Keysight Technologies PNA Receiver Reduces Antenna/RCS Measurement Test Times White Paper Abstract As antennas become more complex, their test requirements are also becoming more complex, requiring more data to fully evaluate the performance of today s modern antennas. At the same time, competition and time-to-market concerns are driving the need to reduce the cost of test for most antenna test facilities. This places stringent demands on our test facilities, personnel, and resources. To be competitive, new and creative ways are needed to meet these new demands. Fortunately, technology is changing, and these advances in technology if properly applied, can provide a way to reduce total test times and increase the productivity of test ranges. This paper will look at this new technology and examine how it can be applied to antenna measurements to significantly reduce measurement times. This paper will describe new technology features applicable to antenna/rcs measurements, configuration diagrams, typical antenna/rcs measurement scenarios, and measurement time comparisons for the different measurement scenarios. This will allow antenna test professionals to determine the measurement time reductions and productivity gains that can be achieved for their specific measurement ranges and test scenarios. Keywords: Antenna, radar cross section, measurement, RCS, instrumentation, test equipment, configurations, measurement systems, commercial products, speed, time.
Introduction Antenna measurements have been evolving for many years, and they will continue to evolve in the future. When we choose to operate in a high technology industry, we have to accept the fact that we will need to change with advances in technology. New technologies bring better, faster, more accurate measurement capabilities. To remain competitive in this industry, we need to evolve and change with technology, or get left behind. Prior to the 980s, antenna test engineers were using dedicated microwave receivers for antenna test applications. In 985 some companies began using a network analyzer as a receiver for antenna test applications. New technology had brought greater stability, accuracy, repeatability, and reliability to instrumentation, and the early adopters of this new technology applied it to antenna and RCS measurements []. Using a network analyzer as an antenna receiver was a new and novel idea in 985. The companies and individuals who adopted using the network analyzer technology to make antenna/rcs measurements were leading innovators [2], and many others followed this technology lead in later years. Over the years, with many antenna test facilities adopting this new superior technology, the network analyzer evolved into a dedicated microwave receiver specifically for antenna/rcs measurements []. With the next generation of network analyzers now available to the industry, history shows that the antenna test community needs to evaluate this new technology. They need to determine if it can provide similar gains in improved performance, accuracy, and speed in order to provide a better value for the antenna test community. This paper examines the productivity improvements achievable with the Keysight Technologies, Inc. new PNA series of network analyzers when they are utilized in various antenna/rcs measurement applications.
0 Keysight PNA Receiver Reduces Antenna/RCS Measurement Test Times - White Paper Economic Factors Affecting Antenna/RCS Testing There are two main factors affecting the antenna test professional today; one is technical, and the other is economic in nature. On the technical side, antenna designers are facing increasing demands for higher performance antennas, and they are delivering much more complex antennas to meet these needs. The antenna test professionals are seeing antennas with much more technical complexity, which require significantly more test data to completely characterize these higher performance antennas. The second demand facing the antenna test professional today is economic in nature. Even as antennas are becoming more complex, we find ourselves faced with the need to be economically competitive in designing, developing, and verifying the performance of the finished product. These economic considerations involve time-to-market, and cost-of-test issues. Time to market involves how quickly a company can design and develop a new antenna. A company that can develop new antennas quickly will be more likely to win development contracts, ensuring the future viability of the company. Cost of test directly affects the costs of manufacturing and producing antennas. Driving down the test time reduces the cost of test, which reduces the manufacturing costs and makes the company more cost competitive. Future viability of companies depends upon their ability to drive down the cost of their products while still maintaining a very high-quality product. This often requires a lot of measurement performance data be acquired and analyzed. A successful company needs to be able to address both the technical challenges of building modern high-performance antennas, as well as being able to develop and produce high-quality antennas in a cost-effective, and competitive manner. Thus the antenna test professional often finds themselves facing the dilemma of being required to take increased amounts of test data in less time than was allocated in the past.
