PINE WOODS OAK METALS POLYMERS ASH SOFTWOODS CHIPBOARD MAHOGANY MAN MADE HARDWOOD WOODS MDF PLYWOOD BEECH HARDBOARD THERMOSET FERROUS METALS CARBON

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1 ASH PINE MAHOGANY SOFTWOODS CHIPBOARD HARDWOOD MAN MADE WOODS OAK WOODS MDF PLYWOOD BEECH HARDBOARD RESISTANT METALS MATERIALS ALUMINIUM POLYMERS NON-FERROUS METALS UREA FORMALDEHYDE COPPER ZINC THERMOSET THERMOPLASTICS FERROUS BRASS (ALLOY) POLYESTER RESIN HIGH-IMPACT POLYSTYRENE (HIPS) METALS CARBON STEEL ACRYLONITRILE- BUTADIENE-STYRENE (ABS) POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) MILD STEEL STAINLESS STEEL ACRYLIC POLYETHENE

2 Hardwood Deciduous (leaf losing) trees. Slower growing. Expensive to buy. Colour varies enormously. Aesthetically pleasing grain patterns which vary depending on the wood. Denser. Greater strength and hardness than softwoods. Examples of Hardwoods Oak, Mahogany, Beech and Ash.

3 Oak Hard High quality furniture Tough Garden benches Durable Boat building High density Veneers Finishes well Contains an acid which corrodes steel

4 Mahogany Durable Indoor furniture Medium density Interior woodwork Window frames veneers Finishes well Prone to warping Relatively easy to work Some tropical types can be a bit soft and fibrous

5 Beech Hard Workshop benches Tough Children s toys Interior furniture Kitchen chopping boards and worktops Finishes well Prone to warping Turns well

6 Ash Tough Sports equipment Flexible Ladders Good elasticity Laminated furniture Tool handles Flexible Can become a bit splintered

7 Softwood Coniferous (cone-bearing, evergreen) trees. Reach maturity in about 30 years. Cheaper than hardwoods. More sustainable than hardwoods. Resinous (they have lots of resin). Various in colour (although generally pale yellow with brown streaks). Less dense than hardwoods. Prone to water damage (absorbs water if not treated) Examples of softwood Pine.

8 Pine Lightweight Constructional woodwork (joists, roof trusses) Floorboards Children s toys Garden decking Nice colour and grain Prone to warping pattern Knots can fall out and Grows relatively quickly in leave holes comparison to hardwoods

9 Man-made wood Waste wood is used to make MDF and chipboard. Plywood is made from layers of veneers glued together. All are made in a factory. Used in mass produced furniture. Examples of man-made wood plywood, chipboard, medium density fibreboard (MDF) and hardboard. Available in large flat sheets Need sharp tools to cut and tools are easily (2440x1220mm) so can be used for large blunted pieces of furniture without having to join together. Thin sheets do not stay flat unless supported Doesn t warp as much as natural timber. Difficult to cut traditional joints. Can be decorated in many ways Can generate harmful dust particles. Can be flexible Edges need to be treated to hide unsightly Waste wood used in making MDF, chip- parts and also to stop water getting in. board and hardboard.

10 Plywood Very strong in all directions Resistant to splitting because layers are in alternate directions Boat building (exterior quality plywood) Drawer and wardrobe bottoms Cheaper grades used in construction industry for hoarding and shuttering Available in large sheets Thin sheets very flexible and will Thicker sheets will not warp or twist warp if not correctly stacked or supported Thin sections can be laminated to create 2D shapes Aesthetics Made of layers (veneers) normally 1.5mm thick Grain of each layer is at right angles to the layer either side of it, and there is an odd number so the outside layers run in the same direction Birch veneers used on the outside layers resulting in attractive surface

11 Chipboard Made from waste products bonded together using very strong resins Strong in all directions although not as strong as plywood Large floor boards and decking for loft spaces Shelving Kitchen worktops Not very resistant to water but Flat-packed furniture moisture resistant grades available Makes good use of waste ma- Not very good around water terials that are chipped up because it will soak it up Will chip and flake on edges if not protected Aesthetics No grain patterns Surface often veneered or covered with a plastic laminate

12 Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) Very dense Flat packed furniture Stable and not affected by Drawer bottoms changing humidity levels Kitchen units Will break down and absorb water if it gets very wet Heat and sound insulation Thin sheets can be formed to Not very good with water be- make 2D shapes cause it will soak it up at the edges Aesthetics Excellent surface finish which can be veneered or painted

13 Hardboard Made from compressed fibres Drawer bottoms that have been soaked in resin before being compressed Cabinet backs Smoothing out uneven floors Lightweight internal door cladding Cheapest of all manufactured Not very strong as it has no boards grain Aesthetics Side very smooth and underside textured