LECTURE 7. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS (PART 2)

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CIRCUITS by Ulaby & Maharbiz All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. LECTURE 7. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS (PART 2) 07/16/2013 ECE225 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute. 2013 National Technology and Summing Amplifier All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute. 2013 National Technology and 1

Example 4-3: Solution: All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute. 2013 National Technology and Difference Amplifier Note negative gain of channel 1 Voltage Follower Buffers Sections of Circuit depends on both input and load resistors is immune to input and load resistors What is the op amp doing? 2

All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute. 2013 National Technology and Example 4-5: Elevation Sensor h = elevation, inversely proportional to air pressure Sensor Response Desired Output Example 4-6: Multiple Op-Amp Circuit 3

Measurement Uncertainty Direct Measurement Thermistor (T = 21 C) v2 G = 1 ±1% V0 = V2 ± 1% of V2 21 C ± 0.21 C Differential Measurement Thermistor (T = 21 C) v2 G = 1 1% V0 = (V2 V1) ± 1% of (V2 V1) 1 C ± 0.01 C v1 Fixed Reference Temp = 20 C Much better measurement uncertainty Instrumentation Amplifier Highly sensitive differential amplifier v o R R R R R 5 R 2 4 1 2 3 v2 v1 Digital to Analog Converter Converts digital value into analog voltage 4-digit example 4

Digital to Analog Converter Represent digital value with analog voltage MOSFET (Field Effect Transistor) Active Device: Voltage Controlled Current Source Gate voltage controls drain/source current MOSFET Equivalent Circuit Characteristic curves Idealized response 5

Example 4-9: MOSFET Amplifier Given: Determine Load Line You can use a load line to graphically determine V out = V DS for a given V in = V GS V /R VDD/RD R L VDD Digital Circuit: MOSFET Inverter Vin V GS G V DD = 15 V D S R L I D V out V DS V DD 15 Output Output High High Logic 1 Logic 1 V DS =V out 10 5 In Out 0 1 1 0 In Out Input Low Output Output Low Low Logic 0 Logic 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 V GS =V in Input High 6

Read-Only Memory (ROM) Circuits All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute. 2013 National Technology and VREAD = 1 VBIT = 0100 Another Digital Circuit Element: NAND No current flows through resistor, unless both A and B inputs turn their transistors on to pull down V out V DD A Out B A B V out A B Out 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 NAND gates can be used to build any binary logic function Another Digital Circuit Element: NOR Current will flow if either A or B inputs turn their transistors on to pull down V out V DD A B Out A V out B A B Out 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 NOR gates can be used to build any binary logic function 7

All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute. 2013 National Technology and Wafer: Thin slice of semiconductor material with highly polished surface Processed wafer is cut into many dies or chips. Lithography: Defining spatial pattern Photoresist: Polymer material that does not allow etching or deposition of areas underneath it. All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute. 2013 National Technology and Lithography: Defining spatial pattern Photoresist: Polymer material that does not allow etching or deposition of areas underneath it. 8

All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute. 2013 National Technology and All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute. 2013 National Technology and All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute. 2013 National Technology and 9

Tech Brief 6: Display Technologies Tech Brief 6: Display Technologies Digital Light Processing (DLP) Summary 10

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