04 Keysight PNA Receiver Reduces Antenna/RCS Measurement Test Times - White Paper Introducing A New Series of Network Analyzers The new PNA series of network analyzers have many new features that are of particular interest to antenna/rcs test professionals. It is useful to examine these features that can contribute to productivity gains in antenna/rcs test applications. For testing multiple channel antennas, the PNA receiver has four internal test receivers (A, B, R, R2), and it can measure up to three test channels (or antenna ports) simultaneously. Thus the PNA can be configured to measure A/R, B/R, R2/R simultaneously in one data acquisition period. For a monopulse antenna, being able to acquire data from all three test ports simultaneously in one data acquisition period can reduce the data acquisition times significantly, and eliminate the need for external PIN switches. The PNA has a new reverse frequency sweep capability that is particularly useful in near-field measurements. The PNA has a very versatile arbitrary sweep mode that allows users to sweep in ascending, descending, or arbitrary and random frequency jumps. For near-field applications, the PNA can sweep from F to Fn on one direction of the scanner movement, and then sweep from Fn to F when the scanner moves in the opposite direction. This reverse sweep feature of the PNA allows dual directional scans for near-field measurements, which is an important feature for minimizing the data acquisition and scanning times. For buffering and transferring acquired data, the PNA has up to 6 channels, each with up to 6,00 data point capacity. Normally only one of these channels is needed for antenna/rcs data acquisitions. For data intensive acquisitions, the fast data transfer out of the PNA is useful for transferring the data from the PNA to an external computer. Using DCOM over the LAN port of the PNA for data transfer, up to 60 data points can be transferred in 2 ms, and 6,00 data points can be transferred in 2 ms. For near-field acquisitions, it is possible to transfer the data acquired after each grid point in a scan, and the examples in this paper use this procedure. Another very useful feature in the PNA for near-field applications is the user selectable bandwidth. It allows the user to select a bandwidth that will minimize data acquisition time at a trade off of measurement sensitivity. Because the probe is located very close to the AUT, high measurement sensitivity is not the most important parameter, and thus wider bandwidths can be used to minimize data acquisition times. In the near-field examples in this paper, the bandwidth of the analyzer has been set to 5 khz to minimize data acquisition times.
05 Keysight PNA Receiver Reduces Antenna/RCS Measurement Test Times - White Paper Near-field Antenna Measurements A near-field antenna measurement configuration utilizing a PNA network analyzer is shown in Figure. This configuration is similar to a near-field measurement system that utilizes an 8720 network analyzer. However, the new PNA network analyzer has several new features and capabilities that will significantly improve the productivity of your measurement system. You will note from the configuration, that the three test ports of the AUT are being routed directly to the receiver, and are measured simultaneously. Thus for a monopulse antenna, all three test ports can be measured simultaneously from one trigger and in one data acquisition interval. Figure : Typical near-field antenna measurement configuration using a PNA with option 04. To illustrate the near-field measurement speed of the PNA receiver, it is useful to consider a typical measurement scenario. Lets assume that we desire to test an active array monopulse antenna with three test ports (sum, delta azimuth, and delta elevation) and we desire to measure the co-polarized response at multiple frequencies in X-band. Lets assume that there are active beam states, and that the near-field sampling grid requires 00 x 00 sampling points. The number of data points to be acquired at one grid point can be calculated as (# antenna ports) * (# polarizations) * (# beam states) * (# frequencies). As long as this number of data points is < 6,00 points, one channel of the PNA can be used to acquire all theses data points, and then transfer them from the PNA to the external computer before the scanner gets to the next grid point. All the near-field examples in this paper used this procedure. For the PNA measurement times, the formula for calculating the measurement times is not as straight forward as for the 850B/C systems. The time for the PNA to make the near-field data acquisition consists of the acquisition, frequency switching, retrace, and analyzer overhead times. Rather than trying to develop a formula for determining the measurement speed, the actual measurement scenarios were set up on the PNA, and the measurement times were measured. This method provides actual measurement times for the PNA in a variety of measurement scenarios. Since actual measurement scenarios of various different users will vary from the examples provided in this paper, average data acquisition times per data point are provided as a guideline for users who may want to estimate their particular measurement scenario s acquisition time.
