Lesson 12: Doppler Principles. This lesson contains 50 slides plus 26 multiple-choice questions.
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1 Lesson 12: Doppler Principles This lesson contains 50 slides plus 26 multiple-choice questions. Accompanying text for the slides in this lesson can be found on pages 59 through 80 in the textbook:
2 DOPPLER DOPPLER PRINCIPLES
3 DOPPLER TRANSDUCER SAME FREQUENCY During Doppler operation, the reflected sound has the same frequency as the transmitted sound if the blood is stationary.
4 DOPPLER TRANSDUCER LOWER FREQUENCY During Doppler operation, the reflected sound has a lower frequency if the blood is moving away from the sound source.
5 DOPPLER TRANSDUCER HIGHER FREQUENCY During Doppler operation, the reflected sound has a higher frequency if the blood is moving toward the sound source.
6 DOPPLER SHIFT f
7 DOPPLER SHIFT FORMULA
8 BLOOD VELOCITY FORMULA
9 DOPPLER RELATIONSHIPS TRANSMITTED FREQUENCY f o DOPPLER ANGLE q BLOOD VELOCITY V DOPPLER SHIFT f Increase Increase Decrease Decrease Increase Decrease Decrease Increase Increase Increase Decrease Decrease
10 DOPPLER CALCULATIONS Doppler shifts ( f) for V = 100 cm per second c = 1550 meters per second q cos q f o = 2.5 MHz f o = 5.0 MHz Hz 6452 Hz Hz 5588 Hz Hz 4562 Hz Hz 3226 Hz Hz 1670 Hz Hz 0 Hz
11 DOPPLER SHIFT EXAMPLE TRANSMITTED FREQUENCY RECEIVED FREQUENCY DOPPLER SHIFT f DIRECTION OF FLOW TO SOUND 5 MHz MHz 5 khz Away 5 MHz MHz 5 khz Toward
12 SPECTRAL DOPPLER FFT DISPLAY: POSITIVE DOPPLER SHIFT WITHOUT SPECTRAL BROADENING FREQUENCY SCALES FFT DISPLAY: POSITIVE DOPPLER SHIFT WITH SPECTRAL BROADENING
13 CW SPECTRAL DOPPLER NON-IMAGING CW B-MODE IMAGING AND CW
14 CW SPECTRAL DOPPLER NON-IMAGING CARDIAC CW DOPPLER TRANSDUCER
15 CW SPECTRAL DOPPLER CW DOPPLER DETECTING SHIFTS FROM MORE THAN ONE VESSEL
16 CW SPECTRAL DOPPLER B-MODE AND CW DOPPLER WITH SPECTRUM ANALYZER DISPLAY
17 PW SPECTRAL DOPPLER PW TRANSMITTING PW RECEIVING
18 PW SPECTRAL DOPPLER NON-IMAGING PW B-MODE IMAGING AND PW
19 PW SPECTRAL DOPPLER
20 PW SPECTRAL DOPPLER NORMAL SAMPLE VOLUME WITH NO SPECTRAL BROADENING LARGER THAN NORMAL SAMPLE VOLUME WITH SPECTRAL BROADENING
21 PW - ALIASING WRAP-AROUND INDICATES ALIASING
22 PW - ALIASING Example: The PRF is 4 khz, the Nyquist Limit is 2 khz. The Doppler shift exceeds the Nyquist Limit. POSITIVE DOPPLER SHIFT WITH THE NYQUIST LIMIT (N.L) EXCEEDED AS A RESULT OF HIGH VELOCITY FLOW
23 PW - ALIASING Example: The PRF is 8 khz, the Nyquist Limit is 4 khz. The Doppler shift does not exceed the Nyquist Limit. ALIASING: NYQUIST LIMIT EXCEEDED SAME DOPPLER SHIFT BUT ALIASING ELIMINATED SCALE ADJUSTED TO INCREASE THE PULSE DOPPLER PRF AND RAISE THE NYQUIST LIMIT
24 PW - ALIASING Example: The PRF is 8 khz, the Nyquist Limit is 4 khz. The Doppler shift does not exceed the Nyquist Limit. ALIASING: NYQUIST LIMIT EXCEEDED SAME DOPPLER SHIFT BUT ALIASING ELIMINATED BASE LINE LOWERED TO INCREASE THE PULSE DOPPLER PRF AND RAISE THE NYQUIST LIMIT
