Pedestal Turbulence Dynamics in ELMing and ELM-free H-mode Plasmas Z. Yan1, G.R. McKee1, R.J. Groebner2, P.B. Snyder2, T.H. Osborne2, M.N.A. Beurskens3, K.H. Burrell2, T.E. Evans2, R.A. Moyer4, H. Reimerdes5 and X. Xu6 University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA 2 General Atomics, San Diego, USA 3 EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Sc. Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK 4 University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA 5 Columbia University, New York, New York, USA 6 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94550, USA. 1 Presented at the Twenty-third IAEA Fusion Energy Conference Daejeon, Republic of Korea October 11 16, 2010 Z.Yan IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Daejeon, Korea, Oct. 2010
Outline Dual-band long wavelength broadband density turbulence observed in ELMing H-mode plasmas - Modulated with ELM cycle; modes propagating in opposite poloidal directions - Lower frequency band (50-150 khz) dynamics correlate with pedestal electron pressure evolution - Lower frequency band exhibits KBM like features: propagating in the ion diamagnetic direction in the plasma frame; decorrelation rate exceeding E B shearing rate High Frequency Coherent Modes (HFC) are observed in ELM-free Quiescent H-mode (QH) plasma - Mode localized to the pedestal region - KBM like features: mode frequency close to 0.2-0.3 ion diamagnetic frequency; propagating in ion diamagnetic direction in the plasma frame; mode decorrelation rate exceeding E B shearing rate, medium-n structure (n=10-25) Turbulence enhancement during RMP ELM-suppressed plasmas - Turbulence enhancement varies radially with significant enhancement in core and modest response at pedestal - RMP-turbulence exhibits fast few ms temporal response to RMP modulation near r/a=0.8, and ~10 ms deeper in the core
Density Fluctuation Builds Up Quickly after ELM Crash at Low * (0.4%) and Slower at High *(0.8%) in ELMing H-mode Plasmas * is scanned by a factor of 2 while keeping the other dimensional parameters at the pedestal top constant Two bands of fluctuations 1) 50-150 khz, 2) 200-400 khz propagate in different direction (i.e., e/i diamagnetic drift) - Different underlying instabilities? At *~0.4% density fluctuation saturates in a few ms At *~0.8% density fluctuation saturates >10 ms Higher frequency band fluctuation does not change significantly with time k ~0.3 cm -1 for 100 khz at r/a~0.95 for *~0.4% 5 6 BES r/a~0.94 *~0.4% *~0.6% *~0.8% Note: Using test data in besmenu. Dc normalized
Low Frequency Band Turbulence Dynamics Consistent with Pedestal Electron Pressure Evolution Pedestal electron pressure time evolution correlated with low frequency band (50-150 khz) turbulence time evolution at *~0.4% Saturation level ( n/n)/( n/n) max ) *~0.4% n n n at r/a~0.94 n max * Normalized pedestal pressure Average ELM free window is ~17ms
Two Modes Propagate in Different Directions in Plasma Frame Dual bands do not individually match ExB velocity Dual bands propagate in different direction in the plasma frame at fraction of diamagnetic velocity *~0.4% e (200k-350k) *~0.6% *~0.8% V EXB i (50k-150k) Turbulence velocity V measured by cross correlation time lag V,turbulence =V EXB +V mode V mode ~V D
Decorrelation Rate Exceeds ExB Shearing Rate - - Decorrelation rate decreases at later time in the ELM cycle Does this decrease in the growth rate suggest turbulence saturation mechanism other than equilibrium ExB shearing rate? Need more sets of data and studies before drawing a conclusion Similar regime predicted for KBM that the growth rate of KBM will exceed E B shearing at high pressure gradient D *~0.4% Decorrelation rate - ExB shearing rate 100% C s /a 0-10% 80-99%
No Dependence of Radial Correlation Length on * Radial correlation length for lower frequency band fluctuation (50-150 khz) has no dependence on * Poloidal correlation length has a little dependence on * M.N.A Beurskens et al., showed that the pedestal width has no or weak dependence on * [1] Correlation Radial correlation length *~0.4% *~0.6% *~0.8% r/a~0.94 Correlation Poloidal correlation length r (cm) L r ~2 cm z (cm) *~0.4% : L ~2 cm *~0.6%&0.8% : L ~1.5 cm [1] M.N.A Beurskens, et al., PPCF, 51,124051, (2009)
High Pedestal Pressure Quiescent-H mode Discharges Exhibit High Frequency Coherent Modes Pedestal Stability Diagram Pedestal Current Normalized Pedestal Pressure Gradient ( ) Super H P. Snyder High frequency coherent (HFC) modes peaking ~150 khz appear when EHO disappears High frequency coherent modes peaking at ~150 khz f (khz) BES n spectrum @ r/a~0.95 EHO Transition from EHO to HFC occurs as electron pedestal pressure increases Pedestal pressure saturates when modes appear HFC modes disappear at ELMs and rapidly reappear after EHO: n~1-3 magnetics HFC mode: n~20 (inferred from k measurements and ELITE mode structure comparisons) D Emission Pedestal Height t (ms)