06 Keysight PNA Receiver Reduces Antenna/RCS Measurement Test Times - White Paper Table provides a summary of the data acquisition times achieved with the PNA network analyzer, in a variety of different near-field measurement scenarios. The first thing that is noticed from the different measurement scenarios is that as the complexity of the measurement increases, the measurement times increase, which is to be expected. The data acquisition times for the PNA vary from 7 minutes for a simple measurement, to 7.7 hours for a very complex measurement at 62 frequencies. The average data acquisition time per data point is calculated by setting up the PNA for the measurement scenario, measuring the time it takes to measure the data, and then dividing the measurement time by the number of data points. For example, for the measurement scenario of antenna test ports, polarization, 64 beam states, and five frequencies, requires (**64*5) = 960 data points per nearfield grid point. The PNA can measure these 960 data points in 7 ms, so the average data acquisition time per data point is calculated as 7 ms/960 = 76 μs. The table indicates that as the measurement complexity is increased (primarily the number of test frequencies increase), the average data acquisition time per data point increases. Having these average data acquisition times should be useful for estimating the approximate data acquisition time for a similar measurement scenario. Table. Near-field antenna measurement scenarios Number of test ports Polarizations Electronic beam states Frequencies Sampling grid: 00 x 00 PNA measurement time: Average data acquisition time /data point (μs): 64 5 7 min. 76 5 4 min. 52 0.4 hr. 48 20 2.6 hr. 47 40 5.0 hr. 46 62 7.7 hr. Probe velocity (cm/s):.6 4.2 2.0.0 0.5 0.5 850B/C measurement time: 44 min. 2.5 hr. 4.9 hr. 9.8 hr. 25. hr 6 hr. Average data acquisition time /data point (μs): 2 208 208 208 208 208 Probe velocity (cm/s): 4.2.2 0.6 0. Stepped Stepped 45 Corresponding measurement times for the 850B/C antenna measurement system using the 850A microwave receiver are also shown. This provides a point of comparison to a known measurement system, and highlights the productivity improvement achievable when a PNA receiver is utilized in a near-field antenna measurement system. In the examples shown, the PNA ranges from two to five times as fast as the 850B/C measurement system. This would provide a significant productivity enhancement to any near-field antenna range. It should be noted that for very basic near-field antenna measurements where only one frequency is measured, the maximum probe velocity often determines the total measurement time. As a result, the faster data acquisition speed of the PNA will not result in a reduction of the total measurement time. However, if the near-field range were ever expected to test a more complex antenna, having a PNA receiver would be a good capital investment in the near-field range.
07 Keysight PNA Receiver Reduces Antenna/RCS Measurement Test Times - White Paper Far-field Antenna Measurements A far-field antenna measurement system utilizing a PNA receiver is very similar to the 850B/C, and has been described previously [4]. To calculate a single angular increment measurement time for both the 850B/C and PNA, the following formula is used: ((R*C*P+ABD)*BP+S)*F, where: R = Receiver data acquisition time C = Channels of data to be measured ( antenna test ports) P = Number of polarizations states to be measured ABD = Additional beam dwell time (if required) BP = Number of electronic beam positions S = Source settling time F = Number of frequencies to be measured Once an angular increment acquisition time is determined, it is a simple calculation to determine the total AUT measurement time, as well as check the positioner velocity. Far-field applications require triggering the receiver for each antenna test port, unless it is practical to connect the microwave test signal from each antenna test port directly to the three receiver input channels on the PNA. There are two factors that tend to limit the measurement speeds achievable in far-field measurements. One is the frequency agility of the remote source; the second is the maximum velocity the positioner can be rotated. PSG sources, which are operated remotely with the PNA, have a 4-6 ms frequency switching speed. The 850B/C antenna measurement system, which utilizes the 860 synthesizers, has a 6-8 ms frequency switching speed. We do not see dramatic improvements in total measurement times when using a PNA receiver in a far-field application because the relatively slow frequency agility of the remote sources that are used with both the PNA and 850B/C systems tend to dominate the total measurement time. The positioner velocity is the second factor that can limit the measurement speed. For simple far-field test scenarios, both the 850B/C and PNA based measurement systems are much faster than the maximum velocity that the antenna positioner can be rotated. Therefore, the maximum positioner velocity rather than the data acquisition speed of the measurement instrumentation will determine the total measurement time. Because of these two factors, dramatic improvements in total measurement times are not usually achieved with a PNA receiver ina far-field application.
