HIGH-POWER CONVERTERS AND AC DRIVES
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1 HIGH-POWER CONVERTERS AND AC DRIVES BinWu IEEE PRESS WILEY- INTERSCIENCE A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication
2 Contents Preface xüi PaitOiie: : Introduction; ^-:,::;::,::::.,:.r.:;::,.'.'..:.'.' \ 1. Introduction Introduction Technical Requirements and Challcnges Line-Side Requirements Motor-Side Challenges Switching Device Constraints Drive System Requirements Converter Configurations MV Industrial Drives Summary 13 References 13 Appendix High-Power Semiconductor Devices Introduction High-Power Switching Devices Diodes Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) Gate Turn-Off(GTO) Thyristor Gate-Commutated Thyristor (GCT) Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) Other Switching Devices Operation of Series-Connected Devices Main Causes of Voltage Unbalance Voltage Equalization for GCTs Voltage Equalization for IGBTs Summary 32 References 33 v
3 vi Contents Part Two Multipulse Diode and SCR Rectifiers : Multipulse Diode Rectifiers 3.1 Introduction Six-Pulse Diode Rectifier Introduction Capacitive Load Definition of THD and PF Per-Unit System THD and PF of Six-Pulse Diode Rectifier Series-Type Multipulse Diode Rectifiers Pulse Series-Type Diode Rectifier Pulsc Series-Type Diode Rectifier Pulse Series-Type Diode Rectifier Separate-Type Multipulse Diode Rectifiers Pulse Separate-Type Diode Rectifier and 24-Pulse Separate-Typc Diode Rectifiers 3.5 Summary 61 Refcrences Multipulse SCR Rectifiers 4.1 Introduction Six-Puise SCR Rectifier Tdealized Six-Pulse Rectifier Effect of Line lnductance Power Factor and THD Pulse SCR Rectifier Ideaiized 12-Pulse Rectifier Effect of Line and Leakage Inductanccs THD and PF and 24-Pulsc SCR Rectifiers Summary 81 References Phase-Shifting Transformers Introduction Y/Z Phase-Shifting Transformers Y/Z-l Transformers Y/Z-2 Transformers A/Z Transformers Harmonie Current Cancellation Phase Displacement of Harmonie Currents Harmonie Cancellation Summary 92
4 Contents vii Part Three Multilevel Voltagc Sourcc Converters Two-Level Voltage Source Inverter Introduction Sinusoidal PWM Modulation Scheine Harmonie Content Overmodulation Third Harmonie Injection PWM Space Vector Modulation Switching States Space Vectors Dwell Time Calculation Modulation Index Switching Sequence Spectrum Analysis Even-Order Harmonie Elimination Discontinuous Space Vector Modulation Summary 116 References Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverters Introduction H-Bridge Inverter Bipolar Pulse-Widüi Modulation Unipolar Pulse-Width Modulation Multilevel inverter Topologies CHB Inverter with Equai de Voltage Bridge.s with Unequal de Voltages CarrierBased PWM Scheines Phase-Shiflcd Multicarricr Modulation Level-Shifted Multicarricr Modulation Comparison Between Phase- and Level-Shifted PWM Scheines Staircase Modulation Summary 141 References Diode-Clampcd Multilevel Inverters Introduction Three-Level Inverter Converter Conftguration Switching State 144
5 viii Contents Commutation Space Vcctor Modulation 14S Stationary Space Vectors Dwell Time Calculation Relationship Betwcen V rej Location and Dwell Times Switching Scquence Design Inverter Output Waveforms and Harmonie Content Even-Order Harmonie Elimination Neutral-Point Voltage Contro! Causesof Neutral-Point Voltage Deviation Effect of Moloring and Regenerative Operation Feedback Control of Neutral-Point Voltage Other Space Vcctor Modulation Algorithms Discontinuous Space Vector Modulation SVM Based on Two-Level Algorithm High-Level Diode-CIamped Inverters Four-and Five-Level Diodc-Clamped Inverters Carrier-Bascd PWM Summary 173 Rcferences 175 Appendix Other Multilcvcl Voltage Souree Inverters Introduction NPC/H-Bridge Inverter Inverter Topology Modulation Scheine Waveforms and Harmonie Content 18! 9.3 Mullilevel Flying-Capacitor Inverters Inverter Configuration Modulation Scheines Summary 186 References 186 Part Four PWM Current Souree Converters PWM Current Souree Inverters Introduction PWM Current Souree Inverter Trapezoidal Modulation Selectivc Harmonie Elimination 194
