SUB Hamburg B/91905 GOVERNMENT SECRECY. Classic and Contemporary Readings EDITED BY SUSAN L. MARET AND JAN GOLDMAN

Transcription

1 SUB Hamburg B/91905 GOVERNMENT SECRECY Classic and Contemporary Readings EDITED BY SUSAN L. MARET AND JAN GOLDMAN U N L I M I T E D A Member of the Greenwood Publishing Group Westport, Connecticut London

2 Foreword by Steven Aftergood Acknowledgments Introduction: Overview and Organization of Government Secrecy: Classic and Contemporary Readings by xiii xv xvii Chapter 1: Perspectives on Secrecy Introduction 3 Lisa Blank Letter to Edward Carrington (1787) 6 Thomas Jefferson The Sociology of Secrecy and of Secret Societies (1906) 8 Georg Simmel Bureaucracy: Characteristics and the Power Position of Bureaucracy (1920) 44 Max Weber Publicity, Privacy, and Secrecy: Their Equilibrium and Its Disruption (1956) 50 Edward Shils Two Schools for Secrecy: Defining Secrecy from the Works of Max Weber, Georg Simmel, Edward Shils, and Sissela Bok (2008) 59 Lisa Blank

3 Administrative Secrecy: A Congressional Dilemma (1960) 69 Francis E. Rourke Nature and Function of Secrecy and Propaganda (1972) 85 CarlJ. Friedrich Overview: Protecting Secrets and Reducing Secrecy (1997) 97 Chapter 2: A Short History of Government Secrecy Introduction 117 The Framing of the Constitution (1981) 121 Daniel N. Hoffman Building Our Own "Iron Curtain": The Emergence of Secrecy in American Government (2005) 146 Timothy L. Ericson The Experience of the First World War (1997) 177 Ending the Cold War at Home ( ) 211 Morton H. Halperin and Jeanne M. Woods Government Secrecy: Policy Depths and Dimensions (2003) 222 Harold C. Relyea The Problem of Secrecy and the Solution of the JFK Act (1998) 246 Assassination Records Review Board Presidential Papers in Crisis: Some Thoughts on Lies, Secrets, and Silence (1996) 260 Blanche Wiesen Cook Secrecy, Archives, and the Public Interest (1977) 269 Howard Zinn Chapter 3: Secrecy as Regulation Introduction 281 Secrecy as Regulation (1997) 287

4 ix Government Secrecy and Knowledge Production: A Survey of Some General Issues (1999) 296 Steven Aftergood Secret Sessions of Congress: A Brief Historical Overview (2007) 305 Mildred Amer The Dysfunctions of Military Secrecy (1963) 311 Lewis A. Coser The Early Years of the Freedom of Information Act 1955 to Sam Archibald Science and the National Security State (1993) 333 Herbert N. Foerstel The H-Bomb Secret: To Know How Is to Ask Why (1979) 346 Howard Morland Secrecy and International Relations (1995) 360 David N. Gibbs In Camera Review of Classified Environmental Impact Statements: A Threatened Opportunity? (1996) 381 William R. Mendelsohn Chapter 4: Organizational Aspects of Secrecy Introduction 399 Secrecy in American Bureaucracy (1957) 404 Francis E. Rourke The CIA and Secrecy (1998) 421 James X. Dempsey Dissent and the State: Unleashing the FBI, (1990) 439 Athan G. Theoharis Congressional Oversight of NSA: A Brief Review (2001) 449 Richard A. Best Jr. The Securocrats' Revenge (1999) 457 Steven Aftergood and Tom Blanton Structural Secrecy (1997) 460 Diane Vaughan

5 Chapter 5: Necessary Secrets: Alternative Views on the Need for Secrets and Secret Keeping Introduction 471 Jan Goldman Intelligence Secrecy and Security in a Free Society (1976) 477 William E. Colby Rethinking Classification: Better Protection and Greater Openness (1997) 487 Sharing Secrets with Lawmakers: Congress as a User of Intelligence (1998) 518 L. Britt Snider Secret Intelligence, Covert Action, and Clandestine Diplomacy (2004) 546 Len Scott Openness and the CIA (2000) 563 Warren F. Kimball Democratic Secrecy (1999) 570 Dennis F. Thompson Civil Liberties vs. Intelligence Collection: The Secret Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Court Speaks in Public (2003) 582 Lee S. Strickland Chapter 6: Secrecy Post-9/11 and the Uncertain Future of Information Introduction 595 National Security and Open Government in the United States: Beyond the Balancing Test (2003) 600 Thomas S. Blanton Attempts to Obtain Administration Memorandums (2004) 627 Senator Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont) State Secrets and Executive Power (2005) 632 William G. Weaver and Robert M. Pallitto Social Theory Meets Social Policy: Culture, Identity, and Public Information Policy after September 11 (2006) 657 Peter M. Shane

6 xi Secrecy as Mystification of Power: Meaning and Ethics in the Security State (2006) 674 Paul Gowder Executive Summary, Secrecy Report Card (2008) 695 OpentheGovernment. org On Liberty, the Right to Know, and Public Discourse: The Role of Transparency in Public Life (1999) 697 Joseph E. Stiglitz Appendix A: Major Reviews of the U.S. Secrecy System 719 Appendix B: Laws That Restrict Public Access to Federal Records 723 Appendix C: Errata to "The H-Bomb Secret" by Howard Morland 745 Sources 747 Glossary 751 Further Reading 763 About the Contributors 773 Index 779 About the Editors 795