08 Keysight PNA Receiver Reduces Antenna/RCS Measurement Test Times - White Paper Table 2 shows several different far-field measurement scenarios. As can be seen, for low complexity measurements, there is none to minimal difference in total measurement times due to the positioner velocity limiting the data acquisition rate. As the measurement scenarios become more complex, with multiple electronic beam positions, and multiple frequencies, there is an improvement in the total measurement time with the PNA receiver over the 850B/C system. As the far-field measurement scenarios become more complex, usually with the number of test frequencies being greater than 0, the positioner s minimum velocity capability begins to limit the total data acquisition time. Positioners are generally operated at a continuous velocity, but as this velocity slows down to accommodate all the data acquisition between each angular sample point, the positioner reaches a speed where it can no longer rotate at a constant velocity. For most positioners, their minimum velocity is about 0. revolutions per minute. When data acquisition requirements become so intensive that the positioner must be slowed below this speed, the positioner will have to be operated in stepped motion, and then the positioner s slow speed will determine the total test time. For complex far-field measurements with frequencies greater than about 0 points, a faster external source would greatly reduce this restriction. Table 2. Far-field antenna measurement scenarios Number of test ports Polarizations Electronic beam states Frequencies Theta movement: ±0 in inc. Elevation steps: ±0 in inc. 5 64 54 5 28 5 0 2 20 PNA measurement time: 2 min. 2 min. 7 min. 25 min. 68 min. 4.0 hr. Positioner velocity (RPM):.0 0.29 Stepped 850B/C measurement time: 2 min. 2 min. 2 min. 5 min. 09 min. 6.6 hrs. Positioner velocity (RPM): 0.7 0.4 Stepped Stepped
09 Keysight PNA Receiver Reduces Antenna/RCS Measurement Test Times - White Paper Radar Cross-section Measurements For Radar Cross-Section measurements (RCS), the primary concerns for the measurement instrumentation are sensitivity, frequency agility, and data acquisition times. The PNA family of network analyzers is ideally suited for RCS applications. Many RCS ranges have utilized either the 850A/85 or the 8720 for the microwave RCS receiver. These receivers were chosen for their ability to provide fast frequency sweeps with good sensitivity. The harmonic sampling downconversion technology utilized in these receivers provided the fast sweep frequency agility desired for RCS applications, but had a tradeoff of not as much sensitivity as a fundamental or low-harmonic external mixing downconversion technology. The 850B system which utilized external mixers had the advantage of the superior sensitivity that was desired for RCS measurement applications, but had a tradeoff of requiring a relatively slower STEP frequency sweep (instead of a RAMP sweep utilized in the 850A/85 system) and the associated slower STEP frequency agility speeds of 6-8 ms. While both the harmonic sampling and external mixing systems were widely used in RCS applications, test engineers had to choose between a receiver downconversion technology that was either optimized for measurement sensitivity or frequency agility. The PNA has excellent measurement sensitivity, and fast data acquisition speeds, both of which are very important for RCS applications. The PNAs utilize mixer based downconversion technology to provide excellent measurement sensitivity. With the source and receiver both located in the same instrument, it can provide very fast frequency agility speeds of 9 μs per frequency point. With the new PNA, the RCS professional no longer has to choose between a receiver either optimized for sensitivity or one optimized for measurement speeds. The new PNAs provide the sensitivity, frequency agility, and fast data acquisition speeds required by RCS ranges in one new instrument. Figure 2 shows a typical RCS measurement configuration using a PNA analyzer. Notice that two of the PNA s receivers are used to measure the vertical and horizontal returned component simultaneously. Also, the internal transfer switch of the PNA is used to switch the internal source to either the vertical or horizontal input of the transmit horn antenna. This eliminates the need for an external PIN Switch. Figure 2. Typical RCS measurement configuration for measuring the full polarization matrix, using the PNA receiver.