25 PW - ALIASING Example: The PRF is still 4 khz, the Nyquist Limit is still 2 khz. The cursor was adjusted to increase the Doppler angle, which reduced the Doppler shift to a value below the Nyquist Limit. ALIASING: NYQUIST LIMIT EXCEEDED ALIASING ELIMINATED DOPPLER ANGLE INCREASED SCALE, BASELINE, AND PRF UNCHANGED
26 PW - ALIASING Example: The PRF is still 4 khz, the Nyquist Limit is still 2 khz. The transducer frequency was changed from 10 MHz to 5 MHz, which reduced the Doppler shift to a value below the Nyquist Limit. ALIASING: NYQUIST LIMIT EXCEEDED ALIASING ELIMINATED TRANSDUCER FREQUENCY DECREASED SCALE, BASELINE, AND PRF UNCHANGED
27 PW - ALIASING Example: The PRF is 5 khz, the Nyquist Limit is 2.5 khz. The Doppler shift exceeds the Nyquist Limit. NO WRAP-AROUND BUT ALIASING STILL PRESENT THE BASE LINE WAS MOST LIKELY LOWERED TO ELIMINATE WRAP- AROUND BUT THE DOPPLER SHIFT STILL EXCEEDS THE NYQUIST LIMIT
28 NYQUIST LIMIT THE NYQUIST LIMIT IS EQUAL TO THE DOPPLER PRF DIVIDED BY 2
29 NYQUIST LIMIT NYQUIST LIMITS (PRF 2) PRF N.L. 1 khz (1000 Hz) 500 Hz 2 khz (2000 Hz) 1000 Hz 3 khz (3000 Hz) 1500 Hz 4 khz (4000 Hz) 2000 Hz 5 khz (5000 Hz) 2500 Hz 6 khz (6000 Hz) 3000 Hz
30 CW NO ALIASING CW - NO ALIASING:
31 ANGLE-CORRECT PW - VELOCITY CORRECT: PROPER ANGLE-CORRECT VELOCITY SCALES PW - VELOCITY INCORRECT: IMPROPER ANGLE-CORRECT
32 WALL FILTERS WALL FILTER SETTING NORMAL WALL FILTER SETTING TOO HIGH
33 DOPPLER GAIN DOPPLER GAIN SETTING NORMAL DOPPLER GAIN SETTING TOO HIGH
34 TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER NON-IMAGING TCD STUDY WITH A SINGLE-ELEMENT PW TRANSDUCER
35 TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER PW TRANSDUCERS USED FOR TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER
36 ANALOG DOPPLER Non-spectral
37 ANALOG DOPPLER
38 PULSATILITY INDEX (PI) PI = (peak systolic velocity end diastolic velocity) mean velocity
39 RESISTIVITY INDEX (RI) RI = (peak systolic velocity end diastolic velocity) peak systolic velocity
40 COLOR-FLOW IMAGING
41 COLOR-FLOW IMAGING STANDARD COLOR MAP IN THIS SECTOR SCAN, SAMPLES ARE OBTAINED FROM MANY DIFFERENT ANGLES-TO-FLOW. THE RED HUES REPRESENT POSITIVE DOPPLER SHIFTS. THE BLUE HUES REPRESENT NEGATIVE DOPPLER SHIFTS. THE DIRECTION OF FLOW IS FROM THE LEFT (L) OF THE IMAGE TO THE RIGHT (R) OF THE IMAGE. THE BLACK AREA IN THE CENTER OF THE VESSEL IS THE RESULT OF A 90º DOPPLER ANGLE.
42 COLOR-FLOW IMAGING ENHANCED COLOR MAP IN THIS LINEAR SCAN, ALL SAMPLES ARE OBTAINED FROM THE SAME ANGLE-TO-FLOW. WHEN THE BOX-CURSOR FORMS A PARALLELOGRAM WITH THE TOP SKEWED TO THE RIGHT WITH THE BOTTOM SKEWED TO THE LEFT: THE BLUE HUES (UPPER COLOR SCALE) REPRESENT POSITIVE DOPPLER SHIFTS. THE REDDISH HUES (LOWER COLOR SCALE) REPRESENT NEGATIVE DOPPLER SHIFTS. BASED ON THE ENHANCED MAP USED FOR THIS COLOR BAR SCALE, THE YELLOWISH HUE (IN THE CENTER OF THE VESSEL) REPRESENTS INCREASED VELOCITY. THE REGION OF TURBULENCE REPRESENTS REVERSE FLOW.
43 COLOR-FLOW IMAGING STANDARD COLOR MAP IN THIS LINEAR SCAN, ALL SAMPLES ARE OBTAINED FROM THE SAME ANGLE-TO-FLOW. THE BLACK AREA IN THE CENTER OF THE VESSEL IS THE RESULT OF A 90º DOPPLER ANGLE.
