Revolutionary Communications Will Stewart Chief Scientist, Marconi Communications Traffic Forecast (1996)-2005 Terabytes/Day 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 CAGR 1996-2005 Internet 95.8% Voice over IP 30% Data Traffic 30% Circuit Switched 12.1% Source : Renaissance Analysis
UK Mobile (voice) growth, OfTEL MegaMinutes pa 200000. 100000. Fixed 50000 20000 10000 Mobile 5000 2000 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Year How much data? About 40,000 movies have been released in the US - at 4GigaBytes/movie (DVD) this is about 10 15 bits = 1000 TeraBit ~ 1 MovieBrain 1 MB/minute MP3 file A 10 Terabit (10 13 )/sec optical link will transmit this in about 2 minutes!
Service Provider Revenues $bn Data & IP Revenues Switched Voice Revenues 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 02 Source: Dataquest 01 03 04 Year Service Provider Revenues/2 $bn Data & IP Revenues New Data Service Revenues IP Revenues Source: RHK Switched Voice Revenues 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 02 Source: Dataquest 01 03 04 Year
New Public Network Architecture Cable Corporate Data Broadband Access PSTN Mobile Intelligent Optical Transport & Switching Enhanced Service & Connection servers NPN Internet Key Issues Transport capacity -> Photonics Switching -> shift functions to the optical layer (transparency) Mobility -> Mobile, IP Control moving to the edge IP quality of service -> MPLS/MPlamS Integration with legacy systems
NPN Applications Application Class DEMAND FOR: Speed/user Low Latency Low Delay Telephone 64k L H Billions 12% Low M N ASP, remote support, (Luminate, Xdrive, Medical)? H H 100's k 109% H Video/TV (BBC..) 10-250M L no 100's M L Radio (Live 365, realplayer) 64k-? L L 100's M L Internet 50k-10M H M 10'sM 96% L Games 50k-10M H M 100's M 100% M Online Auctions (Ebay, Dovebid) 64k-10M H H H e-commerce? H M 100'sM VH Exotic Caching (Akamai, ValueClick) H H H H M Games support (Powerplay) H H 100'sM H M H Grid Computing/Thin client (Sychron)?1-10M M-H M? H M M Freecalls 64k L H Billions H M L Positional data/wap 10-300k H M 100's M 14%? H L L Potential user base AGR Network info Security Network Control Deployment Trend of SONET/SDH and WDM Access / Edge Medium sized networks Core Largest networks SONET/SDH Metro WDM Fibre
Wave Characteristics Wavelength -> size of antenna Frequency - > ability to carry information velocity Frequency, TeraHertz 750 600 500 430 0.4 µm 0.55 µm 0.7 µm Wavelength, µm
-2-1 0 1 2 3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 1000 100 10 db/km attenuation 1 Atmospheric absorption Fog Fibre 0.1 100 MHz 10 GHz 10 THz 1PHz Radio 4 2.7 K microwave background hot body Sunlight Electromagnetic Information Log scales Atmospheric absorption Fog Fibre 10 MHz 10 GHz 1PHz Linear Frequency scale 100 THz
1985 1987.5 1990 1992.5 1995 1997.5 2000 Optical Fibre Capacities 300 250 Number of channels 200 150 100 50 Year Terabit/sec/fibre Total Rate, GBitês 10000 1 1000 100 0.1 10 Factorêyr = 1.72209 0.011 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Growth rate ~ *1.7 per year Year Channel Rate Channel Rate, GBitês 1000 Factorêyr = 1.60061 100 10 Year 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Spectral Efficiency Bits/sec/Hz BitsêHz 0.5 0.2 Factorêyr = 1.58227 0.1 0.05 0.02 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Year Rate v range Total Rate, GBitês 10000 Log Gradient = -0.285356 5000 2000 1000 500 200 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 Range, km
Moore's Law 10 8 Transistors per chip 10 7 10 6 10 5 10 4 after G Moore, Intel 10 3 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 year Growth rate ~ *1.4 per year New Optical Networks The growth in optical fibre capacity (60-80% pa) is outstripping The (Moore s law) growth in processor speeds (~25% pa and falling)* Total Rate, GBitês 1000 10 0.1 Optical fibre Silicon Year 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Sources: fibre: reported data major conferences Silicon: International roadmap 1999 *classic x2/18 months includes increasing chip sizes!
New Optical Networks This led in the mid-90 s to the rise of WDM:- 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 Increasing channels/fibre Year 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Source: fibre: reported data major conferences Trends Performance v cost for Fibre and Silicon performance êcost 500 Single optical Fibre (conference data) 200 100 50 Disk Drive (Philips) Silicon Performance (International Roadmap) 20 10 DRAM (Philips) 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dense WDM for switching Switch But now the processors in switches cannot cope with the fibre data delivery rate and some of the the switching functions are moving into the optical regime:- Switch Transport Transport Dense WDM for routing
Convergence - IP / MPLS / WDM Voice Services Data Call control IP Signalling Switching SDH MPLS (Label) ATM MPLS (Lambda) WDM Fibre Off-loading Switched Data Traffic onto the Managed Photonic Layer Direct IP IP IP Reducing network costs Switched glass & air cheaper than silicon & copper! IP cloud Transport cloud WDM Transit and restoration traffic: 60-70%
New Optical Networks New Technologies:- Control MPLS Lasers Detectors Electrical XCs Optical ADMs SDH networks MPLambdaS tunable lasers tunable detectors wavelength translators Optical XCs -> wavelength-selective OXCs Optical ADMs Static WDM overlayed SDH -> Dynamically reconfigurable SDH/WDM Scale v speed for Electronics & Photonics Scale, µm Modulator Tunable laser VCSEL Silicon Technology Yariv Er band Frequency, THz
GaAs Modulator RF Response Gbit/s data transmission 0 15 20 45 60 75 3 0 GaAs Modulator Measured Optical Modulation (db) -3 LiNb0 3 Modulator -6 GaAs Modulator Modelling -9 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Frequency (GHz) GaAs/AlGaAs Mach-Zender Modulator RF Conductive n-doped layer S.I. Substrate
Fiber Grating Holographic Fabrication Technique Performance of actual filters 1545.32 1546.12 1546.92 1547.72 1548.52 1549.32 1550.12 0 Transmission (db) -10-20 -30-40 Fiber Grating (100 GHz) Bulk Diffraction Grating (100 GHz) Dielectric filter Wavelength (nm)
3D MEMS OXC Mirror arrays Fibre arrays 256 ports > 1,000 ports SG-DBR Tunable Laser Source Optical Output Power (mw in fibre) 0-5 -10-15 Module 9831L Tuning Comb; Superimposed Spectra -20-25 -30-35 -40-45 -50-55 -60 1525 1530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560 1565 1570 1575 Wavelength (nm)
Laser Structure Principle of Optical Cross-connect Based on Tuneable Laser and Passive Router TP TP TP TP TP TP Transponder Waveguide Grating Router / NxN AWG Router #1 #1 #8 #8 Routes inputs to outputs according to input port number and input wavelength Tuneable laser Passive, reliable, piece of glass!
Minimum IC structure dimensions (as reported at the IEEE SSC conference) 10 Minimum dimension, µm 5 1 0.5 Forecast average 5 1 0.5 0.1 Range for optical microstructures 0.1 0.05 0.05 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 After Alec Broers Year Zoom Movie All actual pictures of electronic devices (movie by Richard Beanland)
pbg integration technology High confinement implies dense circuits without crosstalk -- needed to match electronic densities and switch performance Hole Array (Glasgow) Self-assembled Pyramid Array (Imperial College)