data limits excludes Richmond county from this ranking). The most significant outlier is Chautauqua county with the 11 th most manufacturing jobs, but 23 rd largest population. County Manufacturing jobs 2017 Manufacturing as % of all private jobs Suffolk 53,350 9.80 Erie 42,594 10.94 Monroe 39,248 12.33 New York 25,542 1.28 Queens 20,214 3.99 Kings 20,152 3.77 Onondaga 19,091 9.12 Nassau 17,517 3.28 Westchester 13,271 3.82 Niagara 8,848 15.27 Chautauqua 8,847 22.56 Oneida 8,644 10.96 Orange 8,217 7.17 Saratoga 8,108 10.98 Dutchess 7,992 9.78 Albany 7,680 4.45 Broome 7,629 11.69 Rockland 7,122 7.78 Ontario 6,799 14.96 Bronx 5,786 2.68 Schenectady 5,766 11.16 Chemung 5,131 17.50 Steuben 5,106 17.88 Wayne 5,082 26.90 Chenango 4,680 35.05 Rensselaer 4,597 9.42 Tioga 3,643 34.00 Clinton 3,436 13.11 Ulster 3,370 7.23 Cattaraugus 3,334 18.23 Tompkins 3,275 7.67 Cayuga 3,254 17.37 Montgomery 3,225 20.27 Genesee 3,193 17.64 Oswego 3,187 12.88 Warren 3,173 9.39 Delaware 3,147 30.03 Madison 2,862 16.27 Herkimer 2,668 21.56 Washington 2,575 26.61 Saint Lawrence 2,341 9.69 Orleans 2,196 25.12 Seneca 2,082 26.02 Cortland 2,062 16.72 Jefferson 2,013 8.07 Livingston 2,011 14.84 Allegany 1,962 23.28 Fulton 1,805 13.25 Wyoming 1,701 18.82 Putnam 1,516 7.14 Columbia 1,474 8.69 Sullivan 1,453 7.57 Yates 1,207 18.27 Schuyler 638 16.16 Franklin 374 3.81 Schoharie 358 5.07 Data not available for Richmond and Hamilton counties. 4

TABLE 2. MANUFACTURING SHARE OF PRIVATE SECTOR JOBS BY COUNTY In 2017, manufacturing directly accounted for 25 percent or more of all private sector jobs in eight New York counties, at least 20 percent of private sector jobs in 12 counties, and at least 10 percent in 34 counties. These counties tend to be more rural, upstate counties that have seen relatively little job growth in other sectors. In comparison, manufacturing represents 5.9 percent of private sector jobs statewide in New York, and 10.5 percent of jobs in the United States. County 2017 Manufacturing jobs Manufacturing as % of all private jobs Chenango 4,680 35.05 Tioga 3,643 34.00 Delaware 3,147 30.03 Wayne 5,082 26.90 Washington 2,575 26.61 Lewis 1,064 26.60 Seneca 2,082 26.02 Orleans 2,196 25.12 Allegany 1,962 23.28 Chautauqua 8,847 22.56 Herkimer 2,668 21.56 Montgomery 3,225 20.27 Wyoming 1,701 18.82 Yates 1,207 18.27 Cattaraugus 3,334 18.23 Steuben 5,106 17.88 Genesee 3,193 17.64 Chemung 5,131 17.50 Cayuga 3,254 17.37 Cortland 2,062 16.72 Madison 2,862 16.27 Schuyler 638 16.16 Niagara 8,848 15.27 Ontario 6,799 14.96 Livingston 2,011 14.84 Fulton 1,805 13.25 Clinton 3,436 13.11 Oswego 3,187 12.88 Monroe 39,248 12.33 Broome 7,629 11.69 Schenectady 5,766 11.16 Saratoga 8,108 10.98 Oneida 8,644 10.96 Erie 42,594 10.94 Suffolk 53,350 9.80 Dutchess 7,992 9.78 Saint Lawrence 2,341 9.69 Rensselaer 4,597 9.42 Warren 3,173 9.39 Onondaga 19,091 9.12 Essex 913 8.93 Greene 948 8.79 Columbia 1,474 8.69 Jefferson 2,013 8.07 Rockland 7,122 7.78 Tompkins 3,275 7.67 Sullivan 1,453 7.57 Ulster 3,370 7.23 Orange 8,217 7.17 Putnam 1,516 7.14 Otsego 1,203 5.84 New York State 7,740,408 5.69 Schoharie 358 5.07 Albany 7,680 4.45 Queens 20,214 3.99 Westchester 13,271 3.82 Franklin 374 3.81 Kings 20,152 3.77 Nassau 17,517 3.28 Bronx 5,786 2.68 New York 25,542 1.28 Data not available for Richmond and Hamilton counties. 5