44 COLOR VARIANCE MAP COLOR-FLOW IMAGING
45 COLOR-FLOW IMAGING CAROTID
46 COLOR-FLOW IMAGING STANDARD COLOR MAP COLOR DOPPLER SAMPLE ANGLES 2-D, SPECTRAL DOPPLER, & COLOR-FLOW DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC STUDY (Triplex)
47 DOPPLER TISSUE IMAGING PARASTERNAL LONG AXIS VIEW, 2-D ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY & DTI
48 DOPPLER TISSUE IMAGING MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, COLOR M-MODE USING DTI
49 COLOR-FLOW & POWER DOPPLER IMAGING COLOR-FLOW DOPPLER POWER DOPPLER
50 POWER DOPPLER & SPECTRAL DOPPLER
51 POWER DOPPLER
52 Answers to the following TWENTY FOUR practice questions were derived from material in the textbook:
53 Question 1 What describes the Doppler shift from moving reflectors? low when the Doppler angle is close to zero the sum of the transmitted and received frequencies high if the Doppler angle is 90 degrees the difference between the transmitted and received frequencies Page 59
54 Question 1 What describes the Doppler shift from moving reflectors? low when the Doppler angle is close to zero the sum of the transmitted and received frequencies high if the Doppler angle is 90 degrees the difference between the transmitted and received frequencies Page 59
55 The drawings represent reflectors that are moving at the same speed. The arrows indicate the direction of movement relative to the respective transducer. Which reflector causes the LOWEST returning frequency? A B C D E Question 2 Pages 59 and 61
56 The drawings represent reflectors that are moving at the same speed. The arrows indicate the direction of movement relative to the respective transducer. Which reflector causes the LOWEST returning frequency? A B C D E Question 2 Pages 59 and 61
57 Question 3 What does a Doppler system measure? frequency shift while calculating blood velocity frequency shift while calculating sound velocity frequency shift while calculating attenuation blood velocity while calculating frequency shift Page 60
58 Question 3 What does a Doppler system measure? frequency shift while calculating blood velocity frequency shift while calculating sound velocity frequency shift while calculating attenuation blood velocity while calculating frequency shift Page 60
59 Question 4 Which one of the following factors does not affect the frequency of the Doppler shift? size of the Doppler probe angle at which the probe is pointed at the vessel velocity of blood in the vessel transmitted frequency Page 60
60 Question 4 Which one of the following factors does not affect the frequency of the Doppler shift? size of the Doppler probe angle at which the probe is pointed at the vessel velocity of blood in the vessel transmitted frequency Page 60
61 Question 5 What is an advantage of continuous wave Doppler over pulsed Doppler? a lower Nyquist limit spectral analysis is not required a wider range of shift frequencies without aliasing depth selectivity is possible Page 63
62 Question 5 What is an advantage of continuous wave Doppler over pulsed Doppler? a lower Nyquist limit spectral analysis is not required a wider range of shift frequencies without aliasing depth selectivity is possible Page 63
63 Question 6 When will aliasing begin to occur? when the Doppler shift is one-half the Nyquist limit when the Doppler shift exceeds one-fourth the PRF when the Doppler shift exceeds the Nyquist limit when the Doppler shift is 50% of the Nyquist limit Pages 66 through 68
64 Question 6 When will aliasing begin to occur? when the Doppler shift is one-half the Nyquist limit when the Doppler shift exceeds one-fourth the PRF when the Doppler shift exceeds the Nyquist limit when the Doppler shift is 50% of the Nyquist limit Pages 66 through 68
65 Question 7 Which one of the following uses a method other than just measuring frequency shift to detect movement? CW Doppler Power Doppler PW Doppler color-flow Doppler Page 80
66 Question 7 Which one of the following uses a method other than just measuring frequency shift to detect movement? CW Doppler Power Doppler PW Doppler color-flow Doppler Page 80
67 Question 8 What causes the problem in this PW spectral display? transducer frequency too low aliasing spectral broadening excessive output power Pages 66 through 68
68 Question 8 What causes the problem in this PW spectral display? transducer frequency too low aliasing spectral broadening excessive output power Pages 66 through 68
69 Question 9 What can be done to correct the problem in the spectral display? use a higher frequency transducer decrease the output power increase the Doppler angle decrease the PRF Pages 66 through 68
70 Question 9 What can be done to correct the problem in the spectral display? use a higher frequency transducer decrease the output power increase the Doppler angle decrease the PRF Pages 66 through 68
71 Question 10 What is the result of the gate settings in this image? aliasing and an accurate velocity calculation spectral broadening and an accurate velocity calculation a thin spectral envelope and an accurate velocity measurement spectral broadening and an inaccurate velocity calculation Pages 65 and 70
72 Question 10 What is the result of the gate settings in this image? aliasing and an accurate velocity calculation spectral broadening and an accurate velocity calculation a thin spectral envelope and an accurate velocity measurement spectral broadening and an inaccurate velocity calculation Pages 65 and 70
