TRAVELLING THE UNIVERSE Colin Stuart @ SKYPONDERER 1 COLINSTUARTSPACE
HUMAN SPACE TRAVEL
LAIKA A stray dog launched into orbit on November 3 1957 No mechanism for re-entry and so no expectation of survival Died of overheating After 5 months and over 2,500 orbits, the craft and remains burn up in atmosphere
HAM Chimpanzee named after Holloman Aerospace Medical Center Launched into space on January 31 1961 Successfully returned to the Earth Part of Project Mercury http://archive.org/details/trailblazeri
GAGARIN
GAGARIN Rays were blazing through the atmosphere of the earth, the horizon became bright orange, gradually passing into all the colours of the rainbow: from light blue to dark blue, to violet and then to black. What an indescribable gamut of colours! http://tinyurl.com/gagarinone (transcript of first flight) Http://tinyurl.com/Gagarintwo (2011 documentary)
LANDING Vostok 1 nearly didn't separate correctly Landed in a field almost 300km away from intended site Witnessed by a farmer and his daughter who saw a man in orange suit and white helmet Whole trip lasted 108 minutes
GAGARIN Born in March 1934 to Russian farmers he become a fighter pilot Selected from 20 to fly on-board Vostok 1 Died in March 1968 when the MiG 15 jet he was flying crashed [left: Gagarin statue on the Mall]
ALAN SHEPARD First American in space on May 5 1961 although did not orbit Earth Flight time: 15 minutes Reported to have said before launch Don't f**k up Shepard - something aviators still call Shepard's Prayer
WE CHOOSE TO GO TO THE MOON Within weeks JFK makes speech to US Congress asking for money for a moonshot by 1970 In September 1962 he makes famous speech at Rice University
JOHN GLENN In between the speeches, WW2 and Korean War veteran John Glenn becomes first American to orbit the Earth, doing so 22 times on February 20 1962
SOVIETS KEEP GOING Valentina Tereshkova becomes first woman in space on June 16 1963 Daughter of a war hero Awarded Greatest Woman Achiever of the Century in 2000
ALEXEY LEONOV First space walk on March 18 1965 lasted 12 minutes and 9 seconds His suit ballooned in vacuum of space Only by letting some air out of a valve did managed to squeeze back into spacecraft
GEMINI 8 Finally a first the first docking in space Commander Neil Armstrong and Pilot David Scott dock with the unmanned Agena on March 16 1966
EMERGENCY However, the conjoined craft started to roll violently, threatening to render astronauts unconscious Armstrong took manual control and engineered an escape but mission was immediately aborted
GEMINI 12 NOV 1966 US hit the front again with the first demonstration of a space walk to perform actual tasks. Pilot Edwin E. Aldrin conducted various chores during his two hour space walk His Commander was Jim Lovell
N1 ROCKET Meanwhile, rather than put more men in space, Soviets focus on their N1 rocket With JFK's public gauntlet laid down, USSR needed something to match Von Braun's firepower
APOLLO PROGRAM Apollo program aimed to use lessons of Gemini to fulfil JFK's vision, starts happily with Apollo 1 astronauts practising a sea landing...
APOLLO 1 but ends in tragedy as Apollo 1 catches fire on launch pad test on January 27 1967 All three crew members Gus Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chaffee - are killed
APOLLO 8 Launched December 21 1968, Apollo 8 became the first crewed craft to leave Earth orbit Astronauts Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and Bill Anders arrived at Moon 3 days later, orbiting 10 times in 20 hours Anders's suit is at Science Museum
CHRISTMAS EVE On Christmas Eve 1968, and on their 4 th pass around the Moon, the crew witnessed Earthrise for the very first time On their 9 th orbit, they broadcast a message back to their home planet heard by 25% of its population
APOLLO 10 Thomas Stafford, John Young and Eugene Cernan passed within 8 miles of the lunar surface on May 22 1969 On their return they set the record for the highest speed of a manned space vehicle almost 25,000 mph
APOLLO 11 The first attempt to fulfil JFK's vision of putting men on the Moon Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins set off moonbound on July 16 1969
APOLLO 11 Once in lunar orbit, the Eagle, carrying Armstrong and Aldrin, separates from Columbia command module Computer problems cause Eagle to head towards a boulder strewn region Armstrong takes manual control
APOLLO 11 History made as humans rest on a different celestial body for the first time in their 100,000 year history Astronauts spend next few hours preparing to leave the Eagle
APOLLO 11 Armstrong, a retired US Navy pilot from Ohio, steps out onto the ladder
APOLLO 11 Aldrin (whose mother's maiden name was Moon) joins Armstrong on the surface describing the scene as magnificent desolation
SURFACE ACTIVITIES
A PHONE CALL HOME They even have time to take a call from the President
RETURN THEY DID Taking off with over 20 kg of moon rocks, they reunite with Michael Collins and return home
QUARANTINE Held in quarantine upon their return Visited by the President and their wives
LRO IMAGE
APOLLO 12 Apollo 12 arrives on moon in November 1969 with Pete Conrad and Alan Bean walking on the Moon They take a colour video camera but Bean accidentally breaks it by pointing it at the Sun
APOLLO 13 Launched on April 11 1970, Apollo 13 got part-way to the Moon (175,000 miles) when an oxygen tank exploded Mission was aborted and astronauts transferred to LM as a makeshift lifeboat Lovell, Swigert and Haise
APOLLO 13 Could coast around the Moon to Earth Trouble was LM was designed to sustain 2 people for 1.5 days, not 3 people for 4 days With help of Ken Mattingley on the ground they literally put a square peg in a round hole to remove carbon dioxide
APOLLO 14 Landed Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell on the surface Having smuggled the head of a 6 iron on-board, along with 2 golf balls, Shepard attaches the head to of an excavation tool and plays golf on the Moon
APOLLO 15 JULY 1971 Dave Scott and James Irwin drove the first lunar buggy around the lunar surface "As I stand out here in the wonders of the unknown at Hadley, I sort of realize there's a fundamental truth to our nature. Man must explore. And this is exploration at its greatest."