TABLE 3. MANUFACTURING SHARE OF PRIVATE SECTOR JOBS AND WAGES BY REDC REGION Manufacturing is a more significant share of New York s economy in regions outside the New York City metropolitan area and its neighboring regions. As shown below, manufacturing has the smallest share of private sector jobs and wages in New York City, Long Island and the seven-county Mid-Hudson REDC region, well under 10 percent in each case. In contrast, manufacturing is at least ten percent of private sector jobs and in each of the five REDC regions west of the Capital Region, and at least 15 percent of private sector wages in these five regions. 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% Manufacturing Share of Private Sector - 2017 by REDC Region Western Finger Lakes Southern Tier Central New York Mohawk Valley North Country* Capital Region Mid-Hudson NYC** Long Island % Private Jobs % Private Wages REDC Region Manufacturing as % of private sector jobs Manufacturing as % of private sector wages Western 12.5 17.7 Finger Lakes 13.6 17.8 Southern Tier 15.9 22.4 Central New York 10.9 15.0 Mohawk Valley 12.1 15.1 North Country* 9.6 13.7 Capital Region 8.3 12.7 Mid-Hudson 5.6 8.0 NYC** 2.0 1.3 Long Island 6.4 7.5 * North Country data excludes Hamilton county ** NYC data excludes Richmond county 6

TABLE 4. MANUFACTURING JOBS IN RURAL COUNTIES Data show that manufacturing represents a significant share of private sector jobs in many of the state s most rural counties. (Note: New York s population is 88 percent urban, 12 percent rural, and manufacturing is 5.9 percent of the state s private sector jobs.) County % Rural population Manufacturing as % of private sector jobs Hamilton 100.0 0.7 Lewis 86.8 26.6 Chenango 83.4 35.1 Schoharie 82.8 5.1 Schuyler 81.2 16.2 Allegany 78.7 23.3 Delaware 78.4 30.0 Essex 74.9 8.9 Sullivan 74.2 7.6 Columbia 73.3 8.7 Greene 73.1 8.7 Yates 71.2 18.2 Otsego 70.6 5.8 Washington 67.9 26.6 Tioga 65.7 34.0 Clinton 64.2 13.1 Wyoming 64.1 18.8 Franklin 62.7 3.8 St. Lawrence 62.0 9.6 Oswego 61.8 12.8 Cattaraugus 61.8 18.2 Orleans 60.9 25.1 Wayne 60.7 26.9 Steuben 60.4 17.8 Genesee 59.9 17.6 Madison 58.9 16.2 Seneca 58.7 26.0 Cayuga 55.8 17.3 Livingston 54.7 14.8 Herkimer 51.8 21.5 Fulton 50.4 13.2 Jefferson 48.0 8.0 Ontario 47.5 14.9 Ulster 46.0 7.2 Cortland 44.3 16.7 Chautauqua 43.9 22.5 Tompkins 43.3 7.6 Montgomery 40.9 20.2 Warren 33.9 9.3 Oneida 33.0 10.9 Rensselaer 30.5 9.4 Saratoga 30.0 10.9 Broome 26.1 11.6 Dutchess 25.4 9.7 Chemung 24.2 17.5 Niagara 22.4 15.2 Orange 22.3 7.1 Putnam 20.5 7.1 Onondaga 12.6 9.1 Alban 9.7 4.4 Erie 9.4 10.9 Schenectady 8.2 11.1 Monroe 6.4 12.3 Westchester 3.3 3.8 Suffolk 2.6 9.8 Rockland 0.7 7.7 Nassau 0.2 3.2 Bronx 0.0 2.6 Kings 0.0 3.7 Queens 0.0 3.9 Richmond 0.0 1.2 New York 0.0 1.2 7

