International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Data Communication, ISSN: 23284 Volume, Issue-4, April14 INTERLINE UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER: DESIGN AND SIMULATION 1 V.S.VENKATESAN, 2 P.CHANDHRA SEKHAR, 3 R.A.DESHPANDE, 4 V.MURALIDHARA 1,2,3 Distribution Systems Division Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore 4 Associate Director & Prof. of EEE SET, Jain University, Bangalore Email: vscpri@gmail.com, pcs@cpri.in, rad@cpri.in, v.muralidhara.1952@gmail.com Abstract This paper proposes a new connection for a UPQC to improve the power quality of two feeders in a distribution system. A UPQC consists of a series dynamic-voltage restorer (DVR) and a shunt active power filter (APF) both joined together by a common dc bus. It is demonstrated how this device can be connected between two independent feeders to regulate the bus voltage of one of the feeders while regulating the current across a load in the other feeder. Since the UPQC is connected between two different feeders (lines), this connection of the UPQC will be called an interline UPQC (IUPQC). The structure, control and capability of the IUPQC are discussed in this paper. The efficacy of the proposed configuration has been verified through simulation studies using Matlab. Keywords Distribution System, Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner (IUPQC), Power Quality. I. INTRODUCTION Power quality is defined as the concept of powering and grounding electronic equipment in a manner that is suitable to the operation of that equipment and compatible with the premise wiring system and other connected equipment in Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard 11599. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defined power quality as set of parameters defining the properties of power quality as delivered to the user in terms of supply and characteristics of voltage(frequency and magnitude). The causes of power quality problems can be classified into two categories First categories: These are natural phenomenon. Lightning strikes on transmission line (or) distribution feeders. Falling of tree branches on transmission line (or) distribution feeders. Second categories: This category contributes to voltage sags, voltage swells, harmonics, etc., Transformer energization. Usage of power electronics loads like UPS, ASDS, etc., Capacitor or feeder switching. Arc furnace operation. Heating systems. Switching ON/OFF of large loads. Lighting systems. To define power quality, the following terms are used 1. Long duration voltage variations (over voltage, under voltage, sustained interruption) 2. Short duration voltage variations (sag, swell, interruption, flicker) 3. Transients 4. Voltage imbalance 5. Voltage fluctuations 6. Wave form distortion 7. Power frequency variations/ transients The most significant and critical power quality problems are voltage sags, voltage swells and current harmonics which are shown in Figure 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Voltage Sags: Figure 1. Voltage Sag Waveform Sag is a decrease in the rms voltage from.1 pu to.8 pu for a time period less than 1 minute. As per IEC standard voltage sags are referred by a term called dip. A 2% of sag will decrease the nominal voltage to 8% (or).8 pu. For e.g. if an induction motor is stared it may draw 6 to 8 times the rated load current and finally resulting in a voltage sag. Voltage Swells: 57 Figure 2. Voltage Swell Waveform
International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Data Communication, ISSN: 23284 A swell is defined as the increase in the fundamental frequency voltage from 1.1 pu to 1.8 pu for a time period less than 1 minute. Sometimes voltage swells can be experienced by an unfaulted phase during a single line ground fault. The severity of the swell depends on fault location, system impedance and grounding. Current Harmonic Distortion: Figure 3. Current Harmonic Distortion Waveform The harmonic voltage and current distortion are strongly linked with each other because harmonic voltage distortion is mainly due to non-sinusoidal load current. Current harmonic distortion requires over rating of series components like transformer and cables. As the series resistance increases with frequency, a distorted current will cause more losses than a sinusoidal current of the same rms value. Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner (IUPQC) is a relatively new member of the custom power device. It is a combination of shunt and series compensators. Generally power quality problems arise either because of supply voltage distortion or because of load current distortion. Since a UPQC has both series and shunt compensators, it can handle supply voltage and load current problem simultaneously when installed at the point of common coupling. It can protect sensitive loads from power quality events arising from the utility side and at the same time can stop the disturbance being injected in to the utility from load side. To improve the quality of power for non-linear and voltage sensitive load UPQC is one of the best solution. Volume, Issue-4, April14 Each of the