0 Keysight PNA Receiver Reduces Antenna/RCS Measurement Test Times - White Paper To illustrate the reduction in measurement times that can be achieved with a PNA receiver, it is useful to look at an example measurement. Consider an RCS imaging application in which full polarization matrix data is to be acquired. For this example, lets assume a down range resolution of 80 data points, and a cross range acquisition of ±0 degrees and an angular increment of either 0. or 0.25 degrees. Table summarizes the total data acquisition times for the PNA receiver, with various down-range and cross-range resolutions [5]. For comparison purposes, the measurement times for the 850C and 850B measurement systems are also included. As can be seen from the comparison table, the PNA receiver is three times faster than the 850B/C systems. Thus the PNA receiver will provide significantly faster data acquisitions, and improved productivity on an RCS test range. Table. RCS full polarization matrix measurement times Down range resolution (points) Cross range resolution (degrees) Number of down range scan Total number of meas. points: 80 0.25 24 772,64 80 0. 60,925,604 60 0.25 24,54,64 60 0. 60,848,804 4000 0. 60 9,66,000 600 0. 60 8,466,404 PNA total measurement time: (-98 dbm sensitivity).2 min 8. min. 5. min.. min. 27.7 min. 96 min. 850C total meas. time: (-98 dbm sensitivity) 9.5 min. 24 min. not available not available not available not available PNA total measurement time: (- dbm sensitivity) 2 min. 54. min. 42.2 min 05. min. 4. hrs. 6.9 hrs 850B total meas. time: (- dbm sensitivity) 72 min..0 hr. not available not available not available not available There are several additional features of the PNA that are particularly useful in RCS configurations. Up to 6,00 data points are available per measurement trace, which provides extremely long alias-free down-range resolution for RCS measurements; the 850A has a maximum of 80 data points. A removable hard drive meets the security requirements often associated with RCS measurements. Having the source and receiver integrated into the same instrument, and having several different PNAs with different frequency ranges to select from has proven to be very cost effective in RCS applications. Typical Performance Comparisons The performance of the new PNA receivers when utilized in an antenna/rcs measurement system is summarized in tables -. As can be seen from the measurement time comparison tables, the PNA provides significantly faster data acquisition times, resulting in shorter total test times for characterizing an antenna or RCS target. Reducing the time it takes to characterize a company s product provides a significant economic benefit to the company as well as the antenna/rcs range operators. Other Test Range Configurations There are many different variations on the basic antenna/rcs ranges, and not all configurations and variations can be discussed in this limited space. The examples provide typical configurations and measurement times to guide the antenna test professional in designing their own measurement systems. The actual measurement times and performance will vary with different test scenarios and different antenna or RCS configurations.