TABLE 5. MANUFACTURING WAGES AS PERCENTAGE OF PRIVATE SECTOR WAGES, BY COUNTY, 2017 Manufacturing is often seen as representing a larger share of the local economy in upstate New York, and that perception is illustrated by looking at county-level wage data. Manufacturing provides more than one-third of all private sector wages in seven counties, and more than 20 percent of private sector wages in twenty-three counties, all located outside the MTA service territory. The five counties that comprise New York City are among the counties where manufacturing is the smallest share of county-level wages. County Manufacturing wages as % of private sector wages Tioga 58.47 Chenango 47.91 Delaware 46.99 Seneca 38.54 Washington 36.53 Orleans 36.42 Lewis 36.28 Chautauqua 32.44 Wayne 31.28 Allegany 30.67 Cattaraugus 28.46 Herkimer 28.24 Genesee 25.79 Yates 25.29 Niagara 24.46 Wyoming 24.34 Cortland 24.21 Chemung 24.16 Cayuga 24.07 Montgomery 22.12 Schuyler 22.11 Steuben 20.72 Madison 20.69 Saratoga 19.46 Ontario 19.32 Rensselaer 19.24 Oswego 18.76 Livingston 18.49 Schenectady 17.95 Dutchess 17.44 Broome 17.22 Clinton 16.11 Fulton 15.96 Saint Lawrence 15.82 Monroe 15.53 Essex 15.41 Erie 14.99 Greene 14.97 Oneida 14.20 Onondaga 13.04 Warren 13.03 Suffolk 11.35 Rockland 11.20 Columbia 10.70 Orange 9.82 Tompkins 9.40 Jefferson 9.32 Ulster 9.05 Putnam 8.98 Sullivan 7.79 Otsego 7.42 Schoharie 6.42 Albany 5.79 STATE TOTALS 5.29 Westchester 5.25 Franklin 4.08 Queens 3.83 Nassau 3.70 Kings 3.34 Bronx 2.46 New York 0.76 Hamilton NA Richmond NA 8

TABLE 6. AVERAGE MANUFACTURING WAGES COMPARED TO AVERAGE NON-MANUFACTURING PRIVATE SECTOR WAGES Policy makers often speak of quality jobs or high paying jobs. On average, jobs in the manufacturing sector exceed other private sector jobs by a considerable margin in many parts of New York State. Wages for manufacturing jobs exceed average wages for private sector, non-manufacturing jobs, by at least $20,000 per year in 18 counties, and by at least $10,000 per year in 46 counties. (Data not available for Richmond County.) County Average manufacturing wages v. average non-manufacturing private sector wages Dutchess $56,114 Tioga 55,437 Saratoga 43,475 Rensselaer 41,405 Schenectady 41,155 Seneca 39,267 Rockland 35,084 Delaware 34,904 Westchester 32,622 Cattaraugus 31,119 Saint Lawrence 30,942 Essex 30,564 Cortland 28,443 Niagara 27,820 Broome 25,195 Washington 24,943 Greene 24,928 Oswego 24,424 Chenango 24,177 Cayuga 22,012 Chautauqua 21,723 Onondaga 21,309 Orleans 20,998 Allegany 20,898 Erie 20,522 Lewis 20,274 Genesee 20,159 Chemung 19,607 Monroe 19,117 Warren 18,631 Orange 17,848 Albany 16,838 Tompkins 15,297 Ontario 15,177 Putnam 15,072 Jefferson 15,035 Wyoming 14,912 Hamilton 14,912 New York State 14,878 Wayne 14,698 Schuyler 14,553 Herkimer 14,278 Oneida 13,877 Livingston 13,648 Steuben 12,747 Ulster 11,452 Suffolk 11,407 Madison 11,173 Columbia 10,936 Clinton 10,390 Nassau 9,965 Yates 8,773 Fulton 8,367 Otsego 8,036 Montgomery 7,752 Franklin 6,016 Sullivan 4,770 Schoharie 4,639 Queens 3,842 Bronx 1,040 Kings 677 New York -43,808 9

TABLE 7. MANUFACTURING SUB-SECTORS WITH NEW YORK STATE JOB GROWTH, 2010-2017 Despite overall negative job growth trends in New York, several manufacturing sub-sectors have seen post-recession job growth in New York State, led by NAICS 302 Beverage and Tobacco Product Manufacturing, at 52 percent, or 3,373 additional jobs, with the largest share of this job growth coming in the beverage component of this sector. In terms of absolute job growth, NAICS 311 Food Manufacturing led the way with 8,008 additional jobs (about half of this job growth was in New York City.) NAICS Sector % Growth in NYS % Growth in US Increase in NYS jobs 312 Beverage/Tobacco 52.60 43.33 3,373 321 Wood products 18.79 16.77 1,255 311 Food 16.34 10.24 8,008 326 Plastic/Rubber 5.60 14.61 1,138 331 Primary Metal 2.63 2.26 260 332 Fabricated Metal 0.80 11.10 389 335 Electrical Equipment 0.60 8.35 371 10