73 Question 11 What is an ultrasound scanner that uses a single probe to display a real time image along with spectral information? a duplex system an annular array a triplex system a CW Doppler system Page 65
74 Question 11 What is an ultrasound scanner that uses a single probe to display a real time image along with spectral information? a duplex system an annular array a triplex system a CW Doppler system Page 65
75 Question 12 What does the letter A represent in the spectral display? aliasing the peak Doppler shift the mean Doppler shift the negative Nyquist Limit Page 62
76 Question 12 What does the letter A represent in the spectral display? aliasing the peak Doppler shift the mean Doppler shift the negative Nyquist Limit Page 62
77 Question 14 What does the letter C represent in the spectral display? a large window the peak Doppler shift PW Doppler shifts from a very small sample volume spectral broadening Page 62
78 Question 13 What does the letter B represent in the spectral display? the zero baseline the positive velocity scale the peak Doppler shift the positive frequency shift scale Page 62
79 Question 13 What does the letter B represent in the spectral display? the zero baseline the positive velocity scale the peak Doppler shift the positive frequency shift scale Page 62
80 Question 14 What does the letter C represent in the spectral display? a large window the peak Doppler shift PW Doppler shifts from a very small sample volume spectral broadening Page 62
81 Question 15 What does the letter D represent in the spectral display? the spectral baseline the Nyquist Limit the peak Doppler shift the positive velocity scale Page 62
82 Question 15 What does the letter D represent in the spectral display? the spectral baseline the Nyquist Limit the peak Doppler shift the positive velocity scale Page 62
83 Question 16 What does the letter E represent in the spectral display? the negative PW frequency shift scale the negative CW frequency shift scale the peak Doppler shift the negative velocity scale Page 62
84 Question 16 What does the letter E represent in the spectral display? the negative PW frequency shift scale the negative CW frequency shift scale the peak Doppler shift the negative velocity scale Page 62
85 Question 17 Which of the following is a limitation of CW Doppler? frequent aliasing depth selectivity is not possible inability to detect peak velocities a low Nyquist Limit Page 63
86 Question 17 Which of the following is a limitation of CW Doppler? frequent aliasing depth selectivity is not possible inability to detect peak velocities a low Nyquist Limit Page 63
87 Question 18 What is the process used for color-flow Doppler to automatically assess the data from multiple sampling sites to produce a display representing mean Doppler shift frequencies? autocorrelation quadrature phase detection FFT analysis zero crossing detection Page 77
88 Question 18 What is the process used for color-flow Doppler to automatically assess the data from multiple sampling sites to produce a display representing mean Doppler shift frequencies? autocorrelation quadrature phase detection FFT analysis zero crossing detection Page 77
89 Question 19 When will aliasing begin to occur when using a 5 MHz Doppler system with a PW PRF of 15 khz? when the Doppler shift exceeds 5 khz when the Doppler shift exceeds 7.5 khz when the Doppler shift exceeds 15 khz when the Doppler shift exceeds 30 khz Pages 66 through 68
90 Question 19 When will aliasing begin to occur when using a 5 MHz Doppler system with a PW PRF of 15 khz? when the Doppler shift exceeds 5 khz when the Doppler shift exceeds 7.5 khz when the Doppler shift exceeds 15 khz when the Doppler shift exceeds 30 khz Pages 66 through 68
91 Question 20 Which Doppler waveform produces the highest pulsatility index? biphasic monophasic triphasic post-stenotic Page 73
92 Question 20 Which Doppler waveform produces the highest pulsatility index? biphasic monophasic triphasic post-stenotic Page 73
93 Question 21 Where is aliasing displayed in the color-flow Doppler image? A B C D Page 77
94 Question 21 Where is aliasing displayed in the color-flow Doppler image? A B C D Page 77
95 Question 22 Why is a black area present in the vessel on the colorflow Doppler image? Doppler angle of 90 degrees reversal of blood flow within the vessel aliasing plaque Page 75
96 Question 22 Why is a black area present in the vessel on the colorflow Doppler image? Doppler angle of 90 degrees reversal of blood flow within the vessel aliasing plaque Page 75
97 Question 23 The direction of flow in the color-flow Doppler image is red to blue right (R) to left (L) left (L) to right (R) red to black Page 75
98 Question 23 The direction of flow in the color-flow Doppler image is red to blue right (R) to left (L) left (L) to right (R) red to black Page 75
99 Question 24 Which letter in the color-flow Doppler image represents the greatest Doppler shift? A B C D E Pages 59, 75, and 80
100 Question 24 Which letter in the color-flow Doppler image represents the greatest Doppler shift? A B C D E Pages 59, 75, and 80
101 END OF LESSON 12 For information on the accompanying textbook, visit the Website:
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