Circuit Systems with MATLAB and PSpice

Transcription

1 Circuit Systems with MATLAB and PSpice Won Y. Yang and Seung C. Lee Chung-Ang University, South Korea BICENTENNIAL 9 I CE NTE NNIAL John Wiley & Sons(Asia) Pte Ltd

2 Contents Preface Limits of Liability and Disclaimer of Warranty of Software xiii xv 1 Basic Concepts on Electric Circuits Symbols and Units Network Variables Voltage and Current Electric Power and Energy Reference Polarity and Direction of Voltage/Current Passive Sign Convention Circuit Elements Passive Elements Active Elements Operational Amplifier Transistor Kirchhoff's Laws Nodes, Branches, and Meshes/Loops Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) The Number of KCL/KVL Equations Equivalent Transformation of Sources Combination of Several Sources Voltage-Current Source Transformation Examples of Source Transformation Series and Parallel Connections 25 Problems 25 2 Resistor Circuits Combination of Resistors Series Combination of Resistors Parallel Combination of Resistors Voltage/Current Divider Voltage Divider Current Divider A-Y(II-T) Transformation A-Y(II-T) Conversion Formula Y-A(T-n) Conversion Formula Node Analysis Circuits Having No Dependent Sources 42

3 viii Contents Circuits Having Dependent Sources Mesh (Loop) Analysis Circuits Having No Dependent Sources Circuits Having Dependent Sources Comparison of Node Analysis and Mesh Analysis Thevenin/Norton Equivalent Circuits Superposition Principle and Linearity OP Amp Circuits with Resistors Inverting OP Amp Circuit Noninverting OP Amp Circuit Voltage Follower More Exact Analysis of OP Amp Circuits OP Amp Circuits with Positive Feedback Transistor Circuits Loading Effect and Input/Output Resistance Load Line Analysis of Nonlinear Resistor Circuits More Examples of Resistor Circuits 86 Problems 95 First-Order Circuits Characteristics of Inductors and Capacitors Inductor Capacitor Series-Parallel Combination of Inductors/Capacitors Series-Parallel Combination of Inductors Series-Parallel Combination of Capacitors Circuit Analysis Using the Laplace Transform The Laplace Transform for a First-Order Differential Equation Transformed Equivalent Circuits for R, L, and C Analysis of First-Order Circuits DC-Excited RL Circuits DC-Excited RC Circuits Time-Constant and Natural Responses of First-Order Circuits Sequential Switching AC-Excited First-Order Circuits Analysis of First-Order OP Amp Circuits First-Order OP Amp Circuits with Negative Feedback First-Order OP Amp Circuits with Positive Feedback LRL Circuits and CRC Circuits An LRL Circuit A CRC Circuit Conservation of Flux Linkage and Charge A Measure Against Violation of the Continuity Rule on the Inductor Current Simulation Using PSpice and MATLAB An RC Circuit with Sequential Switching An AC-Excited RL Circuit Application and Design of First-Order Circuits 152 Problems 159

4 Contents ix 4 Second-Order Circuits The Laplace Transform For Second-Order Differential Equations Overdamped Case with Two Distinct Real Charactenstic Roots Critically Damped Case with Double Real Charactenstic Roots Underdamped Case with Two Distinct Complex Characteristic Roots Stability of a System and Location of its Characteristic Roots Analysis of Second-Order Circuits A Series RLC Circuit A Parallel RLC Circuit Two-Mesh/Node Circuit Circuits Having Dependent Sources Thevenin Equivalent Circuit Second-Order OPAmp Circuits Analogy and Duality Analogy Duality Transfer Function, Impulse Response, and Convolution Linear Systems Time-Invariant Systems The Pulse Response of a Linear Time-Invariant System The Input-Output Relationship of a Linear Time-Invariant System The Steady-State Response to a Sinusoidal Input An Example of MATLAB Analysis and PSpice Simulation 213 Problems Magnetically Coupled Circuits Self-Inductance Mutual Inductance Relative Polarity of Induced Voltages and Dot Convention Dot Convention and Sign of Mutual Inductance Terms Measurement of the Relative Winding Direction Measurement of Mutual Inductance Energy in Magnetically Coupled Coils Equivalent Models of Magnetically Coupled Coils T-Equivalent Circuit II-Equivalent Circuit Ideal Transformer Linear Transformer Autotransformers 241 Problems AC Circuits Sinusoidal Sources Phasor and AC Analysis AC Impedance of Passive Elements Resistor Inductor Capacitor 262