TABLE 8. TEN LARGEST MANUFACTURING SUB-SECTORS, NEW YORK STATE V. UNITED STATES The subcomponents of New York s manufacturing sector generally reflects that of the nation, in terms of percentage of manufacturing jobs by three-digit NAICS codes, with several notable exceptions. First, the transportation equipment sector s share of national manufacturing jobs is more than double that of New York, the largest discrepancy among any subsectors. Second, the computer/electronics sector has a more than 40 percent larger share of New York State s total manufacturing jobs than industrial jobs in the U.S. In 2017, computers and electronic manufacturing remained the state s largest industrial sector by job count, with 57,401 jobs, or 12.9 percent of all industrial jobs in New York. In comparison, computer/electronics manufacturing accounts for 8.4 percent of U.S. manufacturing jobs. And while this sector has been contracting in the U.S. for a number of years, New York has held on to a greater share of its computer/electronics jobs than has the U.S. The only New York top-ten subsector that is not also in the U.S. top ten is apparel, with 3.5 percent of New York s manufacturing jobs, but just 0.9 percent on the national level. Rank New York Total jobs % of Mnfg. jobs United States Total jobs % of Mnfg. jobs 1 Computer/Electronics 57,401 12.93 Transportation Equipment 1,644,802 13.26 2 Food 57,024 12.84 Food 1,589,720 12.81 3 Fabricated Metals 49,077 11.05 Fabricated Metals 1,418,727 11.44 4 Machinery 38,462 8.66 Machinery 1,073,383 8.65 5 Chemicals 37,842 8.52 Computer/Electronics 1,041,370 8.39 6 Miscellaneous 30,863 6.95 Chemicals 820,728 6.62 7 Plastics 21,467 4.84 Plastics 714,339 5.76 8 Printing 20,837 4.69 Miscellaneous 591,824 4.77 9 Transportation Equipment 20,334 4.58 Printing 438,643 3.54 10 Apparel 15,584 3.51 Wood Products 396,492 3.20 11

TABLE 9. TRENDS IN MANUFACTURING JOBS, NEW YORK STATE V. UNITED STATES The United States saw growth in manufacturing jobs each year from 2010 to 2017, an increase of 821,000 jobs nationwide. This largely represents a recovery in cyclical manufacturing sectors that were hard hit by the 2008-09 recession, especially the transportation equipment sector (i.e., auto manufacturing). The data and graph below illustrates a long-term trend of New York underperforming the nation in terms of manufacturing jobs. Going back to 2001, New York has lagged national job performance in every year but one, 2009, the height of the national recession. Year NYS manufacturing jobs US manufacturing jobs % Change manufacturing jobs - NYS % Change manufacturing jobs - US NYS as % of US manufacturing jobs 2001 699,492 16,386,001 NA NA 4.27 2002 649,208 15,209,192-7.19-7.18 4.27 2003 610,506 14,459,712-5.96-4.93 4.22 2004 593,567 14,257,380-2.77-1.40 4.16 2005 579,094 14,190,394-2.44-0.47 4.08 2006 564,564 14,110,663-2.51-0.56 4.00 2007 551,868 13,833,022-2.25-1.97 3.99 2008 532,100 13,382,697-3.58-3.26 3.98 2009 474,712 11,810,371-10.79-11.75 4.02 2010 455,689 11,487,496-4.01-2.73 3.97 2011 456,701 11,701,497 0.22 1.86 3.90 2012 456,734 11,904,945 0.01 1.74 3.84 2013 454,027 11,994,922-0.59 0.76 3.79 2014 450,222 12,156,537-0.84 1.35 3.70 2015 452,550 12,291,676 0.52 1.11 3.68 2016 447,492 12,296,697-1.12 0.04 3.64 2017 443,989 12,406,401-0.78 0.89 3.58 5.00% % Change in Manufacturing Jobs 0.00% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16-5.00% -10.00% -15.00% Year New York State United States 12