APOLLO 15 Scott and Irwin spent 3 days on the Moon, and a total of 18.5 hours out on lunar surface
APOLLO 15 Scott even had time to conduct an experiment to test the predictions of Galileo (These predictions will feature when we look at time travel)
APOLLO 16 John Young and Charles Duke first to land in the lunar highlands on 21 April 1972 Ken Mattingly was Command Module Pilot Drove almost 30km and collected almost 100kg of moon rocks
APOLLO 17 Last lunar manned mission on 11 December 1972 Gene Cernan, Harrison Schmitt and Ronald Evans Also deployed the third lunar rover
HARRISON SCHMITT A trained geologist he was selected for his specialist knowledge The only moonwalker who was never a part of the US Armed Forces
GENE CERNAN Last man ever to set foot on the Moon as I take man's last step from the surface, back home for some time to come - but we believe not too long into the future...
Lunar Surface Journal www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/
COFFEE BREAK
SPACE STATIONS
MIR Gradually assembled in the decade between 1986 and 1996, Mir was the first modular space station It was crewed for a total of 3,644 days before it was de-orbited in 2001
HELEN SHARMAN Chemist Helen Sharman became first Brit in space when she spent a week aboard Mir in 1991 She had responded to a radio competition and beat 13,000 others to the job
DE-ORBIT Debris was sprayed in a path ending near Fiji
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION Http://www.heavens-above.com
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION Completing 15.7 orbits a day, the ISS is a joint venture between Europeans, Americans, Russians, Japanese and Canadians The first piece was launched in 1998 and is currently funded until 2020 http://www.space-video.info/iss/assembly-animation.html
EARTH OBSERVATION http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/
MICROGRAVITY RESEARCH The ISS has provided a unique science laboratory where countless biological, chemical, physical and engineering experiments have been conducted in microgravity
SPACEWALKS More than 150 space walks have been completed from the ISS mostly to help build it Total walk time is around 1000 hours
TIM PEAKE
SPACE SHUTTLES A partially reusable space travel solution used by NASA on 135 occasions between 1981 and 2011 Used to launch satellites and space probes, repair the Hubble telescope and ferry people back and forth to space stations
ISS DOCKING
A GLIDER Glided back down at the end of the mission, using a series of 'S' bends to slow down Heat shield on the bottom to protect from friction of re-entry
DISASTERS Seven crew lost when Challenger explodes 73 seconds after take off in January 1986 Seven crew lost when Challenger breaks up over Texas during re-entry in February 2003
Soyuz
Soyuz landing
SPACEX
BFR - Big F****** Rocket
VIRGIN GALACTIC Around 500 have already signed up for a $200,000 2 hour flight into space (including six minutes of weightlessness) Stephen Hawking, Tom Hanks, Ashton Kutcher, Katy Perry, Brad Pitt, and Angelina Jolie have already paid a 10% deposit
SPACE ELEVATORS Science fiction may become science fact thanks to advances in material science First proposed by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky after seeing Eiffel Tower in 1895
SPACE ELEVATORS The forces of gravity and centrifugal force would keep a cable under tension if a counterweight sits above geostationary orbit Carbon nanotubes or graphene might just provide a material rigid enough to withstand such tension
TO THE MOON... The next people on the Moon could well be Chinese. The Chinese Space Agency plans to put a man there by 2025 Although India, Japan, Europe, Iran, Russia and some private firms have also discussed similar plans
Deep Space Habitat
RADIATION PROBLEMS Radiation from the Sun and cosmic rays a big problem once you leave Low Earth Orbit Effects can include cataracts and cancer Need some way to shield astronauts Apollo astronauts blind lucky
LAUNCH PROBLEMS
PSYCHOLOGY PROBLEMS