High Frequency Coherent Modes: k ~0.17-0.4 cm -1 k ~0.17-0.4 cm -1, somewhat lower than ITG mode Dominant toroidal mode number n~19 Not shown in the magnetic probe measurements r/a~0.95 BES spectrum @ r/a~0.95 onset of HFC t=3200ms Magnetic fluctuation spectrum t=2700ms
Mode Propagating in the Ion Diamagnetic Direction in the Plasma Frame Mode frequency separation ( n=1) compared with calculated separation Intrinsic mode frequency ~0.2-0.3 times ion diamagnetic frequency consistent with the KBM predicted frequency ( k V E B ) f Frequency separation between two successive modes from BES
Mode Decorrelation Rate (1/ c ) Comparable to ExB Shearing Rate in the Edge Barrier High ExB shearing rate expected to quench ITG, TEM At high pedestal pressure gradient KBM expected to be driven unstable HFC 1/ c comparable to ExB shearing rate at the edge barrier - Similar regime as KBM that the high growth rates can exceed ExB shear and potentially saturate pressure gradients Typical ExB shearing rate in edge barrier General Behavior Growth Rate - ITG - TEM - KBM Normalized Pressure Gradient
Broadband Turbulence Increases During ELM Suppression via Resonant Magnetic Perturbations (RMP) Typical RMP ELM-Suppressed Discharge: IP=1.55 MA, BT=1.9T, q95=3.6, PINJ=8 MW Long-Wavelength Fluctuations Measured with 2D BES Array 132465 132463 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Minor Radius (r/a) RMP Broadband Fluctuations L-H RMP Time (ms) r/a=0.88
Broadband Fluctuation Amplitude Increase Most Pronounced at Outer Core When RMP Applied Pedestal region (0.9 < r/a < 1.0) exhibits modest increase in amplitude Core fluctuations (r/a<0.9) exhibit dramatic increase during RMP - Spectral structure of turbulence also changes: fluctuations extend to high wavenumber No change near q=3/2 surface, r/a 0.6 Fluctuation Amplitude (a.u.) 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.4 ELM-suppressed Phase ELM'ing Phase q=3/2 BES 0.5 0.6 q=3/2 MSE-EFIT 0.7 0.8 Minor Radius (r/a) 0.9 Fluctuation Power Fluctuation Power Fluctuation Power 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 7x10-9 50 6 4 2 10-8 8 6 4 2 10-9 8 6 50 6 5 4 3 2 1 100 100 100 ELM-free (RMP) ELM'ing (No RMP) 150 200 150 = 0.96 200 ELM'ing (No RMP) ELM-free (RMP) 300 200 Frequency (khz) 250 = 0.68 400 250 ELM-free (RMP) ELM'ing (No RMP) = 0.85 300
Modulated I-Coil Pulses Applied to Examine Turbulence and Density Profile Response RMP from 4 ka I-Coil results in full ELM suppression - Modulation depth limited to 2 ka by high-speed (SPA) power supplies Da bursts Affects - Recycling D - Density - Pped - Turbulence - E Density I-Coil Current Pedestal Pressure Time (ms)
Turbulence Response Time to RMP Modulation Varies Radially Integrated fluctuation amplitudes evaluated at high time resolution by phase-lock averaging over multiple cycles 0.14 10000 0.12 8000 Fluctuation Amplitude 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 r/a=0.85 r/a=0.70 r/a=0.58 I-Coil 6000 4000 2000 I-Coil Current (A) 0.00 2500 142250, Ch 1,25,57 arrays, ALT-CP, MD: 2.56 On, 197.44 Off ra:80-400khz, np/nb: 128/9375 (2.5-3.9sec) 2600 2700 Time (ms) Near r/a=0.85, local turbulence responds within a few ms to RMP At smaller radii, turbulence response time to RMP increases 2800 0 2900
Pedestal Fluctuations Exhibit Complex Response to RMP RMP turn-off allows for examination of pedestal fluctuations as pedestal pressure builds ELMs return ~120 ms after RMP turn-off Pedestal Fluctuations Pedestal P Turbulence Transient Turbulence Reduction RMP Off r/a=0.96 RMP Turbulence Fluctuation Amplitude (a.u.) 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2850 2900 r/a=0.96 r/a=0.92 I-Coil 2950 Time (ms) 132468, Ch13/14, NP/NB:256/20 RA:75-150kHz 3000 0 3050 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 IL30 (A) Pedestal ne Height Return of the ELMs 32
Resonant Magnetic Perturbations Enhance Turbulence and Particle Transport Turbulence and particle transport increase when RMP applied to H-mode discharges to suppress ELMs Significant enhancement to higher frequency fluctuations Fluctuation enhancement varies radially Significant enhancement for 0.40 < r/a < 1.0 Null Radius near r/a=0.5-0.55 (near q=3/2 surface) with little fluctuation change with RMP Pedestal exhibits modest response, complicated by P/ELM changes RMP-turbulence exhibits fast temporal response (varies radially) Response time of few ms near r/a=0.8 ~10s ms deeper in core Not driven by ExB Shear changes Increase in turbulence at outer regions (r/a=0.8-1.0) consistent with direct effect of RMP on turbulence (causing transport?) Mechanism unidentified 34