TABLE 10. STATE BY STATE CHANGE IN MANUFACTURING JOBS PRE-RECESSION TO 2017 Only one state, Michigan, had a significant increase in manufacturing jobs in 2017 compared to pre-recession job levels in 2008, with an increase of 52,000 jobs. In fact, only seven other states showed any increase in total manufacturing jobs compared to pre-recession levels, and each of these other states had relatively modest growth, both in absolute and relative terms. On the other end of the spectrum, New York had the second largest job loss in absolute terms over this period, and its share of pre-recession manufacturing jobs lost and not recovered by 2017 was higher than all but six other states. California had the largest total job loss, but as a share of its pre-recession industrial jobs, its losses were half as great as New York s. State # Job change 2008 to 2017 (1000s) % Job change 2008 to 2017 Michigan 52.0 9.24 Indiana 9.6 1.84 Kentucky 5.0 2.04 Idaho 3.9 6.19 Utah 3.4 2.70 Colorado 1.7 1.19 South Dakota 0.4 0.94 Alaska 0.2 1.54 Montana -0.1-0.50 Nevada -0.4-0.83 Wyoming -0.6-6.00 Hawaii -0.7-4.70 South Carolina -0.8-0.33 North Dakota -1.7-6.44 Nebraska -3.3-3.25 Oregon -5.7-2.92 Vermont -5.7-16.24 Delaware -5.8-18.30 New Hampshire -6.7-8.83 Washington -7.3-2.51 Rhode Island -7.4-15.45 Florida -7.5-2.02 Maine -7.7-13.10 Arizona -8.7-5.03 New Mexico -8.7-24.79 West Virginia -9.8-17.35 Iowa -11.1-4.88 Georgia -11.4-2.79 Tennessee -12.2-3.38 Mississippi -15.7-9.83 Minnesota -17.3-5.15 Louisiana -18.4-12.04 Alabama -21.0-7.39 Maryland -21.4-16.71 Oklahoma -21.7-14.48 Kansas -23.7-12.79 Wisconsin -24.7-5.01 Missouri -26.2-8.96 Arkansas -26.6-14.48 Connecticut -27.3-14.62 Virginia -30.7-11.59 Massachusetts -42.2-14.73 North Carolina -48.6-9.42 New Jersey -50.8-17.20 Ohio -52.2-7.06 Texas -78.1-8.41 Illinois -80.7-12.28 Pennsylvania -82.3-12.78 New York State -86.0-16.17 California -114.8-8.05 13

TABLE 11. POST-RECESSION MANUFACTURING JOB GROWTH BY STATE Forty-one states have experienced growth in manufacturing jobs over the period 2010 to 2017, as the cyclical manufacturing sector recovered from the national recession. New York State was among the nine states with a net manufacturing job loss over this period. The other job-loss states were concentrated in the northeast U.S. Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, and Maryland, along with Louisiana, West Virginia, Arkansas and New Mexico. Of these nine states with manufacturing job losses over this period, New York has by far the largest remaining manufacturing job base, with 451,300 manufacturing jobs statewide. State # Job change 2010 to 2017 (1000s) % Change 2010-2017 Michigan 148.7 31.91 Indiana 83.6 18.69 California 67.9 5.46 Ohio 66.3 10.68 Florida 54.5 17.63 Georgia 52.7 15.28 Tennessee 49.9 16.69 Kentucky 41.1 19.67 Wisconsin 37.7 8.76 North Carolina 35.2 8.14 Texas 34.0 4.16 South Carolina 33.6 16.23 Alabama 27.0 11.43 Washington 25.7 9.95 Minnesota 25.6 8.75 Oregon 25.6 15.63 Missouri 20.1 8.17 Colorado 19.8 15.94 Utah 18.2 16.38 Arizona 16.0 10.79 Iowa 15.8 7.88 Illinois 15.7 2.80 Idaho 13.7 25.75 Nevada 9.9 26.12 Mississippi 8.0 5.88 Nebraska 6.4 6.98 South Dakota 6.2 16.80 Oklahoma 4.8 3.89 Kansas 3.7 2.34 Virginia 3.6 1.56 New Hampshire 3.4 5.17 Montana 3.4 20.61 North Dakota 2.1 9.29 Pennsylvania 1.5 0.27 Hawaii 1.2 9.23 Wyoming 0.7 8.05 Alaska 0.5 3.94 Maine 0.3 0.59 Rhode Island 0.1 0.25 Delaware 0.0 0.00 Vermont -1.2-3.92 West Virginia -2.4-4.89 New Mexico -2.7-9.28 Arkansas -3.2-2.00 Louisiana -3.5-2.54 Connecticut -5.4-3.28 New Jersey -7.5-2.98 Maryland -7.6-6.65 Massachusetts -8.8-3.48 New York State -11.2-2.45 14

