Ruler Beaker Microscope Thermometer Bunsen Burner (We use Hot plates) Eye Dropper/ Pipette Test tube Holder tweezers Goggles Scalpel Tongs Graduated cylinder C L B D A I E G H K J F
Youtube: Powers of Ten (1977) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fkbhvdjuy0 metric system ten meters grams g liters l degrees celsius o C Universal Easy to Understand/Convert Communication between scientists all over the world King Henry Doesn't Usually Drink Chocolate Milk.001 =.01 = Decimal to the left (bigger unit = smaller number).1 = 1 = 10 = 100 = 1000= Decimal to the right (smaller unit = bigger number) 1,000,000 micro (µm) - means 1/1000,000 or 0.000001 3 steps from milli- 1.0 1600 0.109 1000 14000 0.250 =600 cm = 0.698 g
ruler centimeter 10 millimeters mm 10 mm 2.6 2.5-1=1.5 1.5 cm 15 mm 90mm 1.6 mm 10.6 mm 9cm 10.6-1.6= 90 mm = 9 cm Homework-Due Wednesday graduated cylinder liters meniscus l Eye level; graduated cylinder on flat surface; read middle of meniscus 11 13 4 degrees celsius fahrenheit; kelvin thermometer o C hand adds heat; making results incorrect incorrect measurements 13 C 98.3 C -0.7 C
grams balance/scale g 90g 100g 190.4g 0.4g = 30g 0g 37.3g 7.3g how close a measured value is to the actual value how close the measured values are to each other Humans make mistakes Human error Observations- using Five senses Tools-extend senses to make measurements more accurate
Aim#3 small specimen Eyepiece ocular Nosepiece low high lenses magnification Objective Lenses 4x 40x Stage Clips Holds stage specimen Light Source upward stage specimen light Arm Hold Coarse Adjustment knob Scanning Fine adjustment knob Focus Diaphragm Base microscope magnified, upside down and backwards opposite Right e
Eyepiece Fine Focus Arm Low Power Objective
Some more tools used by biologists
Aim #1 3 Safety, Instrumentation, Microscope Compound Light Microscope: - used in the high school labs - magnifies 400x-2000x - Light passes through specimen (specimen needs to be thin) Stains- help make specimen more visible Some stains kill the specimen, "vital" stains do not harm the specimen Stereoscopic Dissecting Microscope: - used mainly during dissections - uses reflected light (illuminates specimen) - magnifies ONLY 10-50x - used to study small structures (opaque objects, such as insects) - gives a three dimensional view *Can you identify these items as seen under a dissecting microscope? Hint: Under certain conditions, this could make you sneeze... Hint: This handy little item has a name that stands for "Quality." Hint: While you re out basking in the sun, you can indulge in some of these.
Aim #1 3 Safety, Instrumentation, Microscope Electron Microscope: shoots electrons at the specimen which are then reflected onto photographic film. Magnification is 200,000X (viruses and cell organelles) Only dead specimens can be studied. VIRUSES can only be seen with this type of microscopes. - Scanning Electron Microscope: specimen can be studied whole *Describe what happens to the image of the fly in the field of view as the magnification increases? * Image: Fly with increasing magnification http://www.history.com/videos/written in bone scanning electron microscope demo#written in bone scanning electron microscope demo http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012 03/video first living animal ever imaged scanning electron microscope Other microscopes Phase contrast microscopes this microscope enhances contrast and therefore are useful for studying living specimen. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) used for studying the interior of cells, like cell organelles. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) used for studying the surface or topography of cells. Image has a 3 D appearance.
Aim #1 3 Safety, Instrumentation, Microscope https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fkbhvdjuy0 Microtome: slicing machine for preparation of thin sections of specimens for viewing under the microscope.
Ultracentrifuge/Cell fractionation: - separates materials according to their density - Used to separate cell components of the different types of cells in blood (cell fractionation) Some centrifuges you know:
Aim #1 3 Safety, Instrumentation, Microscope Microdissection Apparatus: - instruments used to perform micro surgery - individual cell organelles like the nucleus can be removed added, or transferred from one cell to another - Common part of cloning. Also called a Micromanipulator. Cloning Video Discovery Education Chromatography: - separates materials by different solubilities. - Often used to separate pigments in chlorophyll.
Gel Electrophoresis: - uses electrical voltage to separate fragments of DNA (also RNA and proteins) - It is used during DNA fingerprinting which helps identify people by their DNA. http://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/gelelectrophoresis.html http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/gel/
Cell Culturing: - growing cells outside of the body in nutrient solutions. - Cancer cells and others can be used to test the effectiveness of medications safely since tests are performed outside the body. - Affects of pollutants can be studied on healthy cells that are cultured outside the body. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301 3445_162 6300824/the immortal henrietta lacks/