Legal Aspects of Civil Space Traffic Management

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1 Legal Aspects of Civil Space Traffic Management Alexander Soucek Legal Officer, European Space Agency International Symposium SSA & STM 8 March 2018

2 The European Space Agency international intergovernmental organisation 22 Member States, 5.75 Billion EUR budget actor and mechanism of int. cooperation space research, technology and applications for exclusively peaceful purposes SSA + space weather program; IADC member 19 March

3 Legal aspects of CSTM an international perspective a regulatory perspective How does international law regulate space activities today? What could STM mean from a perspective of international law? An international STM regime? 19 March

4 Regulation of space activities today Public international law: Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Peaceful Exploration and Use of Outer Space (1967) other UN space treaties; ITU regime; UN Charter ( space activities in accordance with IL ) Domestic laws and regulations Non-legally binding instruments incl. technical norms 19 March

5 UNCOPUOS, 1959 A comprehensive space law codification not practicable or desirable at the present stage of knowledge and development. premature codification might prejudice subsequent efforts to develop the law based on a more complete understanding of the practical problems involved 19 March

6 Towards an era of new space 19 March

7 International STM regime: the concept Space Traffic Management is the set of regulatory rules to ensure safe access to outer space, safe operations in outer space and safe return from outer space. (IAA, 2006) free from physical or radiofrequency interference (IAA, 2018) Underlying idea: to view spaceflight as a comprehensive traffic regime and regulate it accordingly 19 March

8 Spaceflight as a comprehensive traffic regime wikipedia wallconvert.com NOAA

9 Outer space: a realm of a different kind Caution to resort to simple analogies with air traffic: Outer space is an extra-territorial regime Different physical realities; different object types: motion of objects / orbital mechanics limited maneuvering capabilities; different traffic infrastructure high velocities; remote operations objects remain after EOL unless deorbited; etc. 19 March

10 Challenges and opportunities Technical prerequisites, international data and technology exchange and cooperation challenging International political will to advance the current models of space law and space governance challenging Coherence and completeness of regulation an opportunity Rules of the game for all space actors (States and non-governmental entities) an opportunity 19 March

11 STM elements: existing & evolving National space legislation Various novel concepts of traffic regulation International non-legally binding instruments Example 1: IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines (2002 etc.) Example 2: UN Guidelines on the Long-term Sustainability of Space Activities International law (beyond space law) Spectrum (frequency) and orbit management via ITU administers a sophisticated system of frequency traffic management 19 March

12 STM: bottom-up approach co-existence of regulatory instruments of different nature and purpose may constitute the building-blocks of STM emerging from single fields of regulation allows individual solutions at domestic level flexibility to tackle key issues in a comparatively timely manner, but at the risk of fragmentation 19 March

13 STM: top-down approach creating a comprehensive and inclusive STM regime: legal norms (evolvement of existing space law) + institutional management ITU approach as a possible model: Level 1: Outer Space Convention (OSC) Level 2: Outer Space Traffic Rules (OSTR) comparable to the ITU Administrative Regulations reviewed and updated Level 3: Outer Space Traffic Technical Standards (OSTTS) 19 March

14 International developments Discussion of STM at intergovernmental level: agenda item at UNCOPUOS Legal Subcommittee STM Study of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) 2018 ESA continues work on space safety (including SSA and STM) 19 March

15 Alexander Soucek European Space Agency SSA STM Symposium 8-9 March 2018, Tokyo, Japan

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