TABLE 12. MANUFACTURING SUB-SECTOR VOLATILITY It has been observed that over the decades prior to the great recession, New York s manufacturing sector had mostly lost jobs in cyclical industries especially automobile manufacturing and as a result, the disparity between New York and other state s post-recession manufacturing job recovery was simply due to the recovery of jobs in cyclical subsectors and not real growth. Using this simple illustration, New York s manufacturing base is generally less cyclical than the nation s, with just 52 percent of its manufacturing jobs in higher than average volatility subsectors, compared to 61 percent nationwide. Nationwide, transportation equipment manufacturing employment fell by nearly 16 percent from 2008 to 2009, the subsector with the largest net and percentage job loss in the U.S. (Of the five subsectors with larger percentage job loss than transportation equipment, only one wood products at 10 th is in the top then manufacturing subsectors by total jobs.) NAICS Sector % NYS manufacturing jobs % US manufacturing jobs % Job loss US 2008-09 321 Wood Products 1.9 3.2-21.1 337 Furniture 2.9 3.2-20.1 313 Textile Mills 0.8 0.9-18.8 331 Primary Metal 2.3 3.0-18.1 327 Non-metallic Metals 3.5 3.3-15.9 336 Transportation Equipment 4.4 13.2-15.9 315 Apparel 3.6 1.1-15.6 332 Fabricated Metal Products 11.2 11.5-14.9 314 Textile Mill Products 0.8 0.9-14.5 326 Rubber & Plastics 4.7 5.7-13.7 333 Machinery 8.9 8.7-13.5 323 Printing & Related 4.7 3.6-11.9 335 Electrical Equipment 3.0 3.1-11.9 31-33 All Manufacturing 100.0 100.0-11.7 316 Leather & Allied 0.4 0.2-10.7 334 Computer & Electronics 13.0 8.5-9.1 322 Paper 3.5 3.0-8.1 338 Miscellaneous 7.2 4.8-7.6 325 Chemicals 8.4 6.6-5.5 312 Beverage/Tobacco 2.0 2.0-4.5 311 Food 12.5 12.6-1.7 324 Petroleum and Coal 0.4 0.9-1.5 % higher than average 52.7 61.4 % lower than average 47.4 38.6 15

TABLE 13. NEW YORK STATE MANUFACTURING SECTORS, NET CHANGE IN JOBS 2010-2017 This table shows the actual and percentage change in jobs from 2010 to 2017 in New York for each of the manufacturing sector s twenty-one subsectors. The food manufacturing sector has been New York s most dynamic, with 11 percent growth from 2010 to 2017, a growth rate more than double the national average for this sector. As result, food manufacturing is New York s second largest manufacturing sector, with about 13 percent of all manufacturing jobs, just behind computers. Other manufacturing sectors with in-state job growth over this five year period include plastic/rubber, non-metal mineral production, primary metals, fabricated metal products, electrical equipment and furniture. The most dramatic job losses were within the state s transportation equipment sector, which saw jobs fall by 12.2 percent from 2010 to 2017, at a time when the national recovery was producing 24 percent job growth in this sector. NAICS Sub-Sector Change % Change 311 Food 8,008 16.38 312 Beverage/Tobacco 3,373 52.60 321 Wood Products 1,255 18.79 326 Plastics and Rubber 1,138 5.60 327 Nonmetallic Minerals 654 4.36 332 Fabricated Metals 389 0.80 331 Primary Metals 260 2.63 335 Electrical Equipment 79 0.60 324 Petroleum and Coal -18-0.98 337 Furniture and Related -73-0.57 316 Leather and Allied Products -160-9.20 314 Textile Products -431-10.74 313 Textile Mills -513-12.91 322 Paper -1,182-7.23 338 Miscellaneous -2,537-7.60 323 Printing and Related -2,567-10.97 336 Transportation Equipment -2,819-12.18 333 Machinery -3,855-9.11 325 Chemical -3,904-9.35 315 Apparel -4,242-21.40 334 Computer and Electronics -4,554-7.35 16