5 x Contents 6.4 AC Circuit Examples Instantaneous, Active, Reactive, and Complex Power Power Factor Maximum Power Transfer - Impedance Matching Load Flow Calculation Design and Simulation for Maximum Power Transfer 286 Problems Three-Phase AC Circuits Balanced Three-Phase Voltages Power of Balanced Three-Phase Loads Measurement of Three-Phase Power Three-Phase Power System Electric Shock and Grounding 310 Problems Frequency Selective Circuit - Filter Lowpass Filter (LPF) Series LR Circuit Series RC Circuit Highpass Filter (HPF) Series CR Circuit Series RL Circuit Bandpass Filter (BPF) Series RLC Circuit and Series Resonance Parallel RLC Circuit and Parallel Resonance Bandstop Filter (BSF) Series RLC Circuit Parallel RLC Circuit Active Filter First-Order Active Filter Second-Order Active LPF/HPF Second-Order Active BPF Second-Order Active BSF Analog Filter Design 341 Problems Circuits Analysis Using Fourier Series Fourier Series Computation of Fourier Coefficients Using Symmetry Circuit Analysis Using Fourier Series Fourier Series and Laplace Transform RMS Value and Power of a Nonsinusoidal Periodic Signal RMS Value and Distortion Factor of a Nonsinusoidal Periodic Signal Power and Power Factor of a Nonsinusoidal Periodic Signal 394 Problems 395

6 Contents xi 10 Two-Port Networks Definitions of Two-Port Parameters Relationships Among Two-Port Parameters The z-parameters and a-parameters The a-parameters and /i-parameters The z-parameters and /j-parameters Reciprocity of a Two-Port Network Interconnection of Two-Port Networks Series Connection and z-parameters Parallel (Shunt) Connection and y-parameters Series-Parallel (Shunt) Connection and ^-Parameters Parallel (Shunt)-Series Connection and g-parameters Cascade Connection and a-parameters Curse of the Port Condition (Current Requirement) Two-Port Networks Having Source/Load Input Impedance Voltage Gain Current Gain (Thevenin) Equivalent Impedance Seen from the Output (Thevenin) Equivalent Source Seen from the Output The Parameters of an Overall Two-Port Network Feedback Amplifiers as Two-Port Networks Series-Parallel (Shunt) Feedback Amplifier Series-Series Feedback Amplifier Parallel-Parallel Feedback Amplifier Parallel (Shunt)-Series Feedback Amplifier General Feedback Structure Circuit Models with Given Parameters Circuit Model with Given z-parameters Circuit Model with Given y-parameters Circuit Model with Given h and g-parameters Circuit Model with Given a and ^-Parameters 438 Problems 440 Appendices 451 Appendix A: Laplace Transform 451 Appendix B: Matrix Operations with MATLAB 461 Appendix C: Complex Number Operations with MATLAB 466 Appendix D: Nonlinear/Differential Equations with MATLAB 468 Appendix E: Symbolic Computations with MATLAB 471 Appendix F: Useful Formulas (Reference [K-2]) 474 Appendix G: The Standard Values of Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors 476 Appendix H: OrCAD/PSpice (References [K-l] and [R-2]) 481 Appendix I: MATLAB Introduction (Reference [K-2]) 511 Appendix J: Solutions to Problems 514 References 525 Index 527