two VSCs is realized by three H-bridge inverters. In its structure, each switch represents a power semiconductor device (IGBT- Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) and an anti-parallel diode. All the inverters are supplied from a common single dc capacitor Cdc and each inverter has a transformer connected at its output. Series inverter control: Sag/ swell detection, voltage reference generation, voltage injection strategies and methods for generating of gating signals. Shunt inverter control: Current reference generation, methods for generating of gating signals and capacitor voltage control. The complete structure of a three-phase IUPQC with two such VSCs is shown in Figure.4 The distribution sides of the shunt-connected transformers (VSC-1) are connected in star with the neutral point being connected to the load neutral. The secondary winding of the series-connected transformers (VSC) are directly connected in series with the bus B and load L. The ac filter capacitors Cf and Ck are also connected in each phase to prevent the flow of the harmonic currents generated due to switching. The six inverters of the IUPQC are controlled independently. The switching action is obtained using output feedback control. The feeder impedances are denoted by the pairs (Rs1, Ls1) and (Rs2, Ls2). It can be seen that the two feeders supply the loads L-1 and L. The load L-1 is assumed to have two separate components an unbalanced part (L-11) and a non-linear part (L-12). The currents drawn by these two loads are denoted by i l 1 and i l 2, respectively. We further assume that the load L is a sensitive load that requires uninterrupted and regulated voltage. The shunt VSC (VSC-1) is connected to bus B-1 at the end of Feeder-1, while the series VSC (VSC) is connected at bus B at the end of Feeder. The voltages of buses B-1 and B and across the sensitive load terminal are denoted by Vt1, Vt2, and V l 2, respectively. II. INTERLINE UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER The Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner (IUPQC) consists of two Voltage Source Converters (VSC-1 and VSC) that are connected back to back through a common energy storage dc capacitor. The VSC-1 is connected in shunt to feeder-1 while the VSC is connected in series with feeder. III. CONTROL SCHEME The voltage compensation signal V error is compared with a fixed frequency carrier wave to generate the firing pulses as Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals as shown in Figure. 5. The voltage in the same phase with supply side generated by voltage source inverter is injected to the load side. Figure 4. Typical IUPQC connected in a distribution system Figure 5. Generation of PWM gate signals 58
International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Data Communication, ISSN: 23284 The VSC switching strategy is based on a sinusoidal PWM technique which offers simplicity and good response. Since custom power is a relatively low power application, PWM methods offer a more flexible option than the fundamental frequency switching (FFS) methods favored in FACTS applications. Besides, high switching frequencies can be used to improve the efficiency of the converter, without incurring significant switching losses. The shunt bidirectional converter that is connected through an inductor in parallel with the load terminals accomplishes three functions simultaneously. It injects reactive current to compensate current harmonics of the load. It provides reactive power for the load and there by improve power factor of the system. It also draws the fundamental current to compensate the power loss of the system and make the voltage of DC capacitor constant. IV. SIMULATION MODEL OF THE IUPQC The simulation model of IUPQC is shown in Figure 6 V. SIMULATION RESULTS Volume, Issue-4, April14 The simulation results are presented to show the performance of IUPQC for harmonic elimination and swell mitigation 1) Without IUPQC The voltage of bus B-1 and load L-1 currents, when no IUPQC is connected to the distribution system are shown in figure 7, 8 and 9. All the figures showing three phase waveforms the phases A, B and C are showed by red, yellow and green lines respectively. Figure 7 (a), (b) and (c) that due to the presence of unbalanced and nonlinear load L-1, the voltage V t 1 is both unbalanced and distorted. V o lta g e (V ) V olt age (V ) 2 x 14 Va.5.1.15.2.25.3.35 2 x 14 Figure 7. (a) Instantaneous load voltage (A Phase) Vb.5.1.15.2.25.3.35 2 x 14 Figure 7. (b) Instantaneous load voltage (B Phase) Vc V o l ta g e (V ).5.1.15.2.25.3.35 Figure 7. (c) Instantaneous load voltage (C Phase) Figure 8 (a), (b) and (c) the load L-11 causes an unbalanced in the current i l12. 2 L11 Ia.5.1.15.2.25.3.35 Figure 8. (a) Instantaneous load (L11) current (A Phase) 2 L11 Ib C u rre n t(a ).5.1.15.2.25.3.35 1 Figure 8. (b) Instantaneous load (L11) current (B Phase) L11 Ic -1.5.1.15.2.25.3.35 Figure 8. (c) Instantaneous load (L11) current (C Phase) Figure 6. Simulation Model of IUPQC Figure 9 (a), (b) and (c) the load L-12 causes distortion in the current i l11. 59