TABLE 14. UNITED STATES MANUFACTURING SECTORS, NET CHANGE IN JOBS 2010-2017 This table shows the same data as in Table 13 for the U.S., the actual and percentage change in jobs from 2010 to 2017 for each of the manufacturing sector s twenty-one subsectors. National post-recession manufacturing job growth was centered on the transportation equipment (largely automobile) sector, and closely related sectors. NAICS Sub-Sector Change % Change 311 Food 147,608 10.24 332 Fabricated Metals 141,794 11.10 326 Plastics and Rubber 91,080 14.61 333 Machinery 82,344 8.31 312 Beverage/Tobacco 79,481 43.33 321 Wood Products 56,950 16.77 327 Nonmetallic Minerals 41,678 11.32 337 Furniture and Related 36,738 10.32 325 Chemical 35,445 4.51 338 Miscellaneous 25,345 4.47 331 Primary Metals 8,171 2.26 324 Petroleum and Coal 1,890 1.70 316 Leather and Allied Products 44 0.16 314 Textile Products -3,866-3.24 313 Textile Mills -6,883-5.77 322 Paper -25,889-6.95 315 Apparel -37,635-23.88 323 Printing and Related -46,880-9.66 334 Computer and Electronics -55,846-5.09 335 Electrical Equipment -70,297-19.74 17

TABLE 15. MANUFACTURING SUBSECTOR JOB GROWTH This color-coded table illustrates the commonalities and difference between manufacturing subsector growth in New York versus the nation. The subsectors growing in New York were also growing at the national level, with one notable exception being electrical equipment, which showed the largest net loss nationwide from 2010 to 2017 of any other subsector. The other most notable difference is the significant national growth in transportation equipment, including automobiles, at the national level, while the subsector continued to show job loss in New York State. A similar, but less significant, difference is shown for the chemical manufacturing subsector as well. NAICS New York # Change 2010-17 NAICS United States # Change 2010-17 311 Food 8,008 336 Transportation Equipment 317,633 312 Beverage/Tobacco 3,373 311 Food 147,608 321 Wood Products 1,255 332 Fabricated Metals 141,794 326 Plastics and Rubber 1,138 326 Plastics and Rubber 91,080 327 Nonmetallic Minerals 654 333 Machinery 82,344 332 Fabricated Metals 389 312 Beverage/Tobacco 79,481 331 Primary Metals 260 321 Wood Products 56,950 335 Electrical Equipment 79 327 Nonmetallic Minerals 41,678 324 Petroleum and Coal -18 337 Furniture and Related 36,738 337 Furniture and Related -73 325 Chemical 35,445 316 Leather and Allied Products -160 338 Miscellaneous 25,345 314 Textile Products -431 331 Primary Metals 8,171 313 Textile Mills -513 324 Petroleum and Coal 1,890 322 Paper -1,182 316 Leather and Allied Products 44 338 Miscellaneous -2,537 314 Textile Products -3,866 323 Printing and Related -2,567 313 Textile Mills -6,833 336 Transportation Equipment -2,819 322 Paper -25,889 333 Machinery -3,855 315 Apparel -37,635 325 Chemical -3,904 323 Printing and Related -46,880 315 Apparel -4,242 334 Computer and Electronics -55,846 334 Computer and Electronics -4,554 335 Electrical Equipment -70,297 18

TABLE 16. NEW YORK MANUFACTURING SUB-SECTORS OUT-PEFORMING UNITED STATES Of the 21 three-digit NAICS manufacturing subsectors, New York outperformed the nation in five, but in just two cases did the subsector show net job growth from 2008 pre-recession levels through 2017. These two were the beverage/tobacco and food manufacturing subsectors. Three subsectors lost jobs in both New York and the nation over this period, with job losses in New York less than the national trend. Of these five subsectors, only food manufacturing is among the largest in New York by total job count. NAICS Sector % Growth in New York State % Growth in United States 312 Beverage/Tobacco 52.94 34.24 311 Food Manufacturing 14.25 7.82 321 Leather -5.42-12.77 327 Non-Metallic Mineral -9.33-11.64 335 Electrical Equipment -14.29-32.28 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% -10.00% -20.00% -30.00% -40.00% New York State Outperforming United States by NAICS 2008-17 Beverage/Tobacco Food Manufacturing Leather Non-Metallic Mineral Electrical Equipment New York State United States 19

