DC Line Protection for Multi-terminal (MT)- HVDC Systems
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1 DC Line Protection for Multi-terminal (MT)- HVDC Systems Monday Ikhide PhD Research Student Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Sciences, Staffordshire University 9 th Universities High Voltage Network Colloquium (Electrical Networks Infrastructure and Equipment for 2030) Cardiff University 14 th 15 th January, 2016
2 Content 2 Motivation Multi-terminal (MT) HVDC System (DC Grid) Options and Strategies for DC Grid Protection DC Line Protection Techniques Proposals for DC Grid Protection Conclusions
3 Motivation 3 Increased offshore wind farm Penetration. Offshore wind farm moving further into the sea. HVAC becoming uneconomical losses HVDC is the preferred option!!! Future HVDC scheme will be interconnected to form a multi-terminal network (DC Grid)
4 Multi-terminal HVDC System (DC grid) 4 1 On shore 3 Off shore Transmission Line Cable 2 On shore Key Issue : Protection!!! DC fault current rises exponentially Long Length of Lines/cables (up to 800km in some cases ) Frequency dependency of line/cable parameters Key advantages : Equipment utilisation Increased Flexibility Increased Reliability Travelling wave phenomenon Selectivity Existing protection for two-terminal DC line not suitable for DC grids
5 Multi-terminal HVDC System (DC grid) 5 Two terminal HVDC System - Protection System Control Rectifier Fault Inverter Use of AC side Breakers AC 1 AC 1 Rectifier Protection System Fault Inverter AC 2 AC 2 Line Commutated s (LCC) Voltage Source s (VSC) LCC has large DC smoothing Inductance Existing protection for two-terminal DC line not suitable for DC grids
6 Options and Strategies for DC Grid Protection 6 1 On shore 3 Off shore Transmission Line Cable 2 On shore Option 1: AC side Circuit Breakers(CB) + Fast Mechanical isolators AC side CB at all converter stations are operated following fault inception Faulty section isolated by the use of fast DC switches or isolators Disadvantages: Entire Grid is de-energised. Significant amount of time needed to re-established active and reactive power flow
7 Options and Strategies for DC Grid Protection 7 1 On shore 3 Off shore Transmission Line Cable 2 On shore (a) =MMC Topology (b)=half-bridge submodule (c)=full Bridge Submodule Option 2: Full Bridge Modular Multi-level (MMC) + Fast Mechanical isolators s are blocked, and fault current is limited Faulty section isolated by fast DC switches. Disadvantages: Entire Grid is de-energised. Significant amount of time needed to re-established active and reactive power flow
8 Options and Strategies for DC Grid Protection 8 1 On shore Transmission Line 2 On shore DC circuit breakers placed at both ends of the DC lines or cables. 3 Off shore Cable Faulty section is selectively isolated during DC side short circuit. Option 3: Use of DC side HVDC Circuit Breakers DC circuit breakers also have di/dt limiting inductor Half-Bridge MMC are suited for this option Key Advantages: Faulty section is selectively isolated No power disruption on healthy sections
9 DC Line Protection Techniques (with DC Circuit Breakers) 9 R 1 R 2 F 2 With respect to relay R 1 ; MMC 1 MMC 2 L1 L2 F i1 F i2 F i1 and F i2 are internal faults; MMC 3 L3 R 3 R 4 F 3 L 1 L 4 are Circuit Breaker di/dt limiting inductor The goal is to operate the relay only for internal faults. - F i1 and F i2 as shown. L4 F 2 and F 3 are external faults. F i1, F i2, and F 3 are forward faults. Relay must distinguish between forward internal (F i1 F i2 ) and forward external (F 3 ) faults. F 2 is a reverse external fault
10 Current (ka) 9 th Universities High Voltage Network Colloquium (UHVnet 2016) DC Line Protection Techniques (with DC Circuit Breakers) 10 F 2 R 1 R 2 MMC 1 MMC 2 L1 L2 F i1 F i2 MMC 3 L3 R 3 R 4 F 3 L Fi1 (without DC Inductor) Fi2 (without DC Inductor) F2 (without DC Inductor) F3 (without DC Inductor) Fi1 (with DC Inductor) Fi2 (with DC inductor) F2(with DC Inductor) F3 (with DC Inductor) time (s) Rate of rise (di/dt) of fault current varies with fault distance DC inductor provides attenuation
11 DC Line Protection Techniques (with DC Circuit Breakers) di/dt Technique = i n+1 i n t MMC 1 MMC 2 L1 L2 F i1 F i2 MMC 3 F 2 L3 R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 F 3 For F 2 ; di/dt is Negative (reverse fault) For F i1, F i2, F 3 di/dt is Positive (forward Faults) Relay, R1 must discriminate between remote internal (Fi2) and external fault (F3) L4 11
12 DC Line Protection Techniques (with DC Circuit Breakers) di/dt Technique = i n+1 i n t F 2 R 1 R 2 MMC 1 MMC 2 L1 L2 F i1 F i2 R 3 R 4 12 MMC 3 Constraints: Travelling wave effect, L3 F 3 L4 oscillation, time window, fault resistance (R f ) di/dt for remote internal fault (F i2 )with large fault resistance may be lower than for external faults (F 3 )
13 DC Line Protection Techniques (with DC Circuit Breakers) dv/dt Technique = v n+1 v n t Constraints: Travelling wave effect, oscillation, time window, fault resistance (R f ) MMC 1 MMC 2 L1 L2 F i1 F i2 MMC 3 F 2 L3 R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 F 3 dv/dt for remote internal fault with large fault resistance may be lower than for external faults L4 13
14 DC Line Protection Techniques (with DC Circuit Breakers) 14 Travelling wave A B A t A1 t B11 t A2 R 1 R 2 l f F 1 t p2 l F B t B1 t B2 t A11 l l f f v ( t A t ) 2 A1 2 l 1 2 v ( t t ) 1 LC v= velocity of propagation B1 A v Constraints: Single ended Method Double ended Method Time Constraints Multiple reflections Communication delay Signal Processing Wave travel faster in Lines than in cables.