6 Contents ix 10.3 Space Vector Modulation Switching States Space Vectors Dwell Time Calculation Switching Sequcnce Harmonie Content SVM Versus TPWM and SHE Parallel Current Source Inverters InverterTopology Space Vcctor Modulation for Parallel Inverters Effect of Medium Vectors on de Currents de Current Balance Control Experi mental Verification Load-Commutated Tnvertcr (LCI) Summary 216 Refercnces 217 Appendix PWM Current Source Rectificrs Introduction Single-Bridge Current Source Rectifier Introduction Selectivc Harmonie Elimination Rectifier de Output Voltage Space Vector Modulation Dual-Bridge Current Source Rectifier 227! Introduction PWM Sehernes Harmonie Contents Power Factor Control 231 II.4.1 Introduction Simultancous a and m a Control Power Factor Profile Active Damping Control Introduction Series and Parallel Resonant Modes Principle of Active Damping LC Resonance Suppression Harmonie Reduetion Selection of Active Damping Resistance Summary 246 References 247 Appendix 248
7 x Contents Part Five High-Power AC Drives Voltage Source Tnverter-Fed Drives Introduction Two-Level VBSI-Based MV Drives Power Converter Building Block Two-Level VSI with Passive Front End Ncutral-Point Clamped (NPC) Inverter-Fed Drives GCT-Based NPC Inverter Drives IGBT-Based NPC Tnverter Drives Multitevel Cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) Inverter-Fed Drives CHB Inverter-Fed Drives for 2300-V/4160-V Motors CHB Inverter Drives for 6.6-kV/11.8-kV Motors NPC/H-Bridge Inverter-Fed Drives Summary 265 References Current Source Inverter-Fed Drives Introduction CS! Drives with PWM Rectifiers CS1 Drives with Single-bridge PWM Rectifier CSI Drives for Custom Motors CSI Drives with Dual-Bridge PWM Rectifier Transformcrlcss CSI Drive for Standard AC Motors CSI Drive Configuration Integrated de Choke for Common-Mode Voltage Suppression CSI Drive with Multipulse SCR Rectifier CSI Drive with 18-Pulse SCR Rectifier Low-Cost CSI Drive with 6-Puise SCR Rectifier LCT Drives for Synchronous Motors LCI Drives with I2-Pulse Input and 6-Putse Output LCI Drives with 12-Pulsc Input and 12-Pulsc Output Summary 282 Referenees Advanced Drive Control Scheines Introduction Refcrcnce Frame Transformation abcldq Frame Transformation /2 Stationary Transformation Tnduction Motor Dynamic Models Space Vector Motor Model 288
8 c/cy-axis Motor Model Induction Motor Transient Characteristics Principle of Field-Oriented Control (FOC) t Ficld Orientation General Block Diagram of FOC Direct Field-Oriented Control System Block Diagram Rotor Flux Caleulator Direct FOC with Current-Controlied VSI Indirect Field-Oriented Control FOC for CSI-Fed Drives Direct Torque Control Principle of Direct Torque Control Switching Logic Stator Flux and Torque Calculation DTC Drive Simulation Comparison Between DTC and FOC Schemes Summary 316 References 317 Contents Abbreviations 319 Appendix Projects for Graduate-Level Coiirses 321 P. 1 Introduction 321 P. 2 Sample Project 322 P. 3 Answers to Sample Project 324 Index 329 About the Aiithor 333
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