TABLE 17. SELECT FACTORS IMPACTING MANUFACTURING JOB RECOVERY The following table lists states by their percentage change in manufacturing jobs from 2010 to 2017, the actual change in industrial jobs, and the share of all manufacturing jobs in the auto industry (NAICS 3361, 62 and 63). In addition, the states in blue were right to work states as of 2017. Clearly, states with large auto sectors generally showed strong post-recession manufacturing job recovery. But the table also shows a strong correlation between RTW status and manufacturing job recovery, even among states with relatively small manufacturing and auto industry job counts. In contrast, six of the seven lowest growth states were agency shop states. (Note: looking at data from 2008 to 2017 the same pattern holds; in fact, nine of the ten lowest growth states based on pre-recession job levels were agency shop states.) State % Change in manufacturing jobs 2010 to 2017 Automobile industry as % of manufacturing jobs 2017 # Job change 2010 to 2017 (1000s) Michigan 31.91 28.90 148.7 Nevada 26.12 1.65 9.9 Idaho 25.75 2.94 13.7 Montana 20.61 1.83 3.4 Kentucky 19.67 24.81 41.1 Indiana 18.69 22.22 83.6 Florida 17.63 2.0 54.5 South Dakota 16.80 6.00 6.2 Tennessee 16.69 19.33 49.9 Utah 16.38 5.15 18.2 South Carolina 16.23 11.87 33.6 Colorado 15.94 1.41 19.8 Oregon 15.63 2.61 25.6 Georgia 15.28 6.50 52.7 Alabama 11.43 16.52 27.0 Arizona 10.79 1.80 16.0 Ohio 10.68 15.39 66.3 Washington 9.95 1.13 25.7 North Dakota 9.29 5.99 2.1 Hawaii 9.23 0.00 1.2 Wisconsin 8.76 3.16 37.7 Minnesota 8.75 1.35 25.6 Missouri 8.17 9.73 20.1 North Carolina 8.14 5.53 35.2 Wyoming 8.05 0.00 0.7 Iowa 7.88 5.80 15.8 Nebraska 6.98 6.45 6.4 Mississippi 5.88 5.54 8.0 California 5.46 2.23 67.9 20

New Hampshire 5.17 1.29 3.4 Texas 4.16 4.60 34.0 Alaska 3.94 0.27 0.5 Oklahoma 3.89 4.20 4.8 Illinois 2.80 6.47 15.7 Kansas 2.34 2.57 3.7 Virginia 1.56 3.76 3.6 Maine 0.59 1.35 0.3 Pennsylvania 0.27 2.62 1.5 Rhode Island 0.25 0.32 0.1 Delaware 0.00 0.38 0.0 Arkansas -2.00 4.47-3.2 New York State -2.45 2.66-11.2 Louisiana -2.54 0.66-3.5 New Jersey -2.98 0.79-7.5 Connecticut -3.28 2.26-5.4 Massachusetts -3.48 0.47-8.8 Vermont -3.92 0.00-1.2 West Virginia -4.89 6.73-2.4 Maryland -6.65 0.97-7.6 New Mexico -9.28 0.69-2.7 21

TABLE 18. STATE DISTRIBUTION OF MANUFACTURING JOB GROWTH Recovery in the auto and related sectors drove post-recession job growth in a number of states. Of the five largest job growth states 2010 to 2017, auto manufacturing was the major growth sector in Michigan, Indiana and Ohio. However, that is not the only pattern of state-level manufacturing job recover. Two of the top five manufacturing job growth states were California and Florida, where auto production was 14.5 and 2.1 percent respectively of total industrial job growth over this period. Michigan - Share of Manufacturing Growth 2010-2017 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 3361-63 Motor Vehicle 333 Machinery 332 Fabricated Metal 326 Rubber & Plastic 339 Miscellaneous 311 Food Manufacturing 331 Primary Metal 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 312 Beverage/ Tobacco California - Distribution of Manufacturing Job Growth 2010-2017 311 Food Manufacturing 325 Chemical Products 3361-63 Motor Vehicle 3364 Aerospace Florida - Share of Manufacturing Growth 2010-2017 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 332 Fabricated Metal 327 Non-Metallic Minerals 333 Machinery 339 Miscellaneous 311 Food Manufacturing 3366 Boats/Ships 337 Furniture 325 Chemical 3364 Aerospace 3361-63 Motor Vehicle 22