15 DC Line Protection Techniques (with DC Circuit Breakers) 15 Distance Protection F e1 A Z 1 Z 2 Z 3 R i R V R l f1 Z f = v R(f) i R(f) l f2 F i1 F i2 F i3 l f3 B In DC system, there is no nominal frequency. F e2 Fault distance, Z f is proportional to loop/line impedance When Z f < Z, the relay operates; Z f = Fault impedance. Z = Reach point impedance In AC systems, reactive components and the concept of zoning provides discrimination for Fe1 and Fe1 respectively
16 Proposals for DC Grid Protection 16 Unit Scheme : - High sensitivity, low speed- Hybrid Protection : Scheme di/dt, dv/dt, I, v, distance protection, Polarity identification, etc Communication delay Non-Unit Scheme : di/dt, dv/dt, I, v distance protection, - Low sensitivity, High speed - Insensitive to Fault Resistance - Combination of two or more of the above- di/dt, dv/dt, I, v, Polarity identification, Travelling wave, distance protection, Digital Signal Processing(DSP): FFT, Wavelet Transform, etc There should be trade off between security, sensitivity and speed
17 Conclusions 17 High speed, robust and transient based protection algorithms must be developed for the realisation of DC grids. Primary protection must be non-unit based: - No communication delay The protection scheme must discriminate between faults and disturbances (such as normal load transient, switching, lightning conditions) Protection algorithms for AC system should be re-developed for DC grids Sampling must meet IEC standard ( 96 khz )
18 Publications 18 [1] M. Ikhide, S. Tennakoon, A. Griffiths, S. Subramanian, H. Ha; Fault Detection in Multi-terminal Modular Multilevel (MMC) based High Voltage DC (HVDC) Transmission Systems, IEEE Conferences (UPEC),2015 [2] M. Ikhide, S. Tennakoon, A. Griffiths, S. Subramanian, H. Ha A, Adamczyk. Limitations of di/dt Techniques in DC Line Protection, IEEE Conferences (DPSP),2016 (Accepted for Publication)
19 References 19 1) Adamczyk, H. Ha, and C. D. Barker, Fault Detection and Branch Identification for HVDC Grids, 12th IET Int. Conf. Dev. Power Syst. Prot. (DPSP 2014), pp. 1 6, ) J. Wang, B. Berggren, K. Linden, J. Pan, and R. Nuqui, Multi-Terminal DC System line Protection Requirement and High Speed Protection Solutions" CIGRE, (LUND 2015), 3) I. Dallas and C. Booth, Teleprotection in multi-terminal HVDC supergrids, 12th IET Int. Conf. Dev. Power Syst. Prot. (DPSP 2014), pp. 1-6, ) J. I. Marvik, S. D. Arco, and J. A. Suul, Communication-less fault detection in radial multiterminal offshore HVDC grids, 10th IET Int. Conf. AC DC Power Transm., pp. 1 8, ) J. Sneath and A. D. Rajapakse, Fault Detection and Interruption in an Earthed HVDC Grid using ROCOV and Hybrid DC Breakers, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol.pp, no. 99, pp. 1 8, ) D. Naidoo and N. M. Ijumba, HVDC Line Protection for the Proposed Future HVDC Systems, (POWERCON) vol.2, pp , ) Van Hertem, and R. Belmans, Wavelet-based protection strategy for DC faults in multi-terminal VSC HVDC systems, IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 5, no.4, p , ) K. De Kerf, K. Srivastava, M. Reza, D. Bekaert, S. Cole, D. Van Hertem, and R. Belmans, Wavelet-based protection strategy for DC faults in multi-terminal VSC HVDC systems, IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 5, no.4, p , ) W. Leterme, J. Beerten, and D. Van Hertem, Non-unit protection of HVDC grids with inductive dc cable termination, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1 9, 2015.
20 DC Line Protection for Multi-terminal (MT)-HVDC Systems 20 THANK YOU Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Sciences, Staffordshire University 9 th Universities High Voltage Network Colloquium (UHVnet 2016) Cardiff University 14 th 15 th January, 2016
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