International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Data Communication, ISSN: 23284 1 L12 Ia -1.5.1.15.2.25.3.35 Figure 9. (a) Instantaneous load (L12) current (A Phase) 1 L12 Ib 2 1-1 Volume, Issue-4, April14.5.1.15.2.25.3.35.4.45.5 Figure 13. B bus voltages (V t2) -1.5.1.15.2.25.3.35 Figure 9. (b) Instantaneous load (L12) current (B Phase) 1 L12 Ic 6 4 2 The dc capacitor voltage V dc is shown in figure 14 Vdc -1.5.1.15.2.25.3.35 Figure 9. (c) Instantaneous load (L12) current (C Phase) 2) With IUPQC The figures 1, 11, 12 and 13 showing three phase waveforms the phases A, B and C are showed by red, blue and green lines respectively. Figure 1 and 11 shows the three phase B-1 voltages V t 1 are perfectly balanced and once the voltage become balanced the current drawn by feeder-1 i s 1 also become balance. 1 x 14-1.5.1.15.2.25.3.35.4.45.5 Figure 1. B-1 bus voltages (V t1) C u r r e n t ( A ) 2 x 14.5.1.15.2.25.3.35.4.45.5 Figure 11. Feeder-1 currents (i s1) Figure 12 and 13 shows the load L bus voltages V l 2 are also perfectly sinusoidal with the desired peak the converter VSC injects the required voltage in the system and the bus B voltages V t 2 can be seen to have a much smaller magnitude. V o lta g e (V ) 2 x 14.5.1.15.2.25.3.35.4.45.5 Figure 12. L load voltages (V l2).2.4.6.8.1.12.14.16.18.2 Figure 14. Vdc voltage Mitigation of Voltage Swell A three phase supply voltage (11kv, 5Hz) with momentary swell of.15 pu magnitude and the duration about.2 to 2 cycles is taken. 1) Without IUPQC The system generated swells waveform shown in Figure 15 4 2-4.5.1.15.2.25.3.35.4 Figure 15. System with voltage swells 2) With IUPQC The system mitigated swells waveform shown in Figure 16 V o lt a g e (V ) 2 x 14.5.1.15.2.25.3.35.4 Figure 16. System with mitigated voltage swells CONCLUSION This paper describes a new connection for a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) to improve the power quality of two feeders in a distribution system. It is demonstrated how this device is connected between two independent feeders to regulate the bus voltage of one of the feeders while 6
International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Data Communication, ISSN: 23284 regulating the current across a load in the other feeder. From the result, it can be concluded that, whenever there is a voltage swell in either of the feeders, one feeder readily compensates for the other. The structure, control and capability of the IUPQC have been discussed in this paper. The efficacy of the proposed configuration has been verified through simulation studies using Matlab. For all the types of disturbances the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) after compensation is to be less than 5% which is as per IEEE standards. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors wish to thank the management of Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore for permitting to publish this paper. REFERENCES [1] Understanding Power Quality Problems, Voltage Sags and Interruptions By Math.HJ.Bollen [2] Electrical Power Systems Quality Second Edition, by Roger C. Dugan/ Mark F. Mc Granaghan, Surya Santoso/ H. Wayne Beaty [3] H. Fujita and H. Akagi, The unified power quality conditioner: The integration of series and shunt active filters, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol 13, No. 2, Mar. 1998 pp. 315-322. Volume, Issue-4, April14 [4] Ghosh and G. Ledwich, Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices. Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 22. [5] J. Holtz, Pulse width modulation A survey, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 38, pp. 41 42, Oct. 1992. [6] F. Z. Peng and J. S. Lai, Generalized instantaneous reactive power theory for three-phase power systems, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 293 297, Feb. 1996. [7] G. Ledwich and A. Ghosh, A flexible DSTATCOM operating in voltage and current control mode, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Gen., Transm. Distrib., vol. 149, no. 2, pp. 215 224, 22. [8] M. K. Mishra, A. Ghosh, and A. Joshi, Operation of a DSTATCOM in voltage control mode, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 1, pp.258 264, Jan. 23. [9] Ghosh, A. K. Jindal, and A. Joshi, A unified power quality conditioner for voltage regulation of critical load bus, in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. General Meeting, Denver, CO, Jun. 6 1, 24. [1] Ghosh and G. Ledwich, A unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) for simultaneous voltage and current compensation, Elect Power Syst. Res., vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 55 63, 21. [11] N.H. Woodley, A.Sundaram, B. Coulter and D.Moris, Dynamic voltage restorer demonstration project experience in Proc. 12th Conf. Elect. Power Supply Ind., Pattaya, Thailand, 1998. [12] F. Kamran and T. G. Habetler, Combined deadbeat control of a seriesparallel converter combination used as a universal power filter, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 16 168, Jan. 1998. [13] R. C. Dugan, M. F. McGranaghan, S. Santoso, and H. W. Beaty, Electrical Power Systems Quality, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 23, ch. 8. 61