Keysight PNA Receiver Reduces Antenna/RCS Measurement Test Times - White Paper Summary A new network analyzer that can be utilized in antenna/rcs measurement configurations was presented. New and unique features that are particularly well suited to antenna/rcs applications were presented and compared to the 850A microwave receiver. Typical configuration diagrams for the PNA in a near-field and RCS configuration were illustrated. Typical example test scenarios were presented for near-field, far-field, and RCS measurements. Actual measurement times for the PNA were measured using the example test scenarios, and then compared to the measurement times of the 850B/C systems to illustrate the productivity improvements available with the PNA receiver. The information presented in this paper can serve to guide antenna test professionals in designing their own measurement systems to meet their own unique requirements. Conclusion The conclusions are clear: newer measurement receivers provide faster measurement speeds, new capabilities, and enhanced features that will make an antenna or RCS range more productive. Reducing total measurement time pays large economic dividends to a company such as higher quality products, reduced development time, faster time-to-market, lower cost-of-test, and more competitive products that can improve the economic viability of your company. References [] R. Balaberta, and Shatnu R. Mishra, On the use of the HP 850 Network Analyzer for Antenna Pattern Measurements, 986 AMTA proceedings. [2] Dan Slater, and Greg Hindman, Nearfield Systems, Inc. A Low-cost, Portable Near-field Antenna Measurement System, 989 AMTA proceedings. [] John Swanstrom and Robert Shoulders, Pulsed Antenna Measurements with the Keysight 850A Microwave Receiver, 994 AMTA proceedings. [4] John Swanstrom, Jim Puri, Keith Anderson, and Bill Kwan, Antenna and RCS Measurement Configurations Using Keysight s New PNA Network Analyzers, 200 AMTA proceedings, page 57 [5] Loren Betts, New Network Analyzer Methodologies in Antenna/RCS Measurements, 2004 AMTA proceedings. [6] PNA Series RF and Microwave Network Analyzer, (brochure), literature number 5968-8472EN, September 25, 2002 [7] Keysight PNA Series Microwave Network Analyzers Data Sheet, literature number 5988-7988EN, April 6, 200 [8] Triggering the PNA Series Network Analyzer for Antenna Measurements, (Keysight white paper), literature number 5988-958EN, May 28, 200 [9] Pulsed Measurement Using the Microwave PNA Series Network Analyzer, (Keysight white paper), literature number 5988-9480EN, May 22, 200
2 Keysight PNA Receiver Reduces Antenna/RCS Measurement Test Times - White Paper Evolving Since 99 Our unique combination of hardware, software, services, and people can help you reach your next breakthrough. We are unlocking the future of technology. From Hewlett-Packard to Agilent to Keysight. For more information on Keysight Technologies products, applications or services, please contact your local Keysight office. The complete list is available at: www.keysight.com/find/contactus Americas Canada (877) 894 444 Brazil 55 5 700 Mexico 00 800 254 2440 United States (800) 829 4444 mykeysight www.keysight.com/find/mykeysight A personalized view into the information most relevant to you. www.keysight.com/find/emt_product_registration Register your products to get up-to-date product information and find warranty information. Keysight Services www.keysight.com/find/service Keysight Services can help from acquisition to renewal across your instrument s lifecycle. Our comprehensive service offerings onestop calibration, repair, asset management, technology refresh, consulting, training and more helps you improve product quality and lower costs. Keysight Assurance Plans www.keysight.com/find/assuranceplans Up to ten years of protection and no budgetary surprises to ensure your instruments are operating to specification, so you can rely on accurate measurements. Keysight Channel Partners www.keysight.com/find/channelpartners Get the best of both worlds: Keysight s measurement expertise and product breadth, combined with channel partner convenience. www.keysight.com/find/pna www.keysight.com/find/antenna Asia Pacific Australia 800 629 485 China 800 80 089 Hong Kong 800 98 69 India 800 2626 Japan 020 (42) 45 Korea 080 769 0800 Malaysia 800 888 848 Singapore 800 75 800 Taiwan 0800 047 866 Other AP Countries (65) 675 800 Europe & Middle East Austria 0800 0022 Belgium 0800 58580 Finland 0800 52252 France 0805 980 Germany 0800 6270999 Ireland 800 82700 Israel 809 405 Italy 800 59900 Luxembourg +2 800 58580 Netherlands 0800 02200 Russia 8800 5009286 Spain 800 00054 Sweden 0200 882255 Switzerland 0800 8055 Opt. (DE) Opt. 2 (FR) Opt. (IT) United Kingdom 0800 026067 For other unlisted countries: www.keysight.com/find/contactus (BP-9-7-7) DEKRA Certified ISO900 Quality Management System www.keysight.com/go/quality Keysight Technologies, Inc. DEKRA Certified ISO 900:205 Quality Management System This information is subject to change without notice. Keysight Technologies, 207 Published in USA, December, 207 5989-949EN www.keysight.com