Chapter 1 Part II. History of Robotics

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1 Chapter 1 Part II History of Robotics

2 Overview What you will learn: The difference between industrial robots and other robots The four Ds of robotics Where and why we use robots in the modern world

3 Overview cont. What you will learn: The difference between the top down and bottom up development methods for robotics What Artificial Intelligence is and how it could impact the robots of tomorrow Some of the ways that robotics might be used in the future

4 What is a Robot? The text book definition for the general term robot is as follows: A machine equipped with various datagathering devices, processing equipment, and tools for operational flexibility and interaction with the systems environment, which is capable of carrying out complex auctions under either programed control or direct manual control.

5 What is a Robot? cont. For an industrial robot, we are using the RIA definition: An automatically controlled, reprogrammable multipurpose manipulator programmable in three or more axes that may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications.

6 What is a Robot? cont. For the general term, the key is operational flexibility For the industrial robot, it is key that the system be useful in industry and multipurpose Remember that the term robot is less than 100 years old, so it is still evolving with the systems we use it to describe

7 Why use a Robot? The four Ds of robotics: Dull - describes tasks that are repetitive in nature and often require little or no thought. Dirty - these tasks involve processes that produce dust, grease, grime, sludge, or other substances that people would rather avoid

8 The Four Ds of Robotics cont. The four Ds of robotics: Difficult - The construction of various machines or certain production processes may require people to bend, twist, and/or move in ways that are difficult for the human body Dangerous - This environment can be excessively hot, contain toxic fumes or radiation, involve working with unguarded machinery, or conditions that pose a high risk of injury or illness for humans

9 This is a great example of a dangerous job that robots are well suited for.

10 Another Reason for the Robot: Precision Precision: the performance of tasks accurately or exactly within given quality guidelines robots have tolerances ranging from 0.35mm to 0.06mm or 0.014in to 0.002in Consistency is the ability to produce the same results or quality each time The precision of robots leads to high quality, repeatable parts and actions

11 Painting was where the industrial robot made its initial appearance and is an area where it still dominates. The precision and repeatability of the robot make it a perfect choice for this type of work.

12 Why use a Robot: Cost Savings Robots save time and raw materials in the manufacturing process Once the initial cost is paid for, robots can work as cheaply as 42 cents an hour vs. the human worker with wages and fringe benefits If we damage the robot we can replace parts or the whole system vs. the pain, suffering, and medical expense of human workers

13 Why use a Robot: Nonindustrial Entertainment - as long as people are fascinated and interested in robots, there will be a market for them Hobby robotics Many makers and hobbyists enjoy building or creating robots, driving the availability of components and systems in this market

14 On the left you can see the Spider bot, an example of a system built from various components available to the roboticist. On the right is an assortment of the WowWee robotics line.

15 Here is an example of the LEGO MindStorms system and a Version 1 Robosapien, both are popular with the hobby robotics community

16 Entertainment cont. A specialized field of entertainment is the animatronics systems, designed to bring creations to life through movement and in some cases interaction These systems are also gaining ground as sales tools at conventions and shows, interacting with potential customers and attracting the masses

17 Here you can see an industrial robot repurposed to appear on the screen as part of the Terminator series, assembling a T101

18 More Nonindustrial Robot use Telepresence - where a person interacts with others from a remote location using a robotic system Research without research, there would be no advancements in the field! Space and other hostile environment exploration We are sending robots to places that cannot go so we can expand our knowledge of the world around us as well as space

19 Systems like the Robonaut, once fully developed, will take the risks in space and help out their human counterparts.

20 Medical Use Systems like AESOP and the da Vinci medical system have greatly reduced the damage to patients from surgery and thus the recovery time These systems also allow the doctor to work removed from the patient, allow two doctors to work simultaneously on a patient, and may someday allow surgery from remote locations

21 Medical Use cont. Prosthetics is another realm where robotic systems are gaining use 1988 was the fitting of the first bionic arm Exoskeletons - systems that strap onto and around the user s body to enhance strength, endurance, and, in some cases, mobility These systems are being developed and used to bring mobility back to those who cannot walk under their own power

22 The Four Ds, Nonindustrial The same four Ds of robotics apply to the nonindustrial side as well Dull and Dirty Lawnbots, robotic vacuums, sweepers, pool cleaners, etc. Difficult and Dangerous Scientific research, reconnaissance, bomb disposal, aerial drones, etc.

23 Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Top-down the approach is where we start with something very complex, such as people or independent thought, and then try to create something as close to that as possible with available technology or innovative new designs bottom-up the approach is where the inventor starts with a very simplistic input and control system and then sees what happens

24 Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up cont. Isaac Asimov wrote his three laws with the top-down approach in mind: First Law: A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. Second Law: A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. Third Law: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. (FamousPeople n.d.)

25 Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up cont. Dr. Mark Tilden created his three laws for BEAM robotics with the bottom-up approach in mind: A robot must protect its existence at all costs. A robot must obtain and maintain access to a power source. A robot must continually search for better power sources. (Hrynkiw and Tilden 2002) BEAM - Biology Electronics Aesthetics Mechanics

26 Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up cont. Both approaches hope to find the key to unlocking robotic systems that can think for themselves or having Artificial Intelligence AI Bottom-up looks to evolve AI from basic components with little to no processing power Top-down is using complex mathematical equations and systems to create a thinking system

27 Here is a look under the hood of the Robosapien, created by Dr. Mark Tilden. This robot does have a processor, unlike many of the other BEAM creations by Dr. Tilden, but it embodies many of the lessons he learned through his BEAM research. It was also designed for users to modify or hack the system, putting an economical platform in the hands of many a roboticist.

28 AI and the Future of Robots Artificial Intelligence is all about creating a system that can deal with choices when there is no clear cut right answer and learn from its previous choices and their outcomes We have several approaches to this that are decent at fuzzy logic problems, but none so far have true AI capability

29 Driverless Vehicles Another advancement in the field of robotics is the driverless vehicles Once perfected, these systems could drastically reduce driving fatalities, automate the movement of material, and generally change the way we get from point A to point B

30 The Future of Industrial Robots Systems like Baxter that works without a cage and the Robonaut that performed the first human robot handshake in space, herald the future of the industrial robot The industrial robot of the future will be easier to teach, able to work besides humans without the cage, and more user friendly than the robot of today

31 On the left is ASIMO, Honda s humanoid robot that is getting more human with each new model. On the right you can see the MOTOMAN dual arm robot, able to copy human movement better than its single arm cousins

32 Review What is a robot? We explored the various definitions of a robot, settled on the two used for this book, and explored the systems that fall under these definitions. Why use a robot? We looked at the reasons we use robots both inside and outside of industry. The top-down versus bottom-up approach. This section was all about the two main concepts behind robot creation and how they compare. AI and the future of robotics. We took a look at the current trends in robotics to predict some of the areas that will